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Kunishima H, Ichiki K, Ohge H, Sakamoto F, Sato Y, Suzuki H, Nakamura A, Fujimura S, Matsumoto K, Mikamo H, Mizutani T, Morinaga Y, Mori M, Yamagishi Y, Yoshizawa S. Japanese Society for infection prevention and control guide to Clostridioides difficile infection prevention and control. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:673-715. [PMID: 38714273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2024.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kunishima
- Department of Infectious Diseases. St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Ichiki
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohge
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Fumie Sakamoto
- Quality Improvement and Safety Center, Itabashi Chuo Medical Center, Japan
| | - Yuka Sato
- Department of Infection Control and Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Tsukuba School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakamura
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan
| | - Shigeru Fujimura
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsumoto
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | | | - Yoshitomo Morinaga
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Minako Mori
- Department of Infection Control, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamagishi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Sadako Yoshizawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
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Gao M, Tan F, Shen Y, Peng Y. Rapid detection method of bacterial pathogens in surface waters and a new risk indicator for water pathogenic pollution. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1614. [PMID: 38238351 PMCID: PMC10796392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49774-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a accurate, rapid quantitative PCR method for the simultaneous detection of 4 kinds of pathogenic bacteria in water was established, and the distribution of pathogenic bacteria in surface waters with different levels of pollution (Yulin region, China) was detected. The results showed that the detection accuracy was 94%; the detection limit was 2.7 in bacterial cells. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium and Salmonella dysenteria were always present in water when the universal primer for pathogenic bacteria abundance detection was greater than 104 copies 100 mL-1. When the detection value is lower than 104 copy 100 mL-1, the bacteria in the water are rarely pathogenic bacteria, so the detection value of 104 copy 100 mL-1 can be used as a new indicator of waterborne pathogen pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feiyang Tan
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Shen
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Peng
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Textile Chemical Engineering Auxiliaries, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China
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Xu M, Selvaraj GK, Lu H. Environmental sporobiota: Occurrence, dissemination, and risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161809. [PMID: 36702282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spore-forming bacteria known as sporobiota are widespread in diverse environments from terrestrial and aquatic habitats to industrial and healthcare systems. Studies on sporobiota have been mainly focused on food processing and clinical fields, while a large amount of sporobiota exist in natural environments. Due to their persistence and capabilities of transmitting virulence factors and antibiotic resistant genes, environmental sporobiota could pose significant health risks to humans. These risks could increase as global warming and environmental pollution has altered the life cycle of sporobiota. This review summarizes the current knowledge of environmental sporobiota, including their occurrence, characteristics, and functions. An interaction network among clinical-, food-related, and environment-related sporobiota is constructed. Recent and effective methods for detecting and disinfecting environmental sporobiota are also discussed. Key problems and future research needs for better understanding and reducing the risks of environmental sporobiota and sporobiome are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ganesh-Kumar Selvaraj
- Department of Microbiology, St. Peter's Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600054, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Huijie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Zhejiang, China.
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Blau K, Gallert C. Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Toxin-Encoding Genes of Clostridioides difficile from Environmental Sources Contaminated by Feces. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010162. [PMID: 36671363 PMCID: PMC9855088 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is the most common pathogen causing antibiotic-associated intestinal diseases in humans and some animal species, but it can also be present in various environments outside hospitals. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the presence and the characteristics of toxin-encoding genes and antimicrobial resistance of C. difficile isolates from different environmental sources. C. difficile was found in 32 out of 81 samples (39.50%) after selective enrichment of spore-forming bacteria and in 45 samples (55.56%) using a TaqMan-based qPCR assay. A total of 169 C. difficile isolates were recovered from those 32 C. difficile-positive environmental samples. The majority of environmental C. difficile isolates were toxigenic, with many (88.75%) positive for tcdA and tcdB. Seventy-four isolates (43.78%) were positive for binary toxins, cdtA and cdtB, and 19 isolates were non-toxigenic. All the environmental C. difficile isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole, and most isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (66.86%) and clindamycin (46.15%), followed by moxifloxacin (13.02%) and tetracycline (4.73%). Seventy-five isolates (44.38%) showed resistance to at least two of the tested antimicrobials. C. difficile strains are commonly present in various environmental sources contaminated by feces and could be a potential source of community-associated C. difficile infections.
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Grainger RJ, Kearney A, Humphreys H, Stevens NT. A comparison of culture methods and polymerase chain reaction in detecting Clostridioides difficile from hospital surfaces. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 36748639 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Environmental surveillance for Clostridioides difficile is challenging. There are no internationally agreed recommendations on which method should be used when environmental surveillance is undertaken.Aim. To compare the detection of C. difficile by RT-PCR to culture-based methods and to determine which is more sensitive and specific in the clinical environment.Methods. Forty-four near-patient areas of C. difficile-positive patients were sampled using contact plates and moistened flocked swabs.Results. Detection using moistened flocked swabs followed by RT-PCR or culture detected more C. difficile than contact plates. The sensitivity and specificity of a RT-PCR assay for tcdB compared to the culture methods was 76 and 91 %, respectively.Conclusion. Despite the lower sensitivity and specificity, RT-PCR could potentially offer a more rapid and practical alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Grainger
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, RCSI Education and Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Kearney
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, RCSI Education and Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hilary Humphreys
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, RCSI Education and Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall T Stevens
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, RCSI Education and Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Chen YS, Chen IB, Pham G, Shao TY, Bangar H, Way SS, Haslam DB. IL-17-producing γδ T cells protect against Clostridium difficile infection. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2377-2390. [PMID: 31990686 PMCID: PMC7190913 DOI: 10.1172/jci127242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colitis caused by Clostridium difficile infection is a growing cause of human morbidity and mortality, especially after antibiotic use in health care settings. The natural immunity of newborn infants and protective host immune mediators against C. difficile infection are not fully understood, with data suggesting that inflammation can be either protective or pathogenic. Here, we show an essential role for IL-17A produced by γδ T cells in host defense against C. difficile infection. Fecal extracts from children with C. difficile infection showed increased IL-17A and T cell receptor γ chain expression, and IL-17 production by intestinal γδ T cells was efficiently induced after infection in mice. C. difficile-induced tissue inflammation and mortality were markedly increased in mice deficient in IL-17A or γδ T cells. Neonatal mice, with naturally expanded RORγt+ γδ T cells poised for IL-17 production were resistant to C. difficile infection, whereas elimination of γδ T cells or IL-17A each efficiently overturned neonatal resistance against infection. These results reveal an expanded role for IL-17-producing γδ T cells in neonatal host defense against infection and provide a mechanistic explanation for the clinically observed resistance of infants to C. difficile colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shiuan Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Iuan-Bor Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Giang Pham
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tzu-Yu Shao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Hansraj Bangar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David B. Haslam
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Nakashima C, Yamamoto K, Kishi S, Sasaki T, Ohmori H, Fujiwara-Tani R, Mori S, Kawahara I, Nishiguchi Y, Mori T, Kondoh M, Luo Y, Kirita T, Kuniyasu H. Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin induces claudin-4 to activate YAP in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Oncotarget 2020; 11:309-321. [PMID: 32064037 PMCID: PMC6996904 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin (CLDN)-4 expression has been associated with malignancy in various cancers. When CLDN4 expression was examined in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), 22 out of 57 (39%) cases showed immunoreactivity in the nucleus. Nuclear CLDN4-positive cases showed a stronger correlation with cancer progression than the negative cases. Intratumoral anaerobic bacterial DNA examination revealed nuclear CLDN4 expression in 81% of Clostridium perfringens-positive cases. Treatment of human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines HSC3 and HSC4 with Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), induced CLDN4 nuclear translocation to enhance epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness, cell proliferation and invasive ability. In addition, CPE treatment suppressed phosphorylation of yes-associated protein-1 (YAP1) and promoted YAP1 nuclear translocation, resulting in increased expression of YAP1 target genes; cyclin D1 and connective tissue growth factor. Moreover, it was revealed that the complex of YAP1, CLDN4 and zona occludens-2 (ZO-2) was formed by CPE treatment, further suppressing YAP1 phosphorylation by LATS1 and activating it. Thus YAP activation in OSCC was regarded important in promoting malignant phenotypes. Our research suggested that the control of oral anaerobic bacteria may suppress YAP activation and in turn tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Nakashima
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Shingo Kishi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohmori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Rina Fujiwara-Tani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shiori Mori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Isao Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishiguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takuya Mori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Drug Innovation Center, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Tadaaki Kirita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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Brukner I, Eintracht S, Forgetta V, Papadakis AI, Spatz A, Oughton M. Laboratory-developed test for detection of acute Clostridium difficile infections with the capacity for quantitative sample normalization. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 95:113-118. [PMID: 31176521 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe a laboratory-developed test intended for the detection of acute Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) with the capacity for quantitative sample normalization. The test is based on the detection of the tcdB gene. However, this biomarker is also present among people without symptoms, implying that individuals with diarrhea, not caused by C. difficile may nonetheless test positive. Therefore, clinical diagnosis based on this format of testing can be challenging. In order to improve diagnostic assays capability, tcdB-based quantification methods were suggested as a potential solution, however they did not increase clinical specificity. We report methodology for a dual biomarker monitoring (total bacterial load and tcdB assay), allowing for the calculation of the relative presence of tcdB in the total bacterial population in the tested samples. We believe that this approach is clinically relevant to current assays and can improve CDI testing algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Brukner
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jewish General Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Quebec, Canada; McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Shaun Eintracht
- Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, Quebec, Canada; McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Alan Spatz
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Quebec, Canada; McGill University, Department of Pathology, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew Oughton
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jewish General Hospital, Quebec, Canada; McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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