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Wu X, Xu M, Geng M, Chen S, Little PJ, Xu S, Weng J. Targeting protein modifications in metabolic diseases: molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:220. [PMID: 37244925 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-increasing prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) represents a major public health burden worldwide. The most common form of NCD is metabolic diseases, which affect people of all ages and usually manifest their pathobiology through life-threatening cardiovascular complications. A comprehensive understanding of the pathobiology of metabolic diseases will generate novel targets for improved therapies across the common metabolic spectrum. Protein posttranslational modification (PTM) is an important term that refers to biochemical modification of specific amino acid residues in target proteins, which immensely increases the functional diversity of the proteome. The range of PTMs includes phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, neddylation, glycosylation, palmitoylation, myristoylation, prenylation, cholesterylation, glutathionylation, S-nitrosylation, sulfhydration, citrullination, ADP ribosylation, and several novel PTMs. Here, we offer a comprehensive review of PTMs and their roles in common metabolic diseases and pathological consequences, including diabetes, obesity, fatty liver diseases, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. Building upon this framework, we afford a through description of proteins and pathways involved in metabolic diseases by focusing on PTM-based protein modifications, showcase the pharmaceutical intervention of PTMs in preclinical studies and clinical trials, and offer future perspectives. Fundamental research defining the mechanisms whereby PTMs of proteins regulate metabolic diseases will open new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyun Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Mengya Geng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute and School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, 4575, Australia
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, China.
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.
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Maudsley S, Schrauwen C, Harputluoğlu İ, Walter D, Leysen H, McDonald P. GPR19 Coordinates Multiple Molecular Aspects of Stress Responses Associated with the Aging Process. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108499. [PMID: 37239845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a significant role in controlling biological paradigms such as aging and aging-related disease. We have previously identified receptor signaling systems that are specifically associated with controlling molecular pathologies associated with the aging process. Here, we have identified a pseudo-orphan GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor 19 (GPR19), that is sensitive to many molecular aspects of the aging process. Through an in-depth molecular investigation process that involved proteomic, molecular biological, and advanced informatic experimentation, this study found that the functionality of GPR19 is specifically linked to sensory, protective, and remedial signaling systems associated with aging-related pathology. This study suggests that the activity of this receptor may play a role in mitigating the effects of aging-related pathology by promoting protective and remedial signaling systems. GPR19 expression variation demonstrates variability in the molecular activity in this larger process. At low expression levels in HEK293 cells, GPR19 expression regulates signaling paradigms linked with stress responses and metabolic responses to these. At higher expression levels, GPR19 expression co-regulates systems involved in sensing and repairing DNA damage, while at the highest levels of GPR19 expression, a functional link to processes of cellular senescence is seen. In this manner, GPR19 may function as a coordinator of aging-associated metabolic dysfunction, stress response, DNA integrity management, and eventual senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Claudia Schrauwen
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - İrem Harputluoğlu
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Deborah Walter
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Patricia McDonald
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Metabolism & Physiology, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc. Research & Development, 2445 Technology Forest, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
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3
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Shearn CT, Anderson AL, Devereux MW, Orlicky DJ, Michel C, Petersen DR, Miller CG, Harpavat S, Schmidt EE, Sokol RJ. The autophagic protein p62 is a target of reactive aldehydes in human and murine cholestatic liver disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276879. [PMID: 36378690 PMCID: PMC9665405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cholestatic liver diseases, including Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC), are characterized by periportal inflammation with progression to cirrhosis. The objective of this study was to examine interactions between oxidative stress and autophagy in cholestasis. Using hepatic tissue from male acute cholestatic (bile duct ligated) as well as chronic cholestatic (Mdr2KO) mice, localization of oxidative stress, the antioxidant response and induction of autophagy were analyzed and compared to human PSC liver. Concurrently, the ability of reactive aldehydes to post-translationally modify the autophagosome marker p62 was assessed in PSC liver tissue and in cell culture. Expression of autophagy markers was upregulated in human and mouse cholestatic liver. Whereas mRNA expression of Atg12, Lamp1, Sqstm1 and Map1lc3 was increased in acute cholestasis in mice, it was either suppressed or not significantly changed in chronic cholestasis. In human and murine cholestasis, periportal hepatocytes showed increased IHC staining of ubiquitin, 4-HNE, p62, and selected antioxidant proteins. Increased p62 staining colocalized with accumulation of 4-HNE-modified proteins in periportal parenchymal cells as well as with periportal macrophages in both human and mouse liver. Mechanistically, p62 was identified as a direct target of lipid aldehyde adduction in PSC hepatic tissue and in vitro cell culture. In vitro LS-MS/MS analysis of 4-HNE treated recombinant p62 identified carbonylation of His123, Cys128, His174, His181, Lys238, Cys290, His340, Lys341 and His385. These data indicate that dysregulation of autophagy and oxidative stress/protein damage are present in the same periportal hepatocyte compartment of both human and murine cholestasis. Thus, our results suggest that both increased expression as well as ineffective autophagic degradation of oxidatively-modified proteins contributes to injury in periportal parenchymal cells and that direct modification of p62 by reactive aldehydes may contribute to autophagic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T. Shearn
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Liver Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Aimee L. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Liver Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Devereux
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Liver Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Cole Michel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Petersen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Colin G. Miller
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Sanjiv Harpavat
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Edward E. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
- Laboratory of Redox Biology, Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Hungarian Veterinary Medical University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ronald J. Sokol
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Liver Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
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4
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Sun M, Tan L, Hu M. The role of autophagy in hepatic fibrosis. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:5747-5757. [PMID: 34306323 PMCID: PMC8290830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a chronic liver injury process, and its continuous development can lead to cirrhosis, hepatic failure and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autophagy has attracted much attention because of its controversial role in the course of hepatic fibrosis. In this review, we introduce the mechanism related to noncoding RNAs and some of the signaling pathways that promote or inhibit fibrosis by affecting autophagy. Finally, we list some targets related to autophagy that enable hepatic fibrosis therapy and forecast its prospect in hepatic fibrosis. This review will provide new ideas in diagnosing and treating hepatic fibrosis, which will be helpful to reduce the incidence of cirrhosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
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5
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Charkoftaki G, Golla JP, Santos-Neto A, Orlicky DJ, Garcia-Milian R, Chen Y, Rattray NJW, Cai Y, Wang Y, Shearn CT, Mironova V, Wang Y, Johnson CH, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Identification of Dose-Dependent DNA Damage and Repair Responses From Subchronic Exposure to 1,4-Dioxane in Mice Using a Systems Analysis Approach. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:338-351. [PMID: 33693819 PMCID: PMC8921626 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-DX) is an environmental contaminant found in drinking water throughout the United States. Although it is a suspected liver carcinogen, there is no federal or state maximum contaminant level for 1,4-DX in drinking water. Very little is known about the mechanisms by which this chemical elicits liver carcinogenicity. In the present study, female BDF-1 mice were exposed to 1,4-DX (0, 50, 500, and 5,000mg/L) in their drinking water for 1 or 4 weeks, to explore the toxic effects. Histopathological studies and a multi-omics approach (transcriptomics and metabolomics) were performed to investigate potential mechanisms of toxicity. Immunohistochemical analysis of the liver revealed increased H2AXγ-positive hepatocytes (a marker of DNA double-strand breaks), and an expansion of precholangiocytes (reflecting both DNA damage and repair mechanisms) after exposure. Liver transcriptomics revealed 1,4-DX-induced perturbations in signaling pathways predicted to impact the oxidative stress response, detoxification, and DNA damage. Liver, kidney, feces, and urine metabolomic profiling revealed no effect of 1,4-DX exposure, and bile acid quantification in liver and feces similarly showed no effect of exposure. We speculate that the results may be reflective of DNA damage being counterbalanced by the repair response, with the net result being a null overall effect on the systemic biochemistry of the exposed mice. Our results show a novel approach for the investigation of environmental chemicals that do not elicit cell death but have activated the repair systems in response to 1,4-DX exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Jaya Prakash Golla
- Present address: Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Alvaro Santos-Neto
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA,São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rolando Garcia-Milian
- Bioinformatics Support Program, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Nicholas J W Rattray
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA,Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Yuping Cai
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Yewei Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Colin T Shearn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Varvara Mironova
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Yensheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06250, USA
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Rm. 511, PO Box 208034, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA. E-mail:
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6
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Taguchi K, Yamamoto M. The KEAP1-NRF2 System as a Molecular Target of Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010046. [PMID: 33375248 PMCID: PMC7795874 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (encoded by the Nfe2l2 gene; NRF2) is a transcription factor that regulates a variety of cytoprotective genes, including antioxidant enzymes, detoxification enzymes, inflammation-related proteins, drug transporters and metabolic enzymes. NRF2 is regulated by unique molecular mechanisms that stem from Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) in response to oxidative and electrophilic stresses. It has been shown that disturbance or perturbation of the NRF2 activation causes and/or exacerbates many kinds of diseases. On the contrary, aberrant activations of NRF2 also provoke intriguing pathologic features, especially in cancers. Cancer cells with high NRF2 activity have been referred to as NRF2-addicted cancers, which are frequently found in lung cancers. In this review, we summarize the current accomplishments of the KEAP1–NRF2 pathway analyses in special reference to the therapeutic target of cancer therapy. The concept of synthetic lethality provides a new therapeutic approach for NRF2-addicted cancers. Abstract The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)—Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (encoded by the Nfe2l2 gene; NRF2) system attracts extensive interest from scientists in basic and clinical cancer research fields, as NRF2 exhibits activity as both an oncogene and tumor suppressor, depending on the context. Especially unique and malignant, NRF2-addicted cancers exhibit high levels of NRF2 expression. Somatic mutations identified in the NRF2 or KEAP1 genes of NRF2-addicted cancers cause the stabilization and accumulation of NRF2. NRF2-addicted cancers hijack the intrinsic roles that NRF2 plays in cytoprotection, including antioxidative and anti-electrophilic responses, as well as metabolic reprogramming, and acquire a marked advantage to survive under severe and limited microenvironments. Therefore, NRF2 inhibitors are expected to have therapeutic effects in patients with NRF2-addicted cancers. In contrast, NRF2 activation in host immune cells exerts significant suppression of cancer cell growth, indicating that NRF2 inducers also have the potential to be therapeutics for cancers. Thus, the KEAP1–NRF2 system makes a broad range of contributions to both cancer development and suppression. These observations thus demonstrate that both NRF2 inhibitors and inducers are useful for the treatment of cancers with high NRF2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Taguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-728-3039
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Aldini G, de Courten B, Regazzoni L, Gilardoni E, Ferrario G, Baron G, Altomare A, D’Amato A, Vistoli G, Carini M. Understanding the antioxidant and carbonyl sequestering activity of carnosine: direct and indirect mechanisms. Free Radic Res 2020; 55:321-330. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1856830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luca Regazzoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Gilardoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrario
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Baron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alfonsina D’Amato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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8
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Zhu L, Mou Q, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Cheng M. Resveratrol contributes to the inhibition of liver fibrosis by inducing autophagy via the microRNA‑20a‑mediated activation of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:2035-2046. [PMID: 33125088 PMCID: PMC7595670 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis (LF) is a healing response to wounds resulting in liver injury that can cause liver failure or even cancer without functional prevention. Resveratrol (RSV) has been suggested to exert biological effects against various human diseases. MicroRNA-20a (miRNA/miR-20a) has been shown to promote disease progression. The present study aimed to assess the mechanisms through which RSV induces autophagy and activates the miR-20a-mediated phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in LF. First, a rat model of carbon tetrachlo-ride (CCL4)-induced LF and a cell model of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-stimulated HSC-T6 cells were established for use in subsequent experiments. Subsequently, RSV at a range of concentrations was injected into the model rats with LF. Indicators related to liver injury, oxidative stress and fibrosis were determined in the rats with LF. The RSV-treated HSC-T6 cells were subjected to transfection with miR-20a mimic and PTEN overexpression plasmid to assess the levels of liver injury and LF. A dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to verify the binding sites between PTEN and miR-20a. RSV was found to alleviate LF in rats, and autophagy was enhanced in the rats with LF following RSV treatment. Furthermore, the activation of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis attenuated LF, which was reversed by transfection with miR-20a mimic. RSV reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-20a on PTEN expression, reducing miR-20a expression and promoting PTEN, PI3K and p-AKT protein expression, thus attenuating LF. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that RSV induces autophagy and activates the miR-20a-mediated PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to attenuate LF. These findings may lead to the development of potential therapeutic strategies for LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Qiuju Mou
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Baiyun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Graduate School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Zixin Zhu
- Graduate School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Mingliang Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
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9
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Solano-Urrusquieta A, Morales-González JA, Castro-Narro GE, Cerda-Reyes E, Flores-Rangel PD, Fierros-Oceguera R. NRF-2 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Hepatol 2020; 19:458-465. [PMID: 31959521 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, chronic liver diseases have conditioned morbidity and mortality, many of these with a metabolic, toxicologic, immunologic, viral, or other etiology. Thus, a transcription factor that has been of huge importance for biomedical research is NRF-2. The latter is considered a principal component of the antioxidant mechanism, and it has been acknowledged that it impairs the function of NRF-2 in many liver diseases and that it forms an essential part of the pathologic changes that occur in the liver to contain inflammation and damage. Within the investigations and experiments carried out, there are isolated drugs, many of them related to plants and natural extracts that possess antioxidant properties through the NRF-2 signaling pathway, or even involving the stimulation of the transcription target proteins of NRF-2. Notwithstanding all of these experimental findings, to date there is not sufficient clinical evidence to justify the use of NRF-2 in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José A Morales-González
- Laboratory of Conservation Medicine, Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | | | - Eira Cerda-Reyes
- Gastroenterology Section of the Central Military Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
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10
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Taguchi K, Kensler TW. Nrf2 in liver toxicology. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 43:337-349. [PMID: 31782059 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver plays essential roles in the metabolism of many endogenous chemicals and exogenous toxicants. Mechanistic studies in liver have been at the forefront of efforts to probe the roles of bioactivation and detoxication of environmental toxins and toxicants in hepatotoxicity. Moreover, idiosyncratic hepatoxicity remains a key barrier in the clinical development of drugs. The now vast Nrf2 field emerged in part from biochemical and molecular studies on chemical inducers of hepatic detoxication enzymes and subsequent characterization of the modulation of drug/toxicant induced hepatotoxicities in mice through disruption of either Nrf2 or Keap1 genes. In general, loss of Nrf2 increases the sensitivity to such toxic chemicals, highlighting a central role of this transcription factor and its downstream target genes as a modifier to chemical stress. In this review, we summarize the impact of Nrf2 on the toxicology of multiple hepatotoxicants, and discuss efforts to utilize the Nrf2 response in predictive toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Taguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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11
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Shearn CT, Fennimore B, Orlicky DJ, Gao YR, Saba LM, Battista KD, Aivazidis S, Assiri M, Harris PS, Michel C, Merrill GF, Schmidt EE, Colgan SP, Petersen DR. Cholestatic liver disease results increased production of reactive aldehydes and an atypical periportal hepatic antioxidant response. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:101-114. [PMID: 31377417 PMCID: PMC6848778 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiopathies such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are chronic liver diseases characterized by increased cholestasis, biliary inflammation and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of cholestatic injury on oxidative stress-related factors. Using hepatic tissue and whole cell liver extracts (LE) isolated from 11-week old C57BL/6J (WT) and Mdr2KO mice, inflammation and oxidative stress was assessed. Concurrently, specific targets of carbonylation were assessed in LE prepared from murine groups as well as from normal and human patients with end-stage PSC. Identified carbonylated proteins were further evaluated using bioinformatics analyses. Picrosirius red staining revealed extensive fibrosis in Mdr2KO liver, and fibrosis colocalized with increased periportal inflammatory cells and both acrolein and 4-HNE staining. Western blot analysis revealed elevated periportal expression of antioxidant proteins Cbr3, GSTμ, Prdx5, TrxR1 and HO-1 but not GCLC, GSTπ or catalase in the Mdr2KO group when compared to WT. From immunohistochemical analysis, increased periportal reactive aldehyde production colocalized with elevated staining of Cbr3, GSTμ and TrxR1 but surprisingly not with Nrf2. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed an increase in carbonylated proteins in the Mdr2KO and PSC groups compared to respective controls. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis of carbonylated proteins revealed a propensity for increased carbonylation of proteins broadly involved in metabolic processes as well more specifically in Rab-mediated signal transduction, lysosomes and the large ribosomal subunit in human PSC. Western blot analysis of Rab-GTPase expression revealed no significant differences in Mdr2KO mice when compared to WT livers. In contrast, PSC tissue exhibited decreased levels of Rabs 4, 5 and increased abundance of Rabs 6 and 9a protein. Results herein reveal that cholestasis induces stage-dependent increases in periportal oxidative stress responses and protein carbonylation, potentially contributing to pathogenesis in Mdr2KO. Furthermore, during early stage cholestasis, there is cell-specific upregulation of some but not all, antioxidant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Shearn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States.
| | - Blair Fennimore
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Yue R Gao
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Laura M Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Kayla D Battista
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Stefanos Aivazidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Mohammed Assiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Peter S Harris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Cole Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Gary F Merrill
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvalis, OR, 97331, United States
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, United States
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Dennis R Petersen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
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