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Ahmadzadeh M, Christie GJ, Cosco TD, Arab A, Mansouri M, Wagner KR, DiPaola S, Moreno S. Neuroimaging and machine learning for studying the pathways from mild cognitive impairment to alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:309. [PMID: 37608251 PMCID: PMC10463866 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review synthesizes the most recent neuroimaging procedures and machine learning approaches for the prediction of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease dementia. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) systematic review guidelines. RESULTS Our search returned 2572 articles, 56 of which met the criteria for inclusion in the final selection. The multimodality framework and deep learning techniques showed potential for predicting the conversion of MCI to AD dementia. CONCLUSION Findings of this systematic review identified that the possibility of using neuroimaging data processed by advanced learning algorithms is promising for the prediction of AD progression. We also provided a detailed description of the challenges that researchers are faced along with future research directions. The protocol has been registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews- CRD42019133402 and published in the Systematic Reviews journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ahmadzadeh
- School of Interactive Arts and Technology, Simon Fraser University, 250 - 13450 102 Ave, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Gregory J Christie
- School of Interactive Arts and Technology, Simon Fraser University, 250 - 13450 102 Ave, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Theodore D Cosco
- Gerontology Research Center, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Oxford Institute of Population Ageing, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ali Arab
- Department of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Mehrdad Mansouri
- Department of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kevin R Wagner
- Gerontology Research Center, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steve DiPaola
- School of Interactive Arts and Technology, Simon Fraser University, 250 - 13450 102 Ave, Surrey, BC, Canada.
| | - Sylvain Moreno
- School of Interactive Arts and Technology, Simon Fraser University, 250 - 13450 102 Ave, Surrey, BC, Canada
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Park C, Jang JW, Joo G, Kim Y, Kim S, Byeon G, Park SW, Kasani PH, Yum S, Pyun JM, Park YH, Lim JS, Youn YC, Choi HS, Park C, Im H, Kim S. Predicting progression to dementia with “comprehensive visual rating scale” and machine learning algorithms. Front Neurol 2022; 13:906257. [PMID: 36071894 PMCID: PMC9443667 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.906257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Identifying biomarkers for predicting progression to dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is crucial. To this end, the comprehensive visual rating scale (CVRS), which is based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), was developed for the assessment of structural changes in the brains of patients with MCI. This study aimed to investigate the use of the CVRS score for predicting dementia in patients with MCI over a 2-year follow-up period using various machine learning (ML) algorithms. Methods We included 197 patients with MCI who were followed up more than once. The data used for this study were obtained from the Japanese-Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study. We assessed all the patients using their CVRS scores, cortical thickness data, and clinical data to determine their progression to dementia during a follow-up period of over 2 years. ML algorithms, such as logistic regression, random forest (RF), XGBoost, and LightGBM, were applied to the combination of the dataset. Further, feature importance that contributed to the progression from MCI to dementia was analyzed to confirm the risk predictors among the various variables evaluated. Results Of the 197 patients, 108 (54.8%) showed progression from MCI to dementia. Tree-based classifiers, such as XGBoost, LightGBM, and RF, achieved relatively high performance. In addition, the prediction models showed better performance when clinical data and CVRS score (accuracy 0.701–0.711) were used than when clinical data and cortical thickness (accuracy 0.650–0.685) were used. The features related to CVRS helped predict progression to dementia using the tree-based models compared to logistic regression. Conclusions Tree-based ML algorithms can predict progression from MCI to dementia using baseline CVRS scores combined with clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeyoon Park
- Department of Convergence Security, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Convergence Security, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Gihun Joo
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yeshin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seongheon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Gihwan Byeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | | | - Sujin Yum
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Min Pyun
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Choi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Chihyun Park
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeonseung Im
- Department of Convergence Security, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyeonseung Im
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- SangYun Kim
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Veitch DP, Weiner MW, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, DeCarli C, Green RC, Harvey D, Jack CR, Jagust W, Landau SM, Morris JC, Okonkwo O, Perrin RJ, Petersen RC, Rivera‐Mindt M, Saykin AJ, Shaw LM, Toga AW, Tosun D, Trojanowski JQ. Using the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative to improve early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:824-857. [PMID: 34581485 PMCID: PMC9158456 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) has accumulated 15 years of clinical, neuroimaging, cognitive, biofluid biomarker and genetic data, and biofluid samples available to researchers, resulting in more than 3500 publications. This review covers studies from 2018 to 2020. METHODS We identified 1442 publications using ADNI data by conventional search methods and selected impactful studies for inclusion. RESULTS Disease progression studies supported pivotal roles for regional amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau deposition, and identified underlying genetic contributions to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Vascular disease, immune response, inflammation, resilience, and sex modulated disease course. Biologically coherent subgroups were identified at all clinical stages. Practical algorithms and methodological changes improved determination of Aβ status. Plasma Aβ, phosphorylated tau181, and neurofilament light were promising noninvasive biomarkers. Prognostic and diagnostic models were externally validated in ADNI but studies are limited by lack of ethnocultural cohort diversity. DISCUSSION ADNI has had a profound impact in improving clinical trials for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas P. Veitch
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterCenter for Imaging of Neurodegenerative DiseasesSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterNorthern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE)San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterCenter for Imaging of Neurodegenerative DiseasesSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA,Department of RadiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA,Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA,Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paul S. Aisen
- Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laurel A. Beckett
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health SciencesUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology and Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert C. Green
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Broad Institute, Ariadne Labsand Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Danielle Harvey
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health SciencesUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - William Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Susan M. Landau
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - John C. Morris
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Ozioma Okonkwo
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Richard J. Perrin
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMissouriUSA,Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMissouriUSA,Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | | | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA,Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Leslie M. Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Research, School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, USC Stevens Institute of Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Duygu Tosun
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Research, School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Chung JK, Jang JW. Comprehensive Visual Rating Scale on Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Application to Prodromal Alzheimer Disease. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2021; 25:39-44. [PMID: 33715339 PMCID: PMC8024168 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.21.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A comprehensive visual rating scale (CVRS) using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was previously developed to evaluate structural changes in the brains of older patients. This study investigated the usefulness of the CVRS in predicting dementia with Alzheimer disease (AD) in patients with prodromal AD. Methods We included 189 patients with prodromal AD with available data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study. We evaluated all patients using CVRS and assessed their progression to AD dementia over 3 years of longitudinal follow-up. Survival analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model to analyze the hazard ratios of the CVRS for progression to AD dementia. Results Among 189 patients with prodromal AD, 61 (32.3%) progressed to dementia. The mean baseline CVRS scores differed significantly between the stable and progressive groups (9.9±5.1 vs. 12.4±4.9; p=0.002). An initial high CVRS score was an independent risk factor for the progression to AD dementia (hazard ratio=1.110; 95% confidence interval, 1.043–1.182). Conclusion The baseline CVRS score predicted the progression to dementia in patients with prodromal AD, indicating its independent association with longitudinal cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyung Chung
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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Park JH, Lee SH, Kim Y, Park SW, Byeon GH, Jang JW. Depressive symptoms are associated with worse cognitive prognosis in patients with newly diagnosed idiopathic Parkinson disease. Psychogeriatrics 2020; 20:880-890. [PMID: 32840032 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although depression is very common in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), only a few studies have investigated the longitudinal effects of initial depression on cognitive decline in these patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of depression on cognitive functions in patients with PD. METHODS We used data from the Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) to investigate the relationship between depression and PD. Depressive symptoms were measured in patients with PD based on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) or Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q) scores obtained at baseline. We evaluated cognitive decline as whether a patient with PD progressed to PD with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) during a 4-year follow-up period. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was done to know whether depression can predict the conversion to MCI. In addition, a voxel-based morphometric analysis using volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare structural changes related to future cognitive decline as well as to reveal longitudinal effect of baseline depression on cortical atrophy. RESULTS Data from 263 patients with cognitively normal de novo PD who were available for longitudinal cognitive testing were analysed. The multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the depressive symptoms were independent risk factors for conversion to MCI in patients with de novo PD after adjusting for covariates (hazards ratio (95% CI)) of depression defined by the GDS (1.753 (1.084-2.835)) and the NPI (1.815 (1.083-3.042)) scores, respectively. The significant structural changes in PD with MCI as well as longitudinal effect of baseline depression on subsequent cortical atrophy were found in multiple areas on the voxel-based morphometric analysis (P < 0.001, family-wise error rate corrected). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that the presence of depressive symptoms in patients with early PD is associated with a higher risk of progression to MCI and early depression may reflect subsequent cortical atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Park
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yeshin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Gi Hwan Byeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Modified Visual Magnetic Resonance Scale and Neuropsychometric Corelations in Alzheimer's disease. ANADOLU KLINIĞI TIP BILIMLERI DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.21673/anadoluklin.737253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Lombardi G, Crescioli G, Cavedo E, Lucenteforte E, Casazza G, Bellatorre A, Lista C, Costantino G, Frisoni G, Virgili G, Filippini G. Structural magnetic resonance imaging for the early diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease in people with mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 3:CD009628. [PMID: 32119112 PMCID: PMC7059964 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009628.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease is the symptomatic predementia phase of Alzheimer's disease dementia, characterised by cognitive and functional impairment not severe enough to fulfil the criteria for dementia. In clinical samples, people with amnestic MCI are at high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease dementia, with annual rates of progression from MCI to Alzheimer's disease estimated at approximately 10% to 15% compared with the base incidence rates of Alzheimer's disease dementia of 1% to 2% per year. OBJECTIVES To assess the diagnostic accuracy of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the early diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease in people with MCI versus the clinical follow-up diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia as a reference standard (delayed verification). To investigate sources of heterogeneity in accuracy, such as the use of qualitative visual assessment or quantitative volumetric measurements, including manual or automatic (MRI) techniques, or the length of follow-up, and age of participants. MRI was evaluated as an add-on test in addition to clinical diagnosis of MCI to improve early diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease in people with MCI. SEARCH METHODS On 29 January 2019 we searched Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement's Specialised Register and the databases, MEDLINE, Embase, BIOSIS Previews, Science Citation Index, PsycINFO, and LILACS. We also searched the reference lists of all eligible studies identified by the electronic searches. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered cohort studies of any size that included prospectively recruited people of any age with a diagnosis of MCI. We included studies that compared the diagnostic test accuracy of baseline structural MRI versus the clinical follow-up diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia (delayed verification). We did not exclude studies on the basis of length of follow-up. We included studies that used either qualitative visual assessment or quantitative volumetric measurements of MRI to detect atrophy in the whole brain or in specific brain regions, such as the hippocampus, medial temporal lobe, lateral ventricles, entorhinal cortex, medial temporal gyrus, lateral temporal lobe, amygdala, and cortical grey matter. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Four teams of two review authors each independently reviewed titles and abstracts of articles identified by the search strategy. Two teams of two review authors each independently assessed the selected full-text articles for eligibility, extracted data and solved disagreements by consensus. Two review authors independently assessed the quality of studies using the QUADAS-2 tool. We used the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) model to fit summary ROC curves and to obtain overall measures of relative accuracy in subgroup analyses. We also used these models to obtain pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity when sufficient data sets were available. MAIN RESULTS We included 33 studies, published from 1999 to 2019, with 3935 participants of whom 1341 (34%) progressed to Alzheimer's disease dementia and 2594 (66%) did not. Of the participants who did not progress to Alzheimer's disease dementia, 2561 (99%) remained stable MCI and 33 (1%) progressed to other types of dementia. The median proportion of women was 53% and the mean age of participants ranged from 63 to 87 years (median 73 years). The mean length of clinical follow-up ranged from 1 to 7.6 years (median 2 years). Most studies were of poor methodological quality due to risk of bias for participant selection or the index test, or both. Most of the included studies reported data on the volume of the total hippocampus (pooled mean sensitivity 0.73 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64 to 0.80); pooled mean specificity 0.71 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.77); 22 studies, 2209 participants). This evidence was of low certainty due to risk of bias and inconsistency. Seven studies reported data on the atrophy of the medial temporal lobe (mean sensitivity 0.64 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.73); mean specificity 0.65 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.76); 1077 participants) and five studies on the volume of the lateral ventricles (mean sensitivity 0.57 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.65); mean specificity 0.64 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.70); 1077 participants). This evidence was of moderate certainty due to risk of bias. Four studies with 529 participants analysed the volume of the total entorhinal cortex and four studies with 424 participants analysed the volume of the whole brain. We did not estimate pooled sensitivity and specificity for the volume of these two regions because available data were sparse and heterogeneous. We could not statistically evaluate the volumes of the lateral temporal lobe, amygdala, medial temporal gyrus, or cortical grey matter assessed in small individual studies. We found no evidence of a difference between studies in the accuracy of the total hippocampal volume with regards to duration of follow-up or age of participants, but the manual MRI technique was superior to automatic techniques in mixed (mostly indirect) comparisons. We did not assess the relative accuracy of the volumes of different brain regions measured by MRI because only indirect comparisons were available, studies were heterogeneous, and the overall accuracy of all regions was moderate. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The volume of hippocampus or medial temporal lobe, the most studied brain regions, showed low sensitivity and specificity and did not qualify structural MRI as a stand-alone add-on test for an early diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease in people with MCI. This is consistent with international guidelines, which recommend imaging to exclude non-degenerative or surgical causes of cognitive impairment and not to diagnose dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. In view of the low quality of most of the included studies, the findings of this review should be interpreted with caution. Future research should not focus on a single biomarker, but rather on combinations of biomarkers to improve an early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Lombardi
- University of FlorenceDepartment of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA)Largo Brambilla, 3FlorenceItaly50134
| | - Giada Crescioli
- University of FlorenceDepartment of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA)Largo Brambilla, 3FlorenceItaly50134
| | - Enrica Cavedo
- Pitie‐Salpetriere Hospital, Sorbonne UniversityAlzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP‐HP47 boulevard de l'HopitalParisFrance75013
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- University of PisaDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineVia Savi 10PisaItaly56126
| | - Giovanni Casazza
- Università degli Studi di MilanoDipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco"via GB Grassi 74MilanItaly20157
| | | | - Chiara Lista
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaNeuroepidemiology UnitVia Celoria, 11MilanoItaly20133
| | - Giorgio Costantino
- Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di MilanoUOC Pronto Soccorso e Medicina D'Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' GrandaMilanItaly
| | | | - Gianni Virgili
- University of FlorenceDepartment of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA)Largo Brambilla, 3FlorenceItaly50134
| | - Graziella Filippini
- Carlo Besta Foundation and Neurological InstituteScientific Director’s Officevia Celoria, 11MilanItaly20133
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A Comprehensive Visual Rating Scale for Predicting Progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia in Patients with Alzheimer's Pathology or Suspected Non-Alzheimer's Pathology. Dement Neurocogn Disord 2020; 19:129-139. [PMID: 33377666 PMCID: PMC7781734 DOI: 10.12779/dnd.2020.19.4.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose To identify biomarkers for prediction of the progression to dementia in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, evaluation of brain structure changes has been validated by a comprehensive visual grading scale (CVRS) through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we specifically elucidated for the cognitive change of MCI patients classified based on AT(N) pathological status classification during the follow-up period of 3 years through the CVRS. Methods The 301 patients with initial MCI visited at least once for follow-up period. The data used in this study were obtained from the Alzheimer's disease (AD) Neuroimaging Initiative study. Brain atrophy was assessed by CVRS using MRI. AT(N) profiles were classified by cerebrospinal fluid abnormality. Based on the AT(N) assessment, all individuals in this study were divided into 3 groups (normal state biomarker, suspected non-Alzheimer's pathology [SNAP], or Alzheimer's continuum). The cox regression was used to analyze the hazard ratios of CVRS for progression to dementia. Results Sixty-three progressed and 238 remained stable to dementia and the CVRS (mean±standard deviation) had significant difference between progressive MCI and stable MCI (p<0.001). Univariate and multivariate cox regression results (p<0.001) showed the independence of initial CVRS as a predictor for the progression to dementia. Moreover, comparing the classified AT(N) pathology group, SNAP and AD, effectiveness of CVRS as a predictor was verified only in Alzheimer's continuum. Conclusions The initial CVRS score as a predictor of dementia progression was independently validated at the stage of Alzheimer's progression among AT(N) pathologically differentiated MCI.
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