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Saveko A, Bekreneva M, Ponomarev I, Zelenskaya I, Riabova A, Shigueva T, Kitov V, Abu Sheli N, Nosikova I, Rukavishnikov I, Sayenko D, Tomilovskaya E. Impact of different ground-based microgravity models on human sensorimotor system. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1085545. [PMID: 36875039 PMCID: PMC9974674 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1085545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This review includes current and updated information about various ground-based microgravity models and their impact on the human sensorimotor system. All known models of microgravity are imperfect in a simulation of the physiological effects of microgravity but have their advantages and disadvantages. This review points out that understanding the role of gravity in motion control requires consideration of data from different environments and in various contexts. The compiled information can be helpful to researchers to effectively plan experiments using ground-based models of the effects of space flight, depending on the problem posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Saveko
- Russian Federation State Scientific Center—Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Weber B, Proske U. Limb position sense and sensorimotor performance under conditions of weightlessness. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2022; 32:63-69. [PMID: 35065762 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This is a review of the current state of knowledge of the effects of weightlessness on human proprioception. Two aspects have been highlighted: the sense of limb position and performance in sensorimotor tasks. For the sense of position, an important consideration is that there probably exists more than one sense: one measured in a blindfolded, two-limb position matching task, the other, by pointing to the perceived position of a hidden limb. There is evidence that these two senses are supported by distinct central projection pathways. When assessing the effects of weightlessness this must be considered. Whether there is a role for vestibular influences on position sense during changes in gravitational forces is an issue for future experiments. A consideration that has proved helpful for the study of sensorimotor tasks under conditions of weightlessness is to examine the performance of subjects who have lost their proprioceptive senses, either congenitally, or later in life, as a result of disease. In weightlessness, normal subjects appear to have particular difficulties with feedback-controlled tasks. A major factor is the influence of vision on performance. In addition, the stress of working in a weightless environment leads to additional cognitive load, making the execution of even simple everyday tasks difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Weber
- Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, German Aerospace Center, Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany.
| | - Uwe Proske
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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A dry immersion model of microgravity modulates platelet phenotype, miRNA signature, and circulating plasma protein biomarker profile. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21906. [PMID: 34753989 PMCID: PMC8578674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ground based research modalities of microgravity have been proposed as innovative methods to investigate the aetiology of chronic age-related conditions such as cardiovascular disease. Dry Immersion (DI), has been effectively used to interrogate the sequelae of physical inactivity (PI) and microgravity on multiple physiological systems. Herein we look at the causa et effectus of 3-day DI on platelet phenotype, and correlate with both miRomic and circulating biomarker expression. The miRomic profile of platelets is reflective of phenotype, which itself is sensitive and malleable to the exposome, undergoing responsive transitions in order to fulfil platelets role in thrombosis and haemostasis. Heterogeneous platelet subpopulations circulate at any given time, with varying degrees of sensitivity to activation. Employing a DI model, we investigate the effect of acute PI on platelet function in 12 healthy males. 3-day DI resulted in a significant increase in platelet count, plateletcrit, platelet adhesion, aggregation, and a modest elevation of platelet reactivity index (PRI). We identified 15 protein biomarkers and 22 miRNA whose expression levels were altered after DI. A 3-day DI model of microgravity/physical inactivity induced a prothrombotic platelet phenotype with an unique platelet miRNA signature, increased platelet count and plateletcrit. This correlated with a unique circulating protein biomarker signature. Taken together, these findings highlight platelets as sensitive adaptive sentinels and functional biomarkers of epigenetic drift within the cardiovascular compartment.
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Gerasimova-Meigal L, Meigal A, Sireneva N, Saenko I. Autonomic Function in Parkinson's Disease Subjects Across Repeated Short-Term Dry Immersion: Evidence From Linear and Non-linear HRV Parameters. Front Physiol 2021; 12:712365. [PMID: 34690794 PMCID: PMC8526731 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.712365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that “dry” immersion appears as a promising method of rehabilitation for Parkinson's disease. Still, little is known about the cardiovascular reaction in “dry” immersion (DI), especially in Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the effect of repeated 45-min DI sessions on autonomic function in subjects with PD. The study group consisted of 20 subjects with PD [13 men, seven women, aged 51–66 years old, Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) staged 1–3] were enrolled in the study according to inclusion and non-inclusion criteria. The DI program was comprised of seven 45-min DI sessions, applied within 25–30 days. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and electrocardiogram (ECG) in the standard lead II were recorded at 1st, 4th, and 7th DI, before, on the 15, 30, and 40th min of DI session. Autonomic function was assessed with analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) using Kubios Standard version 2 software. Linear (time- and frequency-domain) and non-linear (correlation dimension, entropies, DFA1 and DFA2, percent of determinism, and recurrence) were computed. At baseline condition, time- and frequency-domain HRV parameters showed low variability of HR, which indicates reduced autonomic neurogenic control of HR. Throughout the DI session, systolic and diastolic BP has decreased by 5–7 mm Hg (p < 0.001), and time- and frequency-domain parameters of HRV have significantly increased, what can be regarded as compensatory mechanisms of hemodynamics during DI. The structure of the regulatory input to the heart seen by HRV was characterized by low complexity and reduced autonomic neurogenic control of HR. Across the program of DI sessions, the hypotensive effect was documented, but no notable modification of the HRV-parameters was found. The absence of long-term modification of the studied parameters can be attributed both to deconditioning environmental effect of DI and limited adaptation of the organism due to neurodegeneration in PD. That should be taken into consideration when planning rehabilitation measures in subjects of older age and chronic somatic diseases with modeled microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Meigal
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Sireneva
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Irina Saenko
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
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Manganotti P, Buoite Stella A, Ajcevic M, di Girolamo FG, Biolo G, Franchi MV, Monti E, Sirago G, Marusic U, Simunic B, Narici MV, Pisot R. Peripheral nerve adaptations to 10 days of horizontal bed rest in healthy young adult males. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R495-R503. [PMID: 34318712 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00146.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Space analogs, such as bed rest, are used to reproduce microgravity-induced morphological and physiological changes and can be used as clinical models of prolonged inactivity. Nevertheless, nonuniform decreases in muscle mass and function have been frequently reported, and peripheral nerve adaptations have been poorly studied, although some of these mechanisms may be explained. Ten young healthy males (18-33 yr) underwent 10 days of horizontal bed rest. Peripheral neurophysiological assessments were performed bilaterally for the dominant (DL) and nondominant upper and lower limbs (N-DL) on the 1st and 10th day of bed rest, including ultrasound of the median, deep peroneal nerve (DPN), and common fibular nerve (CFN) , as well as a complete nerve conduction study (NCS) of the upper and lower limbs. Consistently, reduced F waves, suggesting peripheral nerve dysfunction, of both the peroneal (DL: P = 0.005, N-DL: P = 0.013) and tibial nerves (DL: P = 0.037, N-DL: P = 0.005) were found bilaterally, whereas no changes were observed in nerve ultrasound or other parameters of the NCS of both the upper and lower limbs. In these young healthy males, only the F waves, known to respond to postural changes, were significantly affected by short-term bed rest. These preliminary results suggest that during simulated microgravity, most changes occur at the muscle or central nervous system level. Since the assessment of F waves is common in clinical neurophysiological examinations, caution should be used when testing individuals after prolonged immobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Manganotti
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University Hospital of Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alex Buoite Stella
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University Hospital of Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Milos Ajcevic
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University Hospital of Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Filippo Giorgio di Girolamo
- Clinica Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Clinica Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sirago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Uros Marusic
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia.,Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea - European Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Bostjan Simunic
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Marco V Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Rado Pisot
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
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Meigal AY, Tretjakova OG, Gerasimova-Meigal LI, Sayenko IV. Program of Seven 45-min Dry Immersion Sessions Improves Choice Reaction Time in Parkinson's Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 11:621198. [PMID: 33519524 PMCID: PMC7841462 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.621198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The study hypothesis held that in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD), the reaction time (RT) tests of the higher cognition demand would have more readily improved under the program of analog microgravity (μG) modeled with "dry" immersion (DI). To test this hypothesis, 10 subjects with PD have passed through a program of seven DI sessions (each 45 min long) within 25-30 days, with overall μG dose 5 1/4 h. Five patients were enrolled as controls, without DI (noDI group). Simple RT (SRT), disjunctive RT (DRT), and choice RT (CRT) were assessed in four study points: before the DI program (preDI), 1 day after the DI program (postDI), 2 weeks after the DI program (DI2w), and 2 months after the DI program (DI2m). The motor time (MT) was assessed with the tapping test (TT). Additionally, signal detection time (SDT) and central processing time (CPT) were extracted from the data. Before the program of DI, the RT tests are in accordance with their cognition load: SRT (284 ± 37 ms), DRT (338 ± 38 ms), and CRT (540 ± 156 ms). In accordance with the hypothesis, CRT and DRT have improved under DI by, respectively, 20 and 8% at the study point "DI2w," whereas SRT, SDT, and MT did not change (<5% in the preDI point, p > 0.05). Thus, the program of DI provoked RT improvement specifically in the cognitively loaded tasks, in a "dose of cognition-reaction" manner. The accuracy of reaction has changed in none of the RT tests. The neurophysiologic, hormonal/neuroendocrine, behavioral, neural plasticity, and acclimation mechanisms may have contributed to such a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yu. Meigal
- Laboratory of Novel Methods in Physiology, Institute of Higher Biomedical Technologies, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Olesya G. Tretjakova
- Laboratory of Novel Methods in Physiology, Institute of Higher Biomedical Technologies, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Liudmila I. Gerasimova-Meigal
- Laboratory of Novel Methods in Physiology, Institute of Higher Biomedical Technologies, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Irina V. Sayenko
- State Scientific Center, “Institute of Biomedical Problems,” Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Buoite Stella A, Ajčević M, Furlanis G, Manganotti P. Neurophysiological adaptations to spaceflight and simulated microgravity. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 132:498-504. [PMID: 33450569 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Changes in physiological functions after spaceflight and simulated spaceflight involve several mechanisms. Microgravity is one of them and it can be partially reproduced with models, such as head down bed rest (HDBR). Yet, only a few studies have investigated in detail the complexity of neurophysiological systems and their integration to maintain homeostasis. Central nervous system changes have been studied both in their structural and functional component with advanced techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance (fMRI), showing the main involvement of the cerebellum, cortical sensorimotor, and somatosensory areas, as well as vestibular-related pathways. Analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) led to contrasting results, mainly due to the different factors affecting brain activity. The study of corticospinal excitability may enable a deeper understanding of countermeasures' effect, since greater excitability has been shown being correlated with better preservation of functions. Less is known about somatosensory evoked potentials and peripheral nerve function, yet they may be involved in a homeostatic mechanism fundamental to thermoregulation. Extending the knowledge of such alterations during simulated microgravity may be useful not only for space exploration, but for its application in clinical conditions and for life on Earth, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Buoite Stella
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Miloš Ajčević
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Furlanis
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Manganotti
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
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