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Brener SA, Frankenhuis WE, Young ES, Ellis BJ. Social Class, Sex, and the Ability to Recognize Emotions: The Main Effect is in the Interaction. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1197-1210. [PMID: 37013847 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231159775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated an inverse relation between subjective social class (SSC) and performance on emotion recognition tasks. Study 1 (N = 418) involved a preregistered replication of this effect using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task and the Cambridge Mindreading Face-Voice Battery. The inverse relation replicated; however, exploratory analyses revealed a significant interaction between sex and SSC in predicting emotion recognition, indicating that the effect was driven by males. In Study 2 (N = 745), we preregistered and tested the interaction on a separate archival dataset. The interaction replicated; the association between SSC and emotion recognition again occurred only in males. Exploratory analyses (Study 3; N = 381) examined the generalizability of the interaction to incidental face memory. Our results underscore the need to reevaluate previous research establishing the main effects of social class and sex on emotion recognition abilities, as these effects apparently moderate each other.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Willem E Frankenhuis
- Utrecht University, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, Freiburg, Germany
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Fittipaldi S, Migeot J, Ibanez A. Socioeconomic disparities harm social cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:386-387. [PMID: 38185605 PMCID: PMC11195298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sol Fittipaldi
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA; Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland; Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joaquín Migeot
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA; Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland; Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andres (UdeSA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Fendinger NJ, Dietze P, Knowles ED. Response to Fittipaldi etal. (2024). Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:388-389. [PMID: 38582655 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Fendinger
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Pia Dietze
- University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric D Knowles
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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Clutterbuck RA, Callan MJ, Shah P. Socio-demographic and political predictors of Theory of Mind in adulthood. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284960. [PMID: 37224101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in Theory of Mind (ToM)-the ability to understand the mental states of others-are theorised to be predicted by socio-demographic and political factors. However, inconsistent findings on the relationships between various socio-demographic predictors and ToM, as well as a paucity of research on political predictors of ToM, have left a gap in the literature. Using a recently validated self-report measure of ToM in a large sample (N = 4202) we investigated the unique contributions of age, sex, socio-economic status, and political beliefs to ToM in adults. Except for age, all variables were correlated with ToM, but when accounting for the variance of other predictors in statistical analyses, political beliefs was no longer associated with ToM. Dominance analysis revealed that participant sex was the most important predictor of ToM. These findings help to address theoretical discrepancies in the existing literature and inform future methods and directions in social cognition research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Punit Shah
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Dou S, Han C, Li C, Liu X, Gan W. Influence of emotional intelligence on the clinical ability of nursing interns: a structural equation model. BMC Nurs 2022; 21:149. [PMID: 35698185 PMCID: PMC9195213 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-022-00933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Internship is a critical period during which nursing students develop clinical skills and establish professional attitudes. Requirements for nursing interns are evolving with the development of medicine and the transformation of teaching models. The emotional intelligence (EI) of nursing students has an influence on their clinical performance. This study aimed to investigate the impact of EI on the clinical ability of nursing interns. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was designed to include nursing students interning in a tertiary hospital in Shanghai, China from April 1, 2019 to April 30, 2020 (N = 310). Chinese versions of the EI scale (EIS) and holistic clinical assessment tool (HCAT) were used to measure the EI and clinical ability of interns, respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was utilized to determine the correlation between EI and clinical ability. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to further explore the influence of EI on clinical ability, and the structural equation model (SEM) was used for multivariate path analysis. Results The mean EI and clinical ability scores of interns were 125.17 ± 14.98 and 97.91 ± 19.55, respectively, indicating an upper-moderate level in both aspects. EI scores were correlated positively with clinical ability ones (R = 0.534, p < 0.05). Multivariate path analysis showed that “managing emotions” and “facilitating thought” of EI branches have direct effects on clinical ability. Furthermore, the type of school, family financial state and the knowledge of EI indirectly influence clinical ability through their impact on “managing emotions” and “facilitating thought”. Conclusions EI is essential to enhancing the clinical ability of nursing students. EI training should focus on facilitating thought and managing emotions. It is also necessary for educators to consider the context of nursing students and the characteristics of schools. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12912-022-00933-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangting Dou
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huai Hai West Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Chenyan Han
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huai Hai West Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Conghong Li
- Teaching and Research Department of Clinical Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Nursing, 227 South Chong Qing Road, Building 1, Room 209, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xiaoxin Liu
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huai Hai West Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Wanling Gan
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 Huai Hai West Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China
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Kerns SH, Wilmer JB. Two graphs walk into a bar: Readout-based measurement reveals the Bar-Tip Limit error, a common, categorical misinterpretation of mean bar graphs. J Vis 2021; 21:17. [PMID: 34846520 PMCID: PMC8648051 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.12.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
How do viewers interpret graphs that abstract away from individual-level data to present only summaries of data such as means, intervals, distribution shapes, or effect sizes? Here, focusing on the mean bar graph as a prototypical example of such an abstracted presentation, we contribute three advances to the study of graph interpretation. First, we distill principles for Measurement of Abstract Graph Interpretation (MAGI principles) to guide the collection of valid interpretation data from viewers who may vary in expertise. Second, using these principles, we create the Draw Datapoints on Graphs (DDoG) measure, which collects drawn readouts (concrete, detailed, visuospatial records of thought) as a revealing window into each person's interpretation of a given graph. Third, using this new measure, we discover a common, categorical error in the interpretation of mean bar graphs: the Bar-Tip Limit (BTL) error. The BTL error is an apparent conflation of mean bar graphs with count bar graphs. It occurs when the raw data are assumed to be limited by the bar-tip, as in a count bar graph, rather than distributed across the bar-tip, as in a mean bar graph. In a large, demographically diverse sample, we observe the BTL error in about one in five persons; across educational levels, ages, and genders; and despite thoughtful responding and relevant foundational knowledge. The BTL error provides a case-in-point that simplification via abstraction in graph design can risk severe, high-prevalence misinterpretation. The ease with which our readout-based DDoG measure reveals the nature and likely cognitive mechanisms of the BTL error speaks to the value of both its readout-based approach and the MAGI principles that guided its creation. We conclude that mean bar graphs may be misinterpreted by a large portion of the population, and that enhanced measurement tools and strategies, like those introduced here, can fuel progress in the scientific study of graph interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Kerns
- Department of Psychology, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy B Wilmer
- Department of Psychology, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
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Schmalor A, Heine SJ. Subjective Economic Inequality Decreases Emotional Intelligence, Especially for People of High Social Class. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021; 13:608-617. [PMID: 35251492 PMCID: PMC8892066 DOI: 10.1177/19485506211024024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Across five studies (three preregistered; N = 2,481), we investigated two effects as follows: (1) Is higher subjective economic inequality associated with a decreased ability to accurately identify emotions (emotional intelligence)? When inequality is high, people are less focused on others and may thus be less motivated to correctly identify their emotions. (2) Is this main effect of subjective inequality qualified by an interaction with socioeconomic status (SES)? Past research suggests that high SES leads to lower emotional intelligence because people of higher SES are less dependent on others and thus less motivated to identify their emotions. When perceiving higher inequality, high SES individuals should feel even more self-reliant, thereby exacerbating the difference in emotional intelligence between people of low and high SES. We provide empirical support in three out of five studies for the first and in four out of five studies for the second hypothesis. An internal meta-analysis supported both hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Schmalor
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J. Heine
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Dietze P, Knowles ED. Social Class Predicts Emotion Perception and Perspective-Taking Performance in Adults. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 47:42-56. [PMID: 32336209 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220914116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
"Theory of Mind" (ToM; people's ability to infer and use information about others' mental states) varies across cultures. In four studies (N = 881), including two preregistered replications, we show that social class predicts performance on ToM tasks. In Studies 1A and 1B, we provide new evidence for a relationship between social class and emotion perception: Higher-class individuals performed more poorly than their lower-class counterparts on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, which has participants infer the emotional states of targets from images of their eyes. In Studies 2A and 2B, we provide the first evidence that social class predicts visual perspective taking: Higher-class individuals made more errors than lower-class individuals in the Director Task, which requires participants to assume the visual perspective of another person. Potential mechanisms linking social class to performance in different ToM domains, as well as implications for deficiency-centered perspectives on low social class, are discussed.
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