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Roa-Tort K, Saavedra Y, Villanueva-Martínez A, Ganem-Rondero A, Pérez-Carranza LA, de la Rosa-Vázquez JM, Ugalde-Femat G, Molina-Alejandre O, Becerril-Osnaya AA, Rivera-Fernández JD. In Vitro Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Inhibition Using a Green Light Source. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:518. [PMID: 38675180 PMCID: PMC11053950 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been based on using photosensitizers (PS) and applying light of a specific wavelength. When this technique is used for treating infections, it is known as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Currently, the use of lighting sources for in vitro studies using aPDT is generally applied in multiwell cell culture plates; however, depending on the lighting arrangement, there are usually errors in the application of the technique because the light from a well can affect the neighboring wells or it may be that not all the wells are used in the same experiment. In addition, one must be awarded high irradiance values, which can cause unwanted photothermal problems in the studies. Thus, this manuscript presents an in vitro antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) inhibition study using an arrangement of thermally isolated and independently illuminated green light source systems for eight tubes in vitro aPDT, determining the effect of the following factors: (i) irradiance level, (ii) exposure time, and (iii) Rose Bengal (RB) concentration (used as a PS), registering the Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) inhibition rates. The results show that in the dark, RB had a poor antimicrobial rate for P. aeruginosa, finding the maximum inhibition (2.7%) at 30 min with an RB concentration of 3 µg/mL. However, by applying light in a correct dosage (time × irradiance) and the adequate RB concentration, the inhibition rate increased by over 37%. In the case of MRSA, there was no significant inhibition with RB in complete darkness and, in contrast, the rate was 100% for those experiments that were irradiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Roa-Tort
- Laboratorio de Optomecatrónica, UPIIH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito de Educación, Salud, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42162, Mexico;
| | - Yael Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME ZAC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (Y.S.); (J.M.d.l.R.-V.); (G.U.-F.)
| | - Angélica Villanueva-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica (L-322), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (A.V.-M.); (A.G.-R.); (O.M.-A.)
| | - Adriana Ganem-Rondero
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica (L-322), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (A.V.-M.); (A.G.-R.); (O.M.-A.)
| | - Laura Abril Pérez-Carranza
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Diagnóstica de la Sección de Ciencias de la Salud Humana (anexo al L-513, Campo1), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico;
| | - José M. de la Rosa-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME ZAC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (Y.S.); (J.M.d.l.R.-V.); (G.U.-F.)
| | - Gabriel Ugalde-Femat
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME ZAC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (Y.S.); (J.M.d.l.R.-V.); (G.U.-F.)
| | - Omar Molina-Alejandre
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica (L-322), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (A.V.-M.); (A.G.-R.); (O.M.-A.)
| | - Andrea Angela Becerril-Osnaya
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Diagnóstica de la Sección de Ciencias de la Salud Humana (anexo al L-513, Campo1), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico;
| | - Josué D. Rivera-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Optomecatrónica, UPIIH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito de Educación, Salud, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42162, Mexico;
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Doucette CC, Nguyen DC, Barteselli D, Blanchard S, Pelletier M, Kesharwani D, Jachimowicz E, Su S, Karolak M, Brown AC. Optogenetic activation of UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. iScience 2023; 26:106560. [PMID: 37123235 PMCID: PMC10139976 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipocytes are unique in that they expend energy and produce heat to maintain euthermia through expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1). Given their propensity to stimulate weight loss and promote resistance to obesity, they are a compelling interventional target for obesity-related disorders. Here, we tested whether an optogenetic approach could be used to activate UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. We generated brown adipocytes expressing a bacterial-derived photoactivatable adenylyl cyclase (bPAC) that, upon blue light stimulation, increases UCP1 expression, fuel uptake and thermogenesis. This unique system allows for precise, chemical free, temporal control of UCP1-dependent thermogenesis, which can aid in our understanding of brown adipocyte biology and development of therapies that target obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad C. Doucette
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Daniel C. Nguyen
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Davide Barteselli
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Sophia Blanchard
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Mason Pelletier
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Devesh Kesharwani
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Ed Jachimowicz
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Su Su
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Michele Karolak
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Aaron C. Brown
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Brown AC. Optogenetics Sheds Light on Brown and Beige Adipocytes. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR SIGNALING 2023; 4:178-186. [PMID: 37946877 PMCID: PMC10635576 DOI: 10.33696/signaling.4.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Excessive food intake leads to lipid accumulation in white adipose tissue, triggering inflammation, cellular stress, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. In contrast, the dynamic energy expenditure and heat generation of brown and beige adipose tissue, driven by specialized mitochondria, render it an appealing candidate for therapeutic strategies aimed at addressing metabolic disorders. This review examines the therapeutic potential of brown and beige adipocytes for obesity and metabolic disorders, focusing on recent studies that employ optogenetics for thermogenesis control in these cells. The findings delve into the mechanisms underlying UCP1-dependent and UCP1-independent thermogenesis and how optogenetic approaches can be used to precisely modulate energy expenditure and induce thermogenesis. The convergence of adipocyte biology and optogenetics presents an exciting frontier in combating metabolic disorders and advancing our understanding of cellular regulation and energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Clifford Brown
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Fiala J, Schöbel H, Vrabl P, Dietrich D, Hammerle F, Artmann DJ, Stärz R, Peintner U, Siewert B. A New High-Throughput-Screening-Assay for Photoantimicrobials Based on EUCAST Revealed Unknown Photoantimicrobials in Cortinariaceae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:703544. [PMID: 34421861 PMCID: PMC8375034 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.703544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest health and subsequent economic threat humanity faces. Next to massive global awareness campaigns, governments and NGOs alike stress the need for new innovative strategies to treat microbial infections. One of such innovative strategies is the photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) in which the synergistic effects of photons and drugs are exploited. While many promising reports are available, PACT - and especially the drug-design part behind - is still in its infancy. Common best-practice rules, such as the EUCAST or CLSI protocols for classic antibiotics as well as high-throughput screenings, are missing, and this, in turn, hampers the identification of hit structures. Hit-like structures might come from synthetic approaches or from natural sources. They are identified via activity-guided synthesis or isolation strategies. As source for new antimicrobials, fungi are highly ranked. They share the same ecological niche with many other microbes and consequently established chemical strategies to combat with the others. Recently, in members of the Cortinariaceae, especially of the subgenus Dermocybe, photoactive metabolites were detected. To study their putative photoantimicrobial effect, a photoantimicrobial high-throughput screening (HTS) based on The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) was established. After validation, the established HTS was used to evaluate a sample set containing six colorful representatives from the genus Cortinarius (i.e., Cortinarius callisteus, C. rufo-olivaceus, C. traganus, C. trivialis, C. venetus, and C. xanthophyllus). The assay is built on a uniform, light-emitting diode (LED)-based light irradiation across a 96-well microtiter plate, which was achieved by a pioneering arrangement of the LEDs. The validation of the assay was accomplished with well-known photoactive drugs, so-called photosensitizers, utilizing six distinct emission wavelengths (λexc = 428, 478, 523, 598, or 640 nm) and three microbial strains (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli). Evaluating the extracts of six Cortinarius species revealed two highly promising species, i.e., C. rufo-olivaceus and C. xanthophyllus. Extracts from the latter were photoactive against the Gram-positive S. aureus (c = 7.5 μg/ml, H = 30 J/cm2, λ = 478 nm) and the fungus C. albicans (c = 75 μg/ml, H = 30 J/cm2, λ = 478 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fiala
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Pamela Vrabl
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothea Dietrich
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Hammerle
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Ronald Stärz
- MCI - The Entrepreneurial School, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ursula Peintner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianka Siewert
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Siewert B, Stuppner H. The photoactivity of natural products - An overlooked potential of phytomedicines? PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 60:152985. [PMID: 31257117 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photoactivity, though known for centuries, is only recently shifting back into focus as a treatment option against cancer and microbial infections. The external factor light is the ingenious key-component of this therapy: Since light activates the drug locally, a high level of selectivity is reached and side effects are avoided. The first reported photoactive medicines were plant extracts. Synthetic entities (so-called photosensitizers PSs), however, paved the route towards the clinical approval of the so-called photodynamic therapy (PDT), and thus natural PSs took a backseat in the past. HYPOTHESIS Many isolated bioactive phytochemicals hold a hidden photoactive potential, which is overlooked due to the reduced common awareness of photoactivity. METHODS A systematic review of reported natural PSs and their supposed medicinal application was conducted by employing PubMed, Scifinder, and Web of Science. The identified photoactive natural products were compiled including information about their natural sources, their photoyield, and their pharmacological application. Furthermore, the common chemical scaffolds of natural PS are shown to enable the reader to recognize potentially overlooked natural PSs. RESULTS The literature review revealed over 100 natural PS, excluding porphyrins. The PSs were classified according to their scaffold. Thereby it was shown that some PS-scaffolds were analyzed in a detailed way, while other classes were only scarcely investigated, which leaves space for future discoveries. In addition, the literature revealed that many PSs are phytoalexins, thus the selection of the starting material significantly matters in order to find new PSs. CONCLUSION Photoactive principles are ubiquitous and can be found in various plant extracts. With the increasing availability of light-irradiation setups for the identification of photoactive natural products, we anticipate the discovery of many new natural PSs in the near future. With the accumulation of chemically diverse PSs, PDT itself might finally reach its clinical breakthrough as a promising alternative treatment against multi-resistant microbes and cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Siewert
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria.
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
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