1
|
Mignard P, Font i Forcada C, Giménez R, Moreno MÁ. Population Structure and Association Mapping for Agronomical and Biochemical Traits of a Large Spanish Apple Germplasm. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1249. [PMID: 36986937 PMCID: PMC10057825 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A basic knowledge of linkage disequilibrium and population structure is necessary in order to determine the genetic control and identify significant associations with agronomical and phytochemical compounds in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh). In this study, 186 apple accessions (Pop1), representing both Spanish native accessions (94) and non-Spanish cultivars (92) from the EEAD-CSIC apple core collection, were assessed using 23 SSRs markers. Four populations were considered: Pop1, Pop2, Pop3, and Pop4. The initial Pop1 was divided into 150 diploid (Pop2) and 36 triploid accessions (Pop3), while for the inter-chromosomal linkage disequilibrium and the association mapping analysis, 118 phenotype diploid accessions were considered Pop4. Thus, the average number of alleles per locus and observed heterozygosity for the overall sample set (Pop1) were 15.65 and 0.75, respectively. The population structure analysis identified two subpopulations in the diploid accessions (Pop2 and Pop4) and four in the triploids (Pop3). Regarding the Pop4, the population structure with K = 2 subpopulations segregation was in agreement with the UPGMA cluster analysis according to the genetic pairwise distances. Moreover, the accessions seemed to be segregated by their origin (Spanish/non-Spanish) in the clustering analysis. One of the two subpopulations encountered was quite-exclusively formed by non-Spanish accessions (30 out of 33). Furthermore, agronomical and basic fruit quality parameters, antioxidant traits, individual sugars, and organic acids were assessed for the association mapping analysis. A high level of biodiversity was exhibited in the phenotypic characterization of Pop4, and a total of 126 significant associations were found between the 23 SSR markers and the 21 phenotypic traits evaluated. This study also identified many new marker-locus trait associations for the first time, such as in the antioxidant traits or in sugars and organic acids, which may be useful for predictions and for a better understanding of the apple genome.
Collapse
|
2
|
Slonecki TJ, Rutter WB, Olukolu BA, Yencho GC, Jackson DM, Wadl PA. Genetic diversity, population structure, and selection of breeder germplasm subsets from the USDA sweetpotato ( Ipomoea batatas) collection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1022555. [PMID: 36816486 PMCID: PMC9932972 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1022555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is the sixth most important food crop and plays a critical role in maintaining food security worldwide. Support for sweetpotato improvement research in breeding and genetics programs, and maintenance of sweetpotato germplasm collections is essential for preserving food security for future generations. Germplasm collections seek to preserve phenotypic and genotypic diversity through accession characterization. However, due to its genetic complexity, high heterogeneity, polyploid genome, phenotypic plasticity, and high flower production variability, sweetpotato genetic characterization is challenging. Here, we characterize the genetic diversity and population structure of 604 accessions from the sweetpotato germplasm collection maintained by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit (PGRCU) in Griffin, Georgia, United States. Using the genotyping-by-sequencing platform (GBSpoly) and bioinformatic pipelines (ngsComposer and GBSapp), a total of 102,870 polymorphic SNPs with hexaploid dosage calls were identified from the 604 accessions. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and Bayesian clustering identified six unique genetic groupings across seven broad geographic regions. Genetic diversity analyses using the hexaploid data set revealed ample genetic diversity among the analyzed collection in concordance with previous analyses. Following population structure and diversity analyses, breeder germplasm subsets of 24, 48, 96, and 384 accessions were established using K-means clustering with manual selection to maintain phenotypic and genotypic diversity. The genetic characterization of the PGRCU sweetpotato germplasm collection and breeder germplasm subsets developed in this study provide the foundation for future association studies and serve as precursors toward phenotyping studies aimed at linking genotype with phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Slonecki
- United States Vegetable Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - William B. Rutter
- United States Vegetable Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Bode A. Olukolu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - G. Craig Yencho
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - D. Michael Jackson
- United States Vegetable Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Phillip A. Wadl
- United States Vegetable Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Charleston, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shen F, Bianco L, Wu B, Tian Z, Wang Y, Wu T, Xu X, Han Z, Velasco R, Fontana P, Zhang X. A bulked segregant analysis tool for out-crossing species (BSATOS) and QTL-based genomics-assisted prediction of complex traits in apple. J Adv Res 2022; 42:149-162. [PMID: 36513410 PMCID: PMC9788957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genomic heterozygosity, self-incompatibility, and rich-in somatic mutations hinder the molecular breeding efficiency of outcrossing plants. OBJECTIVES We attempted to develop an efficient integrated strategy to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and trait-associated genes, to develop gene markers, and to construct genomics-assisted prediction (GAP) modes. METHODS A novel protocol, bulked segregant analysis tool for out-crossing species (BSATOS), is presented here, which is characterized by taking full advantage of all segregation patterns (including AB × AB markers) and haplotype information. To verify the effectiveness of the protocol in dealing with the complex traits of outbreeding species, three apple cross populations with 9,654 individuals were adopted. RESULTS By using BSATOS, 90, 60, and 77 significant QTLs were identified successfully and candidate genes were predicted for apple fruit weight (FW), fruit ripening date (FRD), and fruit soluble solid content (SSC), respectively. The gene-based markers were developed and genotyped for 1,396 individuals in a training population, including 145 Malus accessions and 1,251 F1 plants of the three full-sib families. GAP models were trained using marker genotype effect estimates of the training population. The prediction accuracy was 0.7658, 0.6455, and 0.3758 for FW, FRD, and SSC, respectively. CONCLUSION The BSATOS and GAP models provided a convenient and efficient methodology for candidate gene mining and molecular breeding in out-crossing plant species. The BSATOS pipeline can be freely downloaded from: https://github.com/maypoleflyn/BSATOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Shen
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, 38010 S. Michele all’Adige, Italy,Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Luca Bianco
- Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, 38010 S. Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Bei Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhendong Tian
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, CREA, Conegliano, Italy
| | - Paolo Fontana
- Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, 38010 S. Michele all’Adige, Italy,Corresponding authors.
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anglin NL, Robles R, Rossel G, Alagon R, Panta A, Jarret RL, Manrique N, Ellis D. Genetic Identity, Diversity, and Population Structure of CIP's Sweetpotato ( I. batatas) Germplasm Collection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660012. [PMID: 34777403 PMCID: PMC8589021 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The in trust sweetpotato collection housed by the International Center of Potato (CIP) is one of the largest assemblages of plant material representing the genetic resources of this important staple crop. The collection currently contains almost 6,000 accessions of Ipomoea batatas (cultivated sweetpotato) and over 1,000 accessions of sweetpotato crop wild relatives (CWRs). In this study, the entire cultivated collection (5,979 accessions) was genotyped with a panel of 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assess genetic identity, diversity, and population structure. Genotyping and phenotyping of in vitro plantlets and mother plants were conducted simultaneously on 2,711 accessions (45% of the total collection) to identify and correct possible genetic identity errors which could have occurred at any time over the thirty plus years of maintenance in the in vitro collection. Within this group, 533 accessions (19.6%) had errors in identity. Field evaluations of morphological descriptors were carried out to confirm the marker data. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to reveal the intraspecific relationships in the population which uncovered high levels of redundancy in material from Peru and Latin America. These genotypic data were supported by morphological data. Population structure analysis demonstrated support for four ancestral populations with many of the accessions having lower levels of gene flow from the other populations. This was especially true of germplasm derived from Peru, Ecuador, and Africa. The set of 20 SSR markers was subsequently utilized to examine a subset of 189 accessions from the USDA sweetpotato germplasm collection and to identify and reconcile potential errors in the identification of clones shared between these collections. Marker analysis demonstrated that the USDA subset of material had 65 unique accessions that were not found in the larger CIP collection. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first report of genotyping an entire sweetpotato germplasm collection in its entirety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ana Panta
- International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru
| | - Robert L. Jarret
- Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Griffin, GA, United States
| | | | - David Ellis
- International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Recent Large-Scale Genotyping and Phenotyping of Plant Genetic Resources of Vegetatively Propagated Crops. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020415. [PMID: 33672381 PMCID: PMC7926561 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several recent national and international projects have focused on large-scale genotyping of plant genetic resources in vegetatively propagated crops like fruit and berries, potatoes and woody ornamentals. The primary goal is usually to identify true-to-type plant material, detect possible synonyms, and investigate genetic diversity and relatedness among accessions. A secondary goal may be to create sustainable databases that can be utilized in research and breeding for several years ahead. Commonly applied DNA markers (like microsatellite DNA and SNPs) and next-generation sequencing each have their pros and cons for these purposes. Methods for large-scale phenotyping have lagged behind, which is unfortunate since many commercially important traits (yield, growth habit, storability, and disease resistance) are difficult to score. Nevertheless, the analysis of gene action and development of robust DNA markers depends on environmentally controlled screening of very large sets of plant material. Although more time-consuming, co-operative projects with broad-scale data collection are likely to produce more reliable results. In this review, we will describe some of the approaches taken in genotyping and/or phenotyping projects concerning a wide variety of vegetatively propagated crops.
Collapse
|
6
|
Winfield M, Burridge A, Ordidge M, Harper H, Wilkinson P, Thorogood D, Copas L, Edwards K, Barker G. Development of a minimal KASP marker panel for distinguishing genotypes in apple collections. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242940. [PMID: 33253289 PMCID: PMC7703965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate identification of named accessions in germplasm collections is extremely important, especially for vegetatively propagated crops which are expensive to maintain. Thus, an inexpensive, reliable, and rapid genotyping method is essential because it avoids the need for laborious and time-consuming morphological comparisons. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) marker panels containing large numbers of SNPs have been developed for many crop species, but such panels are much too large for basic cultivar identification. Here, we have identified a minimum set of SNP markers sufficient to distinguish apple cultivars held in the English and Welsh national collections providing a cheaper and automatable alternative to the markers currently used by the community. We show that SNP genotyping with a small set of well selected markers is equally efficient as microsatellites for the identification of apple cultivars and has the added advantage of automation and reduced cost when screening large numbers of samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Winfield
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanda Burridge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Ordidge
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Harper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Danny Thorogood
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Liz Copas
- Lullingstone, Fore Street, Winsham, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Barker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang X, Shen F, Gao Y, Wang K, Chen R, Luo J, Yang L, Zhang X, Qiu C, Li W, Wu T, Xu X, Wang Y, Cong P, Han Z, Zhang X. Application of genome-wide insertion/deletion markers on genetic structure analysis and identity signature of Malus accessions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:540. [PMID: 33256591 PMCID: PMC7708918 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apple (Malus ssp.), one of the most important temperate fruit crops, has a long cultivation history and is economically important. To identify the genetic relationships among the apple germplasm accessions, whole-genome structural variants identified between M. domestica cultivars 'Jonathan' and 'Golden Delicious' were used. RESULTS A total of 25,924 insertions and deletions (InDels) were obtained, from which 102 InDel markers were developed. Using the InDel markers, we found that 942 (75.3%) of the 1251 Malus accessions from 35 species exhibited a unique identity signature due to their distinct genotype combinations. The 102 InDel markers could distinguish 16.7-71.4% of the 331 bud sports derived from 'Fuji', 'Red Delicious', 'Gala', 'Golden Delicious', and other cultivars. Five distinct genetic patterns were found in 1002 diploid accessions based on 78 bi-allele InDel markers. Genetic structure analysis indicated that M. domestica showed higher genetic diversity than the other species. Malus underwent a relatively high level of wild-to-crop or crop-to-wild gene flow. M. sieversii was closely related to both M. domestica and cultivated Chinese cultivars. CONCLUSIONS The identity signatures of Malus accessions can be used to determine distinctness, uniformity, and stability. The results of this study may also provide better insight into the genetic relationships among Malus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Shen
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Agro-biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Ruiting Chen
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Present Address: Shaanxi Haisheng Fruit Industry Development Co., Ltd., Shaanxi, Xian, China
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Yang
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Changpeng Qiu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peihua Cong
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Öz MH, Büyük İ, Akpinar AE, Yüksel Özmen C, Kazan K, Vurgun H, Bacaksiz A, Çukadar K, Ünlü HM, Ergül A. Eastern Anatolian apples with a unique population structure are genetically different from Anatolian apples. Gene 2020; 723:144149. [PMID: 31589959 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the apple is known to be the Transcaucasian region. Eastern Anatolia, which is located on the migration routes from Asia to Europe, has a rich and an uncharacterized apple germplasm and the characterization of apple genetic sources from this region is important for both evolutionary studies and apple breeding. In this study, 94 M. domestica accessions originated from seven diverse regions within Eastern Anatolia were studied using 16 SSR (simple sequence repeat) loci. SSR markers we used produced high allele numbers in all loci and CH02d11 (PI: 0.059) with 18 alleles was the most informative locus. In addition, 14 identical accession groups were identified. Most likely due to self-incompatibility, relatively high levels of heterozygosity (Ho: 0.696) was found for Eastern Anatolia apples. Structure Harvester analyses of East Anatolian apple accessions showed that although each group seems to be somewhat distinct, some levels of admixture with other populations might also exist. Due to a significant gene flow between all pairs of seven apple populations, a limited (low) differentiation was found between the populations. Comparisons using 16 common SSR loci revealed that Eastern Anatolia accessions were genetically different from Anatolian accessions. In addition, based on FCA, and Nei's genetic distance analyses, Eastern Anatolian apples were found to be genetically different from the commercial apple cultivars Golden Delicious and Florina. Our results suggesting that Eastern Anatolia apple populations have a unique structure will be useful for future genetic and evolutionary studies on apples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Hüsrev Öz
- Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Researches and Policies, Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute, Konya, Turkey.
| | - İlker Büyük
- Ankara University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 06110 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - A Emre Akpinar
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Sivas, Turkey.
| | | | - Kemal Kazan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia.
| | - Hüseyin Vurgun
- Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Researches and Policies, Erzincan Horticultural Research Institute, Erzincan, Turkey.
| | - Ayşegül Bacaksiz
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, 06110 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Kemal Çukadar
- Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Researches and Policies, Erzincan Horticultural Research Institute, Erzincan, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Murat Ünlü
- Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Researches and Policies, Erzincan Horticultural Research Institute, Erzincan, Turkey.
| | - Ali Ergül
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, 06110 Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Muranty H, Denancé C, Feugey L, Crépin JL, Barbier Y, Tartarini S, Ordidge M, Troggio M, Lateur M, Nybom H, Paprstein F, Laurens F, Durel CE. Using whole-genome SNP data to reconstruct a large multi-generation pedigree in apple germplasm. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:2. [PMID: 31898487 PMCID: PMC6941274 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) is one of the most important fruit tree crops of temperate areas, with great economic and cultural value. Apple cultivars can be maintained for centuries in plant collections through grafting, and some are thought to date as far back as Roman times. Molecular markers provide a means to reconstruct pedigrees and thus shed light on the recent history of migration and trade of biological materials. The objective of the present study was to identify relationships within a set of over 1400 mostly old apple cultivars using whole-genome SNP data (~ 253 K SNPs) in order to reconstruct pedigrees. RESULTS Using simple exclusion tests, based on counting the number of Mendelian errors, more than one thousand parent-offspring relations and 295 complete parent-offspring families were identified. Additionally, a grandparent couple was identified for the missing parental side of 26 parent-offspring pairings. Among the 407 parent-offspring relations without a second identified parent, 327 could be oriented because one of the individuals was an offspring in a complete family or by using historical data on parentage or date of recording. Parents of emblematic cultivars such as 'Ribston Pippin', 'White Transparent' and 'Braeburn' were identified. The overall pedigree combining all the identified relationships encompassed seven generations and revealed a major impact of two Renaissance cultivars of French and English origin, namely 'Reinette Franche' and 'Margil', and one North-Eastern Europe cultivar from the 1700s, 'Alexander'. On the contrary, several older cultivars, from the Middle Ages or the Roman times, had no, or only single, identifiable offspring in the set of studied accessions. Frequent crosses between cultivars originating from different European regions were identified, especially from the nineteenth century onwards. CONCLUSIONS The availability of over 1400 apple genotypes, previously filtered for genetic uniqueness and providing a broad representation of European germplasm, has been instrumental for the success of this large pedigree reconstruction. It enlightens the history of empirical selection and recent breeding of apple cultivars in Europe and provides insights to speed-up future breeding and selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Muranty
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Caroline Denancé
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Laurence Feugey
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jean-Luc Crépin
- Les Croqueurs de Pommes du Confluent Ain-Isère-Savoie, Les Avenières, France
| | - Yves Barbier
- Les Croqueurs de Pommes du Confluent Ain-Isère-Savoie, Les Avenières, France
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matthew Ordidge
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - Michela Troggio
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Marc Lateur
- CRA-W, Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques, Plant Breeding & Biodiversity, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nybom
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Balsgård, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Frantisek Paprstein
- RBIPH, Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd., Horice, Czech Republic
| | - François Laurens
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Charles-Eric Durel
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cronin D, Kron P, Husband BC. The origins and evolutionary history of feral apples in southern Canada. Mol Ecol 2019; 29:1776-1790. [PMID: 31622503 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Feral populations of domesticated crops can establish through two nonmutually exclusive pathways: hybridization with native relatives and recruitment of and recombination between known cultivars. The extent and relative importance of these pathways is not known, especially for woody fruit crops. Here, we examined the evolutionary origins of feral populations of Malus domestica (domestic apple) in southern Canada using a population genetic analysis. We characterized genotypes of 578 putative feral apple trees and evaluated them in relation to genotypes of 156 commercial cultivars, 28 non-native, ornamental crabapples and 47 native Malus coronaria trees using 14 microsatellite markers. No feral trees were genetic admixtures between domestic and native Malus; however, a minority of trees were admixed with introduced ornamental Malus. Feral trees and commercial cultivars both occurred in two major genetic groups and seven subgroups distributed throughout all commercial growing regions. A total of 42 cultivars, both heritage and currently grown, occurred in probable parental pairs for feral trees, with nine heritage varieties accounting for 72% of parental assignments. We conclude that feral apples in southern Canada are not products of hybridization with native M. coronaria but we cannot exclude ornamental apple species as contributing to the naturalization process. Nonhybrid feral domestic apples have multiple origins, with a prominent signature of early heritage cultivars. These lineages have spread and coexist throughout Ontario, rather than being derived strictly from local sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dane Cronin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Kron
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C Husband
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|