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Fan Q, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Wu J, Wang H, Dong Y, Gai Z, Wu Y, Fang S, Gu S. Weizmannia coagulans BC99 Relieves Constipation Symptoms by Regulating Inflammatory, Neurotransmitter, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Foods 2025; 14:654. [PMID: 40002098 PMCID: PMC11854163 DOI: 10.3390/foods14040654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2025] [Revised: 02/03/2025] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have attracted increasing attention due to their benefits in terms of relieving gastrointestinal ailments, including constipation. This study evaluated the potential of Weizmannia coagulans BC99 for clinical remission of constipation in adults. In this randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial, 90 individuals with constipation were divided between a BC99 and a placebo group for an 8-week intervention duration. The spontaneous bowel movement (SBM) frequency, patient assessment of constipation symptoms (PAC-SYM), patient assessment of constipation quality of life (PAC-QOL), inflammatory cytokines, neurotransmitters, and serum metabolites were investigated before and after the intervention. The results showed that BC99 intervention significantly improved constipation symptoms and quality of life in adults with constipation, as evidenced by an increased SBM score and decreased PAC-SYM and PAC-QOL scores. Additionally, BC99 supplementation increased the levels of neurotransmitters (5-HT, MTL, AChE, and BDNF) associated with intestinal motility and alleviated inflammation in participants with constipation, as supported by higher levels of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4, IL-10) and lower levels of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, IFN-γ) in the BC99 group. Furthermore, BC99 altered the abundance of 93 metabolites and affected biological pathways correlated with gastrointestinal motility, including sphingolipid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the W. coagulans BC99 strain in relieving constipation in adults, and reveals its potential mechanism of action. These findings provide a scientific basis for BC99 as an effective and safe probiotic for constipation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Fan
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (Q.F.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (H.W.); (Y.W.)
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Material, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Yinyin Gao
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (Q.F.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (H.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yiqing Zhou
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (Q.F.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (H.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jinghui Wu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (Q.F.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (H.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Haotian Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (Q.F.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (H.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yao Dong
- Department of Research and Development, Wecare Probiotics Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215200, China; (Y.D.); (Z.G.); (S.F.)
- Germline Stem Cells and Microenvironment Lab, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhonghui Gai
- Department of Research and Development, Wecare Probiotics Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215200, China; (Y.D.); (Z.G.); (S.F.)
| | - Ying Wu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (Q.F.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (H.W.); (Y.W.)
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Material, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Shuguang Fang
- Department of Research and Development, Wecare Probiotics Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215200, China; (Y.D.); (Z.G.); (S.F.)
| | - Shaobin Gu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (Q.F.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (H.W.); (Y.W.)
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Material, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, Luoyang 471000, China
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Chanpong A, Alves MM, Bonora E, De Giorgio R, Thapar N. Evaluating the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying gut motility disorders. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:1301-1312. [PMID: 38117595 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2296558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders comprise a wide range of different diseases affecting the structural or functional integrity of the GI neuromusculature. Their clinical presentation and burden of disease depends on the predominant location and extent of gut involvement as well as the component of the gut neuromusculature affected. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed and Medline databases to identify articles related to GI motility and functional disorders, published between 2016 and 2023. In this article, we highlight the current knowledge of molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying GI dysmotility, including disorders of gut-brain interaction, which involve both GI motor and sensory disturbance. EXPERT OPINION Although the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms underlying many such disorders remain unclear, recent advances in the assessment of intestinal tissue samples, genetic testing with the application of 'omics' technologies and the use of animal models will provide better insights into disease pathogenesis as well as opportunities to improve therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atchariya Chanpong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
- Neurogastroenterology & Motility Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Maria M Alves
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Bonora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, DIMEC, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- U.O. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, AOUB, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Woolworths Centre for Child Nutrition Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Arslan B, Dogan G, Orenay-Boyacioglu S, Caliskan M, Elevli M. Serotonin, ghrelin, and motilin gene/receptor/transporter polymorphisms in childhood functional constipation. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2023; 69:279-284. [PMID: 36888769 PMCID: PMC9983474 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20220986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional constipation is the most common form of constipation, and its exact aetiology is still unclear. However, it is known that deficiencies in hormonal factors cause constipation by changing physiological mechanisms. Motilin, ghrelin, serotonin acetylcholine, nitric oxide, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are factors that play a role in colon motility. There are a limited number of studies in the literature where hormone levels and gene polymorphisms of serotonin and motilin are examined. Our study aimed to investigate the role of motilin, ghrelin, and serotonin gene/receptor/transporter polymorphisms in constipation pathogenesis in patients diagnosed with functional constipation according to the Rome 4 criteria. METHODS Sociodemographic data, symptom duration, accompanying findings, the presence of constipation in the family, Rome 4 criteria, and clinical findings according to Bristol scale of 200 cases (100 constipated patients and 100 healthy control) who applied to Istanbul Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic, between March and September 2019 (6-month period) were recorded. Polymorphisms of motilin-MLN (rs2281820), serotonin receptor-HTR3A (rs1062613), serotonin transporter-5-HTT (rs1042173), ghrelin-GHRL (rs27647), and ghrelin receptor-GHSR (rs572169) were detected by real-time PCR. RESULTS There was no difference between the two groups in terms of sociodemographic characteristics. Notably, 40% of the constipated group had a family history of constipation. The number of patients who started to have constipation under 24 months was 78, and the number of patients who started to have constipation after 24 months was 22. There was no significant difference between constipation and control groups in terms of genotype and allele frequencies in MLN, HTR3A, 5-HTT, GHRL, and GHSR polymorphisms (p<0.05). Considering only the constipated group, the rates of gene polymorphism were similar among those with/without a positive family history of constipation, constipation onset age, those with/without fissures, those with/without skin tag, and those with type 1/type 2 stool types according to the Bristol stool scale. CONCLUSION Our study results showed that gene polymorphisms of these three hormones may not be related to constipation in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengu Arslan
- University of Health Sciences, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Department of Pediatric Inherited Metabolic Diseases - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Guzide Dogan
- Bezmialem Vakıf Unıversity, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology - Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seda Orenay-Boyacioglu
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics - Aydın, Turkey
| | - Metin Caliskan
- Usak University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology - Usak, Turkey
| | - Murat Elevli
- Istanbul Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology - Istanbul, Turkey
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Premkumar MH, Soraisham A, Bagga N, Massieu LA, Maheshwari A. Nutritional Management of Short Bowel Syndrome. Clin Perinatol 2022; 49:557-572. [PMID: 35659103 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) of infancy is a cause of prolonged morbidity with intolerance to enteral feeding, specialized nutritional needs, and partial/total dependence on parenteral nutrition. These infants can benefit from individualized nutritional strategies to support and enhance the process of intestinal adaptation. Early introduction of enteral feeds during the period of intestinal adaptation is crucial, even though the enteral feedings may need to be supplemented with an effective, safe, and nutritionally adequate parenteral nutritional regimen. Newer generation intravenous lipid emulsions can be effective in preventing and treating intestinal failure-associated liver disease. Prevention of infection(s), pharmaceutical interventions to enhance bowel motility and prevent/mitigate bacteria overgrowth, and specialized multidisciplinary care to minimize the injury to other organs such as the liver, kidneys, and the brain can assist in nutritional rehabilitation and lower the morbidity in SBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidhar H Premkumar
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin, Suite 6104, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Amuchou Soraisham
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nitasha Bagga
- Department of Neonatology, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - L Adriana Massieu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Services, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Global Newborn Society (https://www.globalnewbornsociety.org/), Clarksville, MD, USA
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Abstract
Due to recent advances, the mortality due to short bowel syndrome (SBS) has significantly decreased, but the morbidities are still high. Morbidities arising specifically due to dysmotility in SBS include feeding intolerance, prolonged dependence on parenteral nutrition, and associated complications such as intestinal failure associated liver disease, and bloodstream infections. The understanding of the pathogenesis of dysmotility in SBS has improved vastly. However, the tools to diagnose dysmotility in SBS in infants are restrictive, and the medical therapies to treat dysmotility are limited. Surgical techniques available for the treatment after failure of conservative management of dysmotility offer hope but carry their associated risks. The evidence to support either the medical therapies or the surgical techniques to treat dysmotility in SBS in children is scarce and weak. Development of newer therapies and efforts to build evidence to support currently available treatments in treating dysmotility in SBS is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidhar H Premkumar
- Associate Professor, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin, Suite 6104, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Smieszek SP, Carlin JL, Xiao C, Birznieks G, Polymeropoulos CM, Polymeropoulos MH. Enrichment of Motilin Receptor Loss-of-Function Variants in Gastroparesis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2022; 13:e00474. [PMID: 35297797 PMCID: PMC9038497 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastroparesis is a serious medical condition characterized by delayed gastric emptying and symptoms of nausea, vomiting, bloating, fullness after meals, and abdominal pain. METHODS To ascertain the genetic risk factors for gastroparesis, we conducted the largest thus far whole-genome sequencing study of gastroparesis. We investigated the frequency and effect of rare loss-of-function variants in patients with both idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis enrolled in a clinical study of gastroparesis. RESULTS Among rare loss-of-function variants, we reported an increased frequency of a frameshift mutation p.Leu202ArgfsTer105, within the motilin receptor gene, variant rs562138828 (odds ratio 4.9). We currently replicated this finding in an independent large cohort of gastroparesis samples obtained from patients participating in the ongoing phase III gastroparesis clinical study. DISCUSSION Motilin receptor is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of hypomotility disorders. The identified genetic variants may be important risk factors for disease as well as may inform treatments, especially those targeting motilin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra P. Smieszek
- Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., Pennsylvania NW, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jesse L. Carlin
- Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., Pennsylvania NW, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Changfu Xiao
- Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., Pennsylvania NW, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Gunther Birznieks
- Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., Pennsylvania NW, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Li H, Yang L, Jin Y, Jin C. Roles of Endothelial Motilin Receptor and Its Signal Transduction Pathway in Motilin-Induced Left Gastric Artery Relaxation in Dogs. Front Physiol 2021; 12:770430. [PMID: 34777026 PMCID: PMC8581264 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.770430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Motilin increases left gastric artery (LGA) blood flow in dogs via the endothelial motilin receptor (MLNR). This article investigates the signaling pathways of endothelial MLNR. Methods: Motilin-induced relaxation of LGA rings was assessed using wire myography. Nitric oxide (NO), and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels were measured using an NO assay kit and cGMP ELISA kit, respectively. Results: Motilin concentration-dependently (EC50=9.1±1.2×10−8M) relaxed LGA rings precontracted with U46619 (thromboxane A2 receptor agonist). GM-109 (MLNR antagonist) significantly inhibited motilin-induced LGA relaxation and the production of NO and cGMP. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM; G-protein antagonist), U73122 [phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor], and 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate [2-APB; inositol trisphosphate (IP3) blocker] partially or completely blocked vasorelaxation. In contrast, chelerythrine [protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor] and H89 [protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor] had no such effect. Low-calcium or calcium-free Krebs solutions also reduced vasorelaxation. N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester [L-NAME; nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor] and ODQ [soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor] completely abolished vasodilation and synthesis of NO and cGMP. Indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor), 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid [18α-GA; myoendothelial gap junction (MEGJ) inhibitor], and K+ channel inhibition through high K+ concentrations or tetraethylammonium (TEA-Cl; KCa channel blocker) partially decreased vasorelaxation, whereas glibenclamide (KATP channel blocker) had no such effect. Conclusion: The current study suggests that motilin-induced LGA relaxation is dependent on endothelial MLNR through the G protein-PLC-IP3 pathway and Ca2+ influx. The NOS-NO-sGC-cGMP pathway, prostacyclin, MEGJ, and K+ channels (especially KCa) are involved in endothelial-dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongYu Li
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - LanLan Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - ChunXiang Jin
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Healthcare associated diarrhea, not Clostridioides difficile. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 33:319-326. [PMID: 32657969 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this article is to review the epidemiology, cause, diagnostic evaluation, and management of healthcare-associated diarrhea (HCAD) with particular attention to current epidemiology and recent developments in diagnostics. RECENT FINDINGS Multiplex polymerase chain reaction gastrointestinal panels allow rapid detection of a wide array of potential enteropathogens but the role, yield, and utility of these tests have not been systematically assessed in patients with HCAD. Recent epidemiologic studies reaffirm that HCAD is predominantly a noninfectious condition most often caused by medications or underlying medical conditions, sometimes Clostridioides difficile, and occasionally viruses. Other infections are rare. SUMMARY Clinical assessment remains fundamental to the evaluation of HCAD and targeted testing for C. difficile is sufficient in most patients. Multiplex gastrointestinal panels may have a role in immunocompromised patients but more study is needed. Medication-induced diarrhea is common and underappreciated and not limited to antibiotics, laxatives, and enemas.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ghrelin was discovered in 1999; extensive research and clinical studies on ghrelin have been published in the last 20 years. Physiological research on ghrelin ranges from its appetite-stimulating effects to its association with energy homeostasis. The physiological effects of ghrelin in the gastrointestinal tract and its relevance in the pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract have gradually become clearer. The purpose of the review is to provide current information on ghrelin cell biology and physiology, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. RECENT FINDINGS Ghrelin-producing cells in the stomach are characterized as X/A-like cells, but immunohistochemical analyses have revealed co-expression of several secreted proteins and hormones in ghrelin-producing cells such as nesfatin-1, somatostatin, and pancreastatin. Furthermore, the local physiological roles and/or mechanisms of ghrelin in gastrointestinal functions such as gastric motility and inflammation are discussed. SUMMARY Ghrelin is a brain-gut hormone with a wide range of physiological actions; hence, it is important to understand its effects on the physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract to elucidate the biological significance of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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Kawamura T, Matsuura B, Miyake T, Abe M, Ikeda Y, Hiasa Y. Effects of Motilin Receptor Agonists and Ghrelin in Human motilin receptor Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071521. [PMID: 30934667 PMCID: PMC6479874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility is regulated by neural factors and humoral factors. Both motilin and ghrelin improve gastrointestinal motility, but many issues remain unclear. We prepared human motilin receptor transgenic (Tg) mice and performed experiments evaluating the effects of motilin, erythromycin (EM), and ghrelin. EM and ghrelin promoted gastric emptying (GE) when administered either peripherally or centrally to Tg mice. Atropine (a muscarinic receptor antagonist) counteracted GE induced by centrally administered EM, but not that induced by peripherally administered EM. The administration of EM in this model promoted the effect of mosapride (a selective serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT4) receptor agonist), and improved loperamide (a μ-opioid receptor agonist)-induced gastroparesis. The level of acyl-ghrelin was significantly attenuated by EM administration. Thus, we have established an animal model appropriate for the evaluation of motilin receptor agonists. These data and the model are expected to facilitate the identification of novel compounds with clinical potential for relieving symptoms of dyspepsia and gastroparesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Erythromycin/administration & dosage
- Erythromycin/pharmacology
- Gastric Emptying/drug effects
- Gastroparesis/blood
- Gastroparesis/chemically induced
- Gastroparesis/drug therapy
- Gastroparesis/physiopathology
- Ghrelin/blood
- Ghrelin/pharmacology
- Humans
- Loperamide/adverse effects
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Postprandial Period
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/agonists
- Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Ghrelin/genetics
- Receptors, Ghrelin/metabolism
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/agonists
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/metabolism
- Stomach/drug effects
- Stomach/pathology
- Stomach/physiopathology
- Vagus Nerve/drug effects
- Vagus Nerve/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoe Kawamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon City 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Bunzo Matsuura
- Department of Lifestyle-related Medicine and Endocrinology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon City 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Teruki Miyake
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon City 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Masanori Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon City 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Yoshiou Ikeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon City 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Hiasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon City 791-0295, Japan.
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