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Falcão NPDS, Marceliano-Alves MF, Tavares SJO, Amoroso-Silva P, Neves ADA, Bastos LF, Lopes RT, Dantas WCF, Galhardi MPW, Marceliano EFV, Gomes CC. Shaping Ability of TRUShape and XP-endo Shaper in C-Shaped Canals Using 3D-Printed Replicas: A Micro-CT Study. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:544-550. [PMID: 37729930 PMCID: PMC11132770 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared the shaping ability of TRUShape and XP-endo Shaper systems on C-shaped root canals replicas using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty three-dimensional replicas based on a mandibular second molar classified as C1 type I C-shaped canal were randomly divided into two groups (n = 15): TRUShape (G.TRU) and XP-endo Shaper (G.XP) and instrumented with each system according to the manufacturer's instructions. Changes in volume and surface and the unprepared area of the root canal were measured by scanning on micro-CT before and after instrumentation. RESULTS The unprepared areas were 39% in the G.TRU and 43% in the G.XP group with no significant difference between them (p > 0.05), but both the tested systems left a high percentage of unprepared root canal walls of C-shaped root canals. CONCLUSION TRUShape and XP-endo Shaper showed a high rate of unprepared areas with similar results after C-shaped root canals replicas for root canal preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Pereira da Silva Falcão
- Department of Dentistry, Health Institute of Nova Friburgo (PPGO-ISNF), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Junio Oliveira Tavares
- Department of Dentistry, Health Institute of Nova Friburgo (PPGO-ISNF), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pablo Amoroso-Silva
- Department of Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline de Almeida Neves
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luan Ferreira Bastos
- Department of Nuclear Energy, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tadeu Lopes
- Department of Nuclear Energy, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cinthya Cristina Gomes
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil
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Kucher M, Dannemann M, Modler N, Böhm R, Hannig C, Kühne MT. Determination of a Representative and 3D-Printable Root Canal Geometry for Endodontic Investigations and Pre-Clinical Endodontic Training-An Ex Vivo Study. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11050133. [PMID: 37232784 DOI: 10.3390/dj11050133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Models of artificial root canals are used in several fields of endodontic investigations and pre-clinical endodontic training. They allow the physical testing of dental treatments, the operating of instruments used and the interaction between these instruments and the tissues. Currently, a large number of different artificial root canal models exist whose geometry is created either on the basis of selected natural root canal systems or to represent individual geometrical properties. Currently, only a few geometric properties such as the root canal curvature or the endodontic working width are taken into consideration when generating these models. To improve the representational capability of the artificial root canal models, the aim of the current study is therefore to generate an artificial root canal based on the statistical evaluation of selected natural root canals. Here, the approach introduced by Kucher for determining the geometry of a root canal model is used, which is based on the measurement and statistical evaluation of the root canal center line's curvatures and their cross-sectional dimensions. Using the example of unbranched distal root canals of mandibular molars (n = 29), an artificial root canal model representing the mean length, curvature, torsion and cross-sectional dimensions of these teeth could be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kucher
- Faculty of Engineering, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, 04277 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Dannemann
- Faculty of Automotive Engineering, Institute of Energy and Transport Engineering, Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau, 08056 Zwickau, Germany
| | - Niels Modler
- Institute of Lightweight Engineering and Polymer Technology (ILK), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Böhm
- Faculty of Engineering, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, 04277 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Kühne
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Pedullà E, La Rosa GRM, Romano G, Leanza G, Rapisarda S, Isola G, Ferlito S, Neelakantan P, Generali L. Influence of kinematics and incidence angles on the cutting efficiency of two single-file nickel-titanium rotary instruments. AUST ENDOD J 2022; 48:58-64. [PMID: 34258843 PMCID: PMC9290840 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To compare the cutting efficiency of F6 Sky Taper (F6ST) and One Curve (OC) with different kinematics and cutting inclinations. Cutting efficiency of 80 new F6ST and OC was tested at 90° and 70° inclination in relation to the sample, in continuous rotation and reciprocation, against standardised gypsum samples for 120 seconds using a customised device. Data expressed as weight loss and length of the sample cut were analysed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey t-test (P<.05). F6ST showed significantly higher cutting efficiency in reciprocation, while OC in continuous rotation. Regardless of inclination, F6ST showed statistically higher values than OC in reciprocation, while OC exhibited higher cutting ability in continuous rotation. The 70° inclination significantly improved the cutting efficiency of both files. Reciprocation improved the cutting efficiency of F6ST while continuous rotation enhanced cutting ability of OC. An inclined insertion improved the cutting ability, independently from the movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Pedullà
- Department of General Surgery and Medical ‐ Surgical SpecialtiesUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa
- Department of General Surgery and Medical ‐ Surgical SpecialtiesUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Romano
- Department of General Surgery and Medical ‐ Surgical SpecialtiesUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Leanza
- Department of General Surgery and Medical ‐ Surgical SpecialtiesUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - Silvia Rapisarda
- Department of General Surgery and Medical ‐ Surgical SpecialtiesUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Medical ‐ Surgical SpecialtiesUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - Sebastiano Ferlito
- Department of General Surgery and Medical ‐ Surgical SpecialtiesUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Discipline of EndodontologyFaculty of DentistryThe University of Hong KongThe Prince Philip Dental HospitalHong Kong SARChina
| | - Luigi Generali
- Endodontic SectionDepartment of Surgery, MedicineDentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (CHIMOMO)School of DentistryUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
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[ In vitro evaluation of positioning accuracy of trephine bur at different depths by dynamic navigation]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [PMID: 35165482 PMCID: PMC8860656 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of trephine bur drilling at different depths guided by dynamic navigation system in 3D printing in vitro model. METHODS A model at the depth of 5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm from the outer surface of which hemispherical cavities was reserved and the 3D printing technology was used to make the standardized model with Veroclear resin. The cone beam CT (CBCT) was taken and the data were imported into the dynamic navigation software (DCARER, China) to establish navigation path programming. Under the guidance of dynamic navigation, a trephine bur with a diameter of 4.5 mm was used to complete the access operation. At each depth, 10 approaches were completed. The postoperative model CBCT was taken. The approach trajectory under navigation was reconstructed and compared with the designed path. The two-dimensional distance deviation, depth deviation, three-dimensional distance deviation, and angle deviation between the actually prepared path and the designed path were calculated. RESULTS At the depth of 5 mm, the two-dimensional distance deviation between the end position of the prepared path and the designed path was (0.37±0.06) mm, the depth deviation was (0.06±0.05) mm, the three-dimensional distance deviation was (0.38±0.07) mm, and the angle deviation was 2.46°±0.54°; At the depth of 10 mm, the four deviations between the end position of prepared path and the designed path were (0.44±0.05) mm, (0.16±0.06) mm, (0.47±0.05) mm, and 2.45°±1.21°, respectively; At the depth of 15 mm, the four deviations were (0.52±0.14) mm, (0.16±0.07) mm, (0.55±0.15) mm, and 3.25°±1.22°, respectively. With the increase of entry depth, the three-dimensional and depth accuracy of dynamic navigation system decreased (P < 0.01), and the positioning angle deviation had no relation with the entry depth (P>0.01). CONCLUSION Dynamic navigation technology can achieve high positioning accuracy in the depth range of 15 mm, but its deviation increases with the increase of entry depth.
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Florez Ariza JE, Aristizabal Elejalde D, Rodrigez Cardenas YA, Aliaga Del Castillo A, Ruiz Mora GA, Arriola Guillén LE. Adaptation of a Single-Cone in Prepared Teeth with Two Reciprocating Systems. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2022; 17:27-34. [PMID: 36703869 PMCID: PMC9868986 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v17i1.26419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction This ex vivo study aimed to compare the adaptation of single gutta-percha cone in teeth prepared with the Wave One Gold and Reciproc Blue reciprocating systems through cone-beam computed tomography. Materials and Methods A total of 40 recently extracted mono radicular premolars were randomly assigned into two groups (n=20) corresponding to Reciproc Blue and Wave One Gold reciprocating systems and adapted to a single cone system. Each group was evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography at 1 mm, 2 mm and 4 mm from the apical foramen. We evaluated the number of walls adapted by the cone, quality of filling and the number of spaces between the filling and the walls of the root canal. The Mann-Whitney U and T-tests were employed to associate and compare both groups (P<0.05). Results At 1 mm in the lingual wall the Wave One Gold system did not adapt by 45% compared to 15% with Reciproc Blue (P<0.05). Likewise, the single-cone filling technique of the Reciproc Blue system showed better sealing quality obtaining an ideal category (75%) compared to Wave One Gold (40%) (P<0.05). The amount of space (mm) found between the cone and the filling walls was greater with Wave One Gold. However, these values were not statistically significant. Conclusions Based on this ex vivo study the better adaptation of root canals and ideal filling condition was more frequent with Reciproc Blue than Wave One Gold system, mainly at 1 mm from the radicular apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Elias Florez Ariza
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Cartagena, Perú; ,Corresponding author: Jose Elias Florez Ariza, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Gustavo Armando Ruiz Mora
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C, Colombia;
| | - Luis Ernesto Arriola Guillén
- Division of Orthodontics and Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
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Smutný M, Kopeček M, Bezrouk A. An Investigation of the Accuracy and Reproducibility of 3D Printed Transparent Endodontic Blocks. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRALOVE, CZECH REPUBLIC) 2022; 65:59-65. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2022.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Due to a broad spectrum of endodontic rotary instruments on the market and no standardised protocol for comparing their mechanical properties, it can be challenging for clinician to choose proper instruments. In vitro studies using resin blocks with artificial canals can offer many valuable information because of their uniformity compared to studies performed on extracted teeth. To improve precision and reproducibility of artificial canals, 3D printing was used in this study to manufacture endodontic test block samples. 20 commercially available endodontic blocks Endo-Training-Bloc-J by Dentsply Sirona were tested. The mean values of the measured parameters were used for a 3D CAD model of their replicas. 20 copies of the endodontic training blocks were printed from acrylic resin (VeroClear-RGD810, Stratasys, Eden Prairie, USA) using the 3D printer Objet30 Pro (Stratasys, Eden Prairie, USA). The key dimensions of the commercial blocks and the 3D printed blocks were measured under and compared using t – test and Levene’s test for equality of variances. The profiles of the 3D printed artificial canals showed significantly lower dimensional variability when compared with the commercial blocks. 3D polyjet printing proved to be a precise and reproducible method for production of blocks for testing endodontic rotary instruments.
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Evaluation of the Shaping Ability of Three Thermally Treated Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments on Standardized 3D-printed Dental Replicas Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2021; 57:medicina57090901. [PMID: 34577824 PMCID: PMC8469020 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of the present study is to compare the efficacy of three root canal preparation systems in the shaping of 3D-printed root canal replicas of single rooted teeth. Materials and Methods: Sixty 3D-printed root canal replicas were produced and divided into three groups, each consisting of twenty samples. Each group was shaped with a different instrument: Reciproc Blue R25/08 (VDW GmbH, Munich, Gemany), WaveOne Gold Primary 25/07 (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), and ProTaper Gold F2 25/08 (Denstply Sirona). To ensure the reproducibility of pre- and post-operative CBCT images of the root canals, the endodontic printed replicas were placed in a mould of silicon impression material. A cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) software was used to compare pre- and post-instrumentation images collected at three levels of the root canal length: 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apical foramen. The amount of transportation, centring ability, and curvature angle after shaping were evaluated for each system. The results were statistically analysed and compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Regarding the transportation of the root canal after shaping, significant differences between groups at 3 mm (p = 0.010721) and 6 mm (p = 0.000046) were recorded in the mesio-distal direction, while in the bucco-lingual significant differences were only observed at 6 mm (p = 0.000554). Reciproc Blue removed more dentin from the mesial and buccal wall of the root canal. When evaluating the centring ability of the three systems, significant differences were observed between the groups at the level of 9 mm (p = 0.037258) in the mesio-distal direction, and at the level of 6 mm (p = 0.038197) in the bucco-lingual direction. Significant differences of the canal curvature angle after shaping were also observed between groups (p = 0.000001). Reciproc Blue straightened the curvature the most, while ProTaper Gold the least. Conclusions: All systems produced minor root canal transportation. No instrument was able to achieve a perfect centring preparation of the root canal. All systems produced a small degree of root canal straightening.
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La Rosa GRM, Palermo C, Ferlito S, Isola G, Indelicato F, Pedullà E. Influence of surrounding temperature and angle of file access on cyclic fatigue resistance of two single file nickel-titanium instruments. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 47:260-264. [PMID: 33277785 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of surrounding temperature and angle of file access on cyclic fatigue resistance of F6 SkyTaper (F6ST) and One Curve (OC). 120 new files #25.06 were tested at two insertion angles (0° and 20°) at room (20°C ± 1°C) and body (35°C ± 1°C) temperatures in a 16-mm stainless steel artificial canal (60° curvature and 5-mm radius), using a customised device. Cyclic fatigue resistance was expressed as time to fracture (TtF) in seconds. Data were analysed statistically (P < 0.05). All instruments exhibited lower TtF at 35°C (P < 0.05). An access of 20° did not significantly influence the TtF of tested instruments, independently from the temperature. OC exhibited higher TtF of F6ST at 20°C with a 20° inclination (P < 0.05). Under the present conditions, F6ST and OC showed a significant reduction of cyclic fatigue resistance at body temperature. A file inclined insertion did not affect the cyclic fatigue resistance of tested instruments at both temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa
- Department of General Surgery and Medical - Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carlotta Palermo
- Department of General Surgery and Medical - Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Ferlito
- Department of General Surgery and Medical - Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Medical - Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Indelicato
- Department of General Surgery and Medical - Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Eugenio Pedullà
- Department of General Surgery and Medical - Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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La Rosa GRM, Shumakova V, Isola G, Indelicato F, Bugea C, Pedullà E. Evaluation of the Cyclic Fatigue of Two Single Files at Body and Room Temperature with Different Radii of Curvature. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092256. [PMID: 33925573 PMCID: PMC8123902 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: To compare the influence of different temperatures and curvature radii on the cyclic fatigue resistance of F6 SkyTaper (F6ST) and One Curve (OC) single file nickel-titanium rotary instruments. Methods: A total of 120 instruments of F6ST and OC #25.06 were evaluated in 5 mm and 3 mm curvature radii at two temperatures (20 °C ± 1 °C and 37 °C ± 1 °C) in 16 mm stainless steel artificial canals associated with a curvature of 60°. The cyclic fatigue of tested files was assessed by employing a customized testing apparatus and expressed as times to fracture (TtF). A statistical analysis was performed with the significance level set at 95%. Results: All instruments decreased their TtF at 37 °C except for OC in the 3 mm radius, in which no significant difference was detected between 20 °C and 37 °C. A 3 mm curvature radius negatively affected TtF of all tested instruments, except for F6ST at 20 °C. F6ST had higher TtF than OC in the 3 mm radius at 20 °C, with no significant difference between them in the other tested conditions. Conclusions: Under the limits of the present in vitro study, body temperature impaired cyclic fatigue resistance of all files, except for OC in the 3 mm curvature radius. All instruments exhibited lower times to fracture in the 3 mm radius, excluding F6ST at 20 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Plebiscito 628, 95124 Catania, Italy; (V.S.); (G.I.); (F.I.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Valeria Shumakova
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Plebiscito 628, 95124 Catania, Italy; (V.S.); (G.I.); (F.I.); (E.P.)
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Plebiscito 628, 95124 Catania, Italy; (V.S.); (G.I.); (F.I.); (E.P.)
| | - Francesco Indelicato
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Plebiscito 628, 95124 Catania, Italy; (V.S.); (G.I.); (F.I.); (E.P.)
| | | | - Eugenio Pedullà
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Plebiscito 628, 95124 Catania, Italy; (V.S.); (G.I.); (F.I.); (E.P.)
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Effects of Simultaneous Liquid or Gel Sodium Hypochlorite Irrigation on the Cyclic Fatigue of Two Single-File Nickel-Titanium Instruments. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of simultaneous liquid or gel sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation on cyclic fatigue of F6 SkyTaper (F6ST) and OneCurve (OC) single files, 180 new 25/0.06 F6ST and OC files were divided into 6 groups (n = 15) for each brand. Groups 1 and 4 included new instruments not exposed to NaOCl at 20 °C and 37 °C, respectively. Groups 2 and 5 included files activated with liquid NaOCl at 20 °C and 37 °C, respectively. Groups 3 and 6 consisted of instruments tested with NaOCl gel at 20 °C and 37 °C, respectively. Instruments were subjected to a fatigue test using a novel customized device. Data were expressed as time to fracture (TtF) and statistically analyzed (p < 0.05) after checking their normality through the Shapiro–Wilk test. Because they were normally distributed, 2-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey multiple comparison post-hoc test were used. Time to fracture of all tested instruments decreased at 37 °C (p < 0.05). At 20 °C, NaOCl improved TtF of F6ST and OC (p < 0.05). NaOCl liquid increased TtF of F6ST (p < 0.05) in comparison with gel, while there was no difference between the two formulations for OC. At 37 °C, both NaOCl formulations had no significant influence on TtF for F6ST, while they increased TtF of OC (p < 0.05). NaOCl improved the cyclic fatigue resistance of OC, independently of the temperature, while for F6ST the negative impact of higher temperature reduced the irrigant benefits.
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