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Yeshua M, Berger A. The Development of Cognitive Control in Preschoolers and Kindergarteners: The Case of Post-Error Slowing and Delayed Disinhibition. J Intell 2024; 12:41. [PMID: 38667708 PMCID: PMC11051561 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence12040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate two specific behavioral manifestations of the executive attention systems in preschoolers and kindergarteners, beyond the unique contribution of intelligence. We tested post-error slowing [RT¯Post-error trial-RT¯Not post-error trial] as a marker of reactive control and delayed disinhibition as a novel marker for proactive control. One hundred and eighty preschool- and kindergarten-aged children, as well as their mothers (final sample: 155 children and 174 mothers), performed an adapted task based on Go/NoGo and Stroop-like paradigms-the emotional day-night task. The children showed reliable post-error slowing and delayed disinhibition (mean size effects of 238.18 ms and 58.31 ms, respectively), while the adult size effects were 40-50% smaller. The post-error slowing effect was present for both sexes in all the tested ages, while the delayed disinhibition effect was present only for girls. Both effects showed large individual differences that became smaller in adulthood. Our findings emphasize the earlier maturation of reactive control compared to proactive control, and the earlier maturation of proactive cognitive control in girls compared to boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Yeshua
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel;
| | - Andrea Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel;
- School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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Proactive cognitive control, mathematical cognition and functional activity in the frontal and parietal cortex in primary school children: An fNIRS study. Trends Neurosci Educ 2022; 28:100180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2022.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Sicard V, Stephenson DD, Dodd AB, Pabbathi Reddy S, Robertson-Benta CR, Ryman SG, Hanlon FM, Shaff NA, Ling JM, Hergert DC, Vakamudi K, Hogeveen J, Mayer AR. Is the prefrontal cortex organized by supramodal or modality-specific sensory demands during adolescence? Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 51:101006. [PMID: 34419765 PMCID: PMC8379626 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention is inherently biased towards the visual modality during most multisensory scenarios in adults, but the developmental trajectory towards visual dominance has not been fully elucidated. More recent evidence in primates and adult humans suggests a modality-specific stratification of the prefrontal cortex. The current study therefore used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neuronal correlates of proactive (following cues) and reactive (following probes) cognitive control for simultaneous audio-visual stimulation in 67 healthy adolescents (13-18 years old). Behavioral results were only partially supportive of visual dominance in adolescents, with both reduced response times and accuracy during attend-visual relative to attend-auditory trials. Differential activation of medial and lateral prefrontal cortex for processing incongruent relative to congruent stimuli (reactive control) was also only observed during attend-visual trials. There was no evidence of modality-specific prefrontal cortex stratification during the active processing of multisensory stimuli or during separate functional connectivity analyses. Attention-related modulations were also greater within visual relative to auditory cortex, but were less robust than observed in previous adult studies. Collectively, current results suggest a continued transition towards visual dominance in adolescence, as well as limited modality-specific specialization of prefrontal cortex and attentional modulations of unisensory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sicard
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - D D Stephenson
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - A B Dodd
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - S Pabbathi Reddy
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - C R Robertson-Benta
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - S G Ryman
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - F M Hanlon
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - N A Shaff
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - J M Ling
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - D C Hergert
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - K Vakamudi
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - J Hogeveen
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - A R Mayer
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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Sharifian F, Schneider D, Arnau S, Wascher E. Decoding of cognitive processes involved in the continuous performance task. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 167:57-68. [PMID: 34216693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Decoding of electroencephalogram brain representations is a powerful data driven technique to assess the stream of cognitive information processing. It could promote a more thorough understanding of cognitive control networks. For many years, the continuous performance task has been utilized to investigate impaired proactive and reactive cognitive functions. So far, mainly task performance and univariate electroencephalogram were involved in such investigations. In this study, we benefit from multi-variate pattern analysis of continuous performance task variations to provide a more complete spatio-temporal outline of information processing flow involved in sustained and transient attention and response preparation. Besides effects that are well in line with previous EEG research but could be described in more spatial and temporal detail by the used methods, our results could suggest the presence of a higher order feedback control system when expectations are violated. Such a feedback control is related to modulations of behavior both intra- and inter-individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Sharifian
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environments and Human Factors (IfADo), Department of Ergonomics, Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Daniel Schneider
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environments and Human Factors (IfADo), Department of Ergonomics, Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Arnau
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environments and Human Factors (IfADo), Department of Ergonomics, Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environments and Human Factors (IfADo), Department of Ergonomics, Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Tran KH, McDonald AP, D'Arcy RCN, Song X. Contextual Processing and the Impacts of Aging and Neurodegeneration: A Scoping Review. Clin Interv Aging 2021; 16:345-361. [PMID: 33658771 PMCID: PMC7917362 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s287619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Contextual processing (or context processing; CP) is an integral component of cognition. CP allows people to manage their thoughts and actions by adjusting to surroundings. CP involves the formation of an internal representation of context in relation to the environment, maintenance of this information over a period of time, and the updating of mental representations to reflect changes in the environment. Each of these functions can be affected by aging and associated conditions. Here, we introduced contextual processing research and summarized the literature studying the impact of normal aging and neurodegeneration-related cognitive decline on CP. Through searching the PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases, 23 studies were retrieved that focused on the impact of aging, mild cogniitve impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) on CP. Results indicated that CP is particularly vulnerable to aging and neurodegeneration. Older adults had a delayed onset and reduced amplitude of electrophysiological response to information detection, comparison, and execution. MCI patients demonstrated clear signs of impaired CP compared to normal aging. The only study on AD suggested a decreased proactive control in AD participants in maintaining contextual information, but seemingly intact reactive control. Studies on PD restricted to non-demented older participants, who showed limited ability to use contextual information in cognitive and motor processes, exhibiting impaired reactive control but more or less intact proactive control. These data suggest that the decline in CP with age is further impacted by accelerated aging and neurodegeneration, providing insights for improving intervention strategies. This review highlights the need for increased attention to research this important but understudied field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H Tran
- Clinical Research Centre, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew P McDonald
- Clinical Research Centre, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan C N D'Arcy
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Clinical Research Centre, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Qiao L, Xu L, Che X, Zhang L, Li Y, Xue G, Li H, Chen A. The Motivation-Based Promotion of Proactive Control: The Role of Salience Network. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:328. [PMID: 30154707 PMCID: PMC6103265 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that reward motivation can facilitate proactive control, a cognitive control mode that is characterized of prior preparation and sustained holding of the goal-relevant information in working memory. However, it remains to be established the neural networks that may be involved in this promotion effect. In this study, participants underwent the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) that measures relative proactive control during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. We employed independent component analysis to decompose multiple brain networks and identified the task related network. Results showed that the salience network (SN) was engaged in the AX-CPT protocol. Importantly, our data demonstrated that reward modulated the association between task engagement of SN and proactive control, whereby the positive correlation was particularly observed in the reward condition. Moreover, reward modulated task engagement of the SN in a proactive manner, which may contribute to the behavioral proactive performance. Overall, our data suggest the involvement of SN in the reward facilitation effect of proactive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianwei Che
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yadan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gui Xue
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Antao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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