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Runciman P, Eken M, van der Hoven H, Badenhorst M, Blauwet C, Gouttebarge V, Swartz L, Derman W. Evaluating workforce needs: an investigation of healthcare professionals' attitudes, beliefs and preparedness towards the management of Para athlete mental health at the Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 Paralympic Games. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:844-851. [PMID: 38272650 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine healthcare professionals (HCPs) attitudes, beliefs and preparedness towards the management of Para athlete mental health during the Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 Paralympic Games. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted. National Paralympic Committee's HCPs (n=857) working at the Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 Paralympic Games were invited to respond to an anonymous online survey regarding the management of Para athlete mental health in their team. Data were analysed using descriptive frequency statistics. RESULTS The survey was completed by 256 HCPs (30% of respondents). Most HCPs agreed that mental health was a concern in Para athletes (n=210; 82%). However, half (n=122; 48%) agreed that they did not screen Para athletes for mental health symptoms, and half (n=130; 51%) agreed that there was increased stigma around disclosure of mental health symptoms among Para athletes, compared with athletes without disability. Most HCPs (n=221; 86%) agreed they wanted to improve their knowledge and skills surrounding athlete mental healthcare. Culturally sensitivite, non-discriminatory and contextual factors were highlighted as desired areas of education for HCPs and active information dissemination for Para athletes. CONCLUSION HCPs working at the Paralympic Games considered Para athlete mental healthcare important and reported perceived stigma, yet indicated low rates of mental health screening. Most respondents expressed the need for mental health education. Culturally sensitive training and active education strategies should be implemented to optimally manage Para athlete mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Runciman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Maaike Eken
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Helene van der Hoven
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marelise Badenhorst
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cheri Blauwet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Amsterdam UMC location, University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leslie Swartz
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
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Moodley SV, Wolvaardt J, Grobler C. Mental illness attitudes, service provision interest and further training preferences of clinical associates. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2024; 66:e1-e9. [PMID: 38299522 PMCID: PMC10839205 DOI: 10.4102/safp.v66i1.5808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-specialist health professionals are required to provide mental health services given the burden of disease due to mental illness. The study aimed to explore the attitudes of clinical associates towards those with mental illness as well as their interest in mental health work and additional mental health training. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was utilised. The study population consisted of clinical associates based in South Africa. An electronic questionnaire was developed that incorporated the 16-item Mental Illness Clinicians' Attitudes version 4 scale (MICA-4), which is scored out of 96 with higher scores indicating more stigmatising attitudes. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine factors associated with the MICA-4 score. RESULTS The mean MICA-4 score for the 166 participants who completed all 16 questions was 37.55 (standard deviation 7.33). In multivariate analysis, the factors associated with significantly lower MICA-4 scores were falling in the 25- to 29-year-old age category and indicating that a mental health rotation formed part of the undergraduate degree. More than 80% of the participants (140/167, 83.8%) indicated an interest in mental health work. Two-thirds of the participants (111/167, 66.5%) indicated an interest in a specialisation in mental health. CONCLUSION The mean MICA-4 score recorded for clinical associates indicates low stigma levels towards those with mental illness. Additionally, there is significant interest in working and training in mental health.Contribution: Training programmes should take note of the contribution of a mental health rotation to a positive attitude to mental health patients. Clinical associates' attitudes towards mental illness together with their interest in working and training in mental health suggest that they could be more widely utilised in mental health service provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiendhra V Moodley
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
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McIntosh JT, Jacobowitz W. Attitudes of Emergency Nurses toward Clients with Mental Illness: A Descriptive Correlational Study in a Nationwide U.S. Sample. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2024; 45:105-113. [PMID: 38190395 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2023.2278773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Individuals with mental illness often experience stigma from healthcare professionals, including emergency nurses. The purpose of this study was to identify personal and professional attributes of emergency nurses that may be related to their level of stigma toward people with mental illness in the U.S. Methods: Secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study to analyze emergency nurses' characteristics against their perceptions of stigma toward mental illness as measured by the Mental Illness: Clinicians' Attitudes Scale-4 (MICA v4). Data analyses consisted of descriptive statistics; stepwise linear regression; and analysis of the internal consistency of the MICA v4 in the current sample. Results: The mean MICA v4 scores for this sample were 53.4. The linear regression analysis revealed a significant model explaining 23.5% of the variance of MICA v4 scores (F[34] = 6.4, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.235). Many attributes were found to have a strong association with lower stigmatizing attitudes. Discussion: The results of this study indicated high levels of stigma toward individuals with mental illness. Findings from this study can inform nursing education and research, and ultimately improve the health outcomes of individuals with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T McIntosh
- Yale School of Nursing, Orange, Connecticut, USA
- Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA
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Smith AC, Opperman MJ, McCann JP, Jivens MP, Giust J, Wetherill L, Plawecki MH. Evaluation of US Medical Student Bias Toward Mental Health Before and After First-Year Pre-clinical Psychiatry Education. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2023; 47:653-658. [PMID: 37493961 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-023-01829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Much of mental health care is provided by non-psychiatric providers, and unfortunately, bias toward patients with mental health conditions leads to worsened outcomes. The authors endeavored to determine if pre-clinical medical student psychiatry education had an impact on these perceptions. METHODS All 366 first-year medical students at Indiana University were invited to participate in a survey that consisted of the Mental Illness: Clinician's Attitudes version 2 (MICA-2) and six supplemental questions, pre- and post-course. RESULTS One hundred seventeen students completed both surveys. The pre- and post-course means were 36.6 and 33.6, a change of - 2.9 (paired t-test p-value < 0.001), indicating a reduction in bias. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that pre-clinical education can lead to a measurable decrease in bias in medical students early in training. Unfortunately, individual question results and free responses continue to highlight significant bias in US medical students against mental illness and the field of psychiatry. Health care educators should be aware of these biases and their potential impact on patient outcomes so that these harmful perceptions can be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C Smith
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Joseph P McCann
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Morgan P Jivens
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julianne Giust
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Ribette C, Rosenthal L, Raynaud JP, Franchitto L, Revet A. Primary care physicians' experience of caring for children with parents with mental health illness: a qualitative study among French general practitioners and paediatricians. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2023; 24:190. [PMID: 37718455 PMCID: PMC10506299 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-023-02145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental psychiatric disorders can have a significant impact on child development and the parent-infant bond, with a high risk of attachment disorders. Early identification of difficulties in the parent-child relationship is essential to prevent consequences for the child. Childcare practitioners have a major role to play in this early detection process, through regular mandatory consultations during the first two years of a child's life. Thus, the aim of this study was to collect the experience of private practitioners in their care of children of parents with a mental health illness. METHOD This is a cross-sectional, observational, qualitative study. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews with eleven general practitioners and private paediatricians between February and July 2021 in Toulouse and its suburbs. We only included practitioners who had followed children of parents with a mental health illness. The interviews were recorded with the agreement of the participants, before being transcribed anonymously. The data were analysed with NVivo software using interpretative phenomenological analysis. RESULTS Three main themes emerged from the results, which were further divided into several sub-themes. Addressing psychiatric disorders presents a risk for the therapeutic relationship. Practitioners express a need to preserve this relationship with the parent in joint care. Care is difficult and is permeated by the parents' emotional issues. Furthermore, practitioners face a conflict between their concerns for the parent-child bond and their desire not to stigmatise these families. They express a feeling of isolation in these follow-ups. This stressful care has a significant emotional impact on the doctors. Access to psychiatric training and multidisciplinary collaboration seem to be essential to improve the follow-up experience for practitioners, as these factors strengthen inter-professional connections. CONCLUSION Practitioners describe a parent-doctor relationship at risk, which is underpinned by the fear of care placement. This study illustrates the need to strengthen multidisciplinary work by promoting interprofessional exchanges, in order to improve the experience of practitioners in this care process. Addressing practitioners' fear of discussing parental psychiatric illness is very important, so as not to delay the implementation of preventive actions that are likely to improve the developmental prognosis for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Ribette
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.
| | - Lucie Rosenthal
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Raynaud
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- CERPOP, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ludivine Franchitto
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexis Revet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- CERPOP, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Xie J, Liu M, Ding S, Zhong Z, Zeng S, Liu A, He S, Zhou J. Attitudes toward depression among rural primary healthcare providers in hunan areas, China: a cross sectional study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:226. [PMID: 37038143 PMCID: PMC10088272 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health services are not sufficient for depression patients in rural areas of China, training in mental health knowledge for primary healthcare providers has been encouraged, but the effect of this encouragement has rarely been reported. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in primary healthcare facilities that sought to include all the primary healthcare providers (registered physicians and nurses) in two cities in Hunan province, China by administering questionnaires that covered depression symptoms, typical depression cases, and the Revised Depression Attitude Questionnaire. RESULTS In total, 315 primary healthcare providers agreed to participate in the study and finished the questionnaires, of which 12.1% had training in depression. In addition, 62.9% of the rural primary healthcare providers were able to recognize most general depression symptoms, and 8.3% were able to recognize all general depression symptoms. The primary healthcare providers in the survey held a neutral to slightly negative attitude towards depression as indicated by their professional confidence (mean scores 16.51 ± 4.30), therapeutic optimism/pessimism (mean scores 29.02 ± 5.98), and general perspective (mean scores 18.12 ± 3.12) scores. Fewer rural primary healthcare providers knew (28.3%) or applied (2.9%) psychological intervention in the clinic. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that primary healthcare providers knew about general depression symptoms, but lacked psychological intervention skills and held low confidence in and pessimistic attitudes toward depression care. We therefore speculate that existing psychological training for primary healthcare providers is insufficient in quantity and quality, making the need to explore more effective types of training urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Xie
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Liu
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
| | - Siqing Ding
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Zhuqing Zhong
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sainan Zeng
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiwen He
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
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Zamorano S, Sáez-Alonso M, González-Sanguino C, Muñoz M. Social Stigma Towards Mental Health Problems in Spain: A Systematic Review. CLÍNICA Y SALUD 2023. [DOI: 10.5093/clysa2023a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Valdevilla Figueira JA, Mautong H, Camacho L G, Cherrez M, Orellana Román C, Alvarado-Villa GE, Sarfraz Z, Sarfraz A, Agolli A, Farfán Bajaña MJ, Vanegas E, Felix M, Michel J, Espinoza-Fuentes F, Maquilón JR, Cherrez Ojeda I. Attitudes toward depression among Ecuadorian physicians using the Spanish-validated version of the Revised Depression Attitude Questionnaire (R-DAQ). BMC Psychol 2023; 11:46. [PMID: 36793136 PMCID: PMC9930300 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Depression is inadequately recognized and managed, and physicians' attitudes toward this condition and its treatment may play a part in this. This study aimed to assess Ecuadorian physicians' attitudes toward depression. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted using the validated Revised Depression Attitude Questionnaire (R-DAQ). The questionnaire was delivered to Ecuadorian physicians, and the response rate was 88.8%. RESULTS 76.4% of participants had never received previous training in depression, and 52.1% of them indicated neutral or limited professional confidence when dealing with depressed patients. More than two-thirds of the participants reported an optimistic attitude toward the generalist perspective of depression. CONCLUSION Overall, physicians in Ecuador's healthcare settings were optimistic and held positive attitudes toward patients with depression. However, a lack of confidence in the management of depression and a need for ongoing training were found, especially among medical professionals who are not in daily contact with patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alejandro Valdevilla Figueira
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Guayaquil, Ecuador ,Departamento de Psicología. Facultad de Marketing, Universidad Ecotec, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Hans Mautong
- Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, Ecuador ,grid.442156.00000 0000 9557 7590Universidad Espíritu Santo, Km. 2.5 vía La Puntilla, 0901-952 Samborondón, Ecuador
| | - Genesis Camacho L
- grid.411267.70000 0001 2168 1114Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | - Zouina Sarfraz
- grid.414774.50000 0000 9694 4612Research and Publications, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Azza Sarfraz
- grid.7147.50000 0001 0633 6224Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arjola Agolli
- Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Larkin Healthcare System, Miami, USA
| | - María José Farfán Bajaña
- Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, Ecuador ,grid.442156.00000 0000 9557 7590Universidad Espíritu Santo, Km. 2.5 vía La Puntilla, 0901-952 Samborondón, Ecuador
| | - Emanuel Vanegas
- Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, Ecuador ,grid.442156.00000 0000 9557 7590Universidad Espíritu Santo, Km. 2.5 vía La Puntilla, 0901-952 Samborondón, Ecuador ,grid.422616.50000 0004 0443 7226New York City Health + Hospitals, Woodhull, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Miguel Felix
- Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, Ecuador ,grid.442156.00000 0000 9557 7590Universidad Espíritu Santo, Km. 2.5 vía La Puntilla, 0901-952 Samborondón, Ecuador ,grid.422616.50000 0004 0443 7226New York City Health + Hospitals, Lincoln, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Jack Michel
- Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Larkin Healthcare System, Miami, USA
| | - Fernando Espinoza-Fuentes
- grid.442156.00000 0000 9557 7590Universidad Espíritu Santo, Km. 2.5 vía La Puntilla, 0901-952 Samborondón, Ecuador
| | | | - Ivan Cherrez Ojeda
- Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, Ecuador. .,Universidad Espíritu Santo, Km. 2.5 vía La Puntilla, 0901-952, Samborondón, Ecuador.
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Camacho-Leon G, Faytong-Haro M, Carrera K, De la Hoz I, Araujo-Contreras R, Roa K, Mautong H, Cardozo J, Briceño M, Cherrez-Ojeda I. Attitudes towards depression of Argentinian, Chilean, and Venezuelan healthcare professionals using the Spanish validated version of the revised depression attitude questionnaire (SR-DAQ). SSM Popul Health 2022; 19:101180. [PMID: 35968042 PMCID: PMC9365952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The beliefs and attitudes of physicians toward depression may predict whether they are supportive or avoidant of patients diagnosed with this condition. Describing the attitudes toward depression of Argentinian, Chilean, and Venezuelan healthcare professionals could be a valuable tool for understanding the Latin American perspective on depression recognition, management, and prevention. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among healthcare professionals in Argentina, Chile, and Venezuela using the Spanish validated version of the revised depression attitude questionnaire (R-DAQ). The questionnaire was collected online from August to November 2021, in a quota-based sample of 1759 health professionals (the final analytical sample is 1234). Descriptive data analyses were performed using STATA version 16 statistical software. Results Depression was considered a disease that anyone could suffer by 90% of the respondents. However, 70% of professionals answered that they feel more comfortable dealing with physical illness than mental illness. Furthermore, the findings show that a quarter of the participants in the study believed that either medical treatment (28.6%) or psychosocial approach (<20%) were ineffective tools for people suffering from depression. Findings also show that depression is seen as a more natural part of life by Argentinian professionals and men. Finally, psychologists and psychiatrists are most likely to treat depression as any other physical disease. Medical providers who routinely perform surgeries are not as likely to know how to treat depression or consider it an actual disease. Conclusions Healthcare professionals in Argentina, Chile, and Venezuela have varying attitudes toward depression. While they recognize depression as a disease on the same level as other physical diseases, most do not know how to treat it. The findings point to the need for these countries to promote the training of healthcare workers in areas such as depression diagnosis, treatment, and social interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesis Camacho-Leon
- División de Estudios para Graduados, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo, 4001, Venezuela
- Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marco Faytong-Haro
- Ecuadorian Development Research Lab, Daule, 090656, Ecuador
- Sociology and Demography Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Ivonne De la Hoz
- División de Estudios para Graduados, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo, 4001, Venezuela
| | | | - Karelis Roa
- Médicos Unidos Por Venezuela, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela
| | - Hans Mautong
- Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, 0901952, Ecuador
- Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, 090501, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda
- Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, 0901952, Ecuador
- Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, 090501, Ecuador
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Jara-Ogeda R, Leyton D, Grandón P. Stigmatization of people diagnosed with a mental disorder in secondary mental health centers in Chile: An ethnographic study. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:3307-3324. [PMID: 35290673 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To understand how stigmatization of people diagnosed with a mental disorder occurs in secondary mental healthcare staff in mental healthcare centers in Chile was the objective of the study. A descriptive qualitative and interpretative design with an ethnographic approach was used. Participants' observations, ethnographic, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals at three secondary mental health centers. Qualitative descriptive and interpretative content analysis was used. Stigmatization of users is shaping up in their trajectory in the health center. Identity changes from person to "patient," which generates dependence on the expert role of healthcare professionals. Stigma is expressed in the interactions between a health institution, a professional team, and a user, reproducing power and control relationships associated with the biomedical model and reinforcing a cycle of chronification in the user. Health teams are stressed by discrepancies between the current mental health policy and the user's biomedical understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Jara-Ogeda
- Magister in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniela Leyton
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela Grandón
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Requena SS, Cerqueira AV, Assumpção TA, Peres CHM, Loch AA, Reavley NJ. Cultural adaptation of the mental health first aid guidelines for assisting a person at risk of suicide in Brazil: a Delphi expert consensus study. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:397. [PMID: 35698106 PMCID: PMC9195380 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a major public health concern in Brazil, with nearly 115,000 Brazilians dying by suicide in 2010-2019. As support for individuals at risk of suicide may come from the community, particularly family and friends, it is fundamental that evidence-based programs or resources to improve such support are in place when needed. This study aimed to culturally adapt the mental health first aid guidelines for assisting a person at risk of suicide used in English-speaking countries for Brazil. METHODS A Delphi expert consensus study was conducted among a diverse range of Brazilian health professionals and individuals with lived experience of suicide (n = 60). A total of 161 items from the mental health first aid questionnaire used in English-speaking countries were translated and used in the Brazilian questionnaire. Participants were asked to rate the appropriateness of those items to the Brazilian culture and to recommend any new items when appropriate. RESULTS Data were collected over two survey rounds. Consensus was achieved on 145 items. While 123 out of 161 items were adopted from the English guidelines, 22 new endorsed items were created from the expert panel comments. CONCLUSIONS Even though there were similarities among the Brazilian and English-language guidelines, the adapted guidelines incorporated actions that were specific to the Brazilian culture, such as new items emphasising the role of family and friends. Further research is warranted on dissemination and uptake of the guidelines in Brazil as well as research into incorporation of the guidelines into Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training for Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scotti Requena
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Amanda Vidotto Cerqueira
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Alves Assumpção
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Mesquita Peres
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Andrade Loch
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil ,grid.450640.30000 0001 2189 2026Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicola J. Reavley
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia
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Grandón P, Saldivia S, Cova F, Bustos C, Vaccari P, Ramírez-Vielma R, Vielma-Aguilera A, Zambrano C, Ortiz C, Knaak S. Effectiveness of an intervention to reduce stigma towards people with a severe mental disorder diagnosis in primary health care personnel: Programme Igual-Mente. Psychiatry Res 2021; 305:114259. [PMID: 34752990 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effectiveness of a program (called Igual-Mente, Equal-Mind) designed to reduce stigma in primary health care personnel. A random clinical trial was performed (ISRCTN46464036). There were 316 primary care professionals and technicians who were randomized and assigned to the experimental or control group. The program considered as strategies the education, the contact and the development of skills. There were six sessions with the primary care staff and two sessions with the managers of the health centers. It was executed by two facilitators, a professional psychologist and an expert by experience, i.e., a person diagnosed with a severe mental disorder (SMD). Attitudes, social distance, and humane treatment behaviors toward people with SMD were assessed. The intervention was effective in reducing stigma attitudes y social distance towards people diagnosed with SMD. The magnitude of the changes ranged from moderate to high in all these variables and the effects were maintained for four months after the end of the program. Regarding humane treatment behaviors, the effects were less clear. This study shows good results indicating that well-designed interventions can effectively reduce stigma towards people diagnosed with SMD, which is one of the main challenges of health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Grandón
- Psychology Department, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
| | - Sandra Saldivia
- Psychiatric Department, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Felix Cova
- Psychology Department, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Claudio Bustos
- Psychology Department, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Pamela Vaccari
- Psychology Department, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Camila Ortiz
- Psychology Department, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Stephanie Knaak
- Social Sciences Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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The Assessment of Attitudes of Medical Doctors towards Psychiatric Patients-A Cross-Sectional Online Survey in Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126419. [PMID: 34199325 PMCID: PMC8296253 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
(1) Introduction: Stigmatization is a multi-level process leading to depreciation of particular social groups. It is particularly visible among people suffering from mental illnesses. Patient stigmatization is a serious problem in psychiatric care; thus, a reliable assessment of its level is important in the context of effective medical interventions. The aim of this paper is to assess the level of stigmatization of psychiatric patients among doctors. (2) Methods: An online, quantitative, CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interview) study was conducted in the form of an anonymous, voluntary survey addressed to doctors working in Poland. The questionnaire questions included a socio-geographic assessment and questions assessing the level of stigmatization. A standardized psychometric tool, the MICA-4 Scale for doctors, was also used. The results obtained were compared with the evaluation of the existing reports on stigmatization among Polish society. (3) Results: 501 doctors of various specialties and at various stages of career participated in the study. Most of the respondents were women (75%). The average score of MICA-4 obtained by the respondents was 40.26 (minimum 17; maximum 67; SD 8.93). The women’s score was lower than the men’s (p = 0.034). (4) Conclusions: Stigmatization of psychiatric patients is a common phenomenon among doctors. The type of performed work and career stage has an impact on the perception of psychiatric patients. Specialists scored highest in the MICA-4 Scale, similarly to physicians of surgical fields. Due to the prevalence of the phenomenon of stigmatization, especially among people who are meant to provide patients with help, there is an urgent need to implement anti-stigma programs.
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Psychometric properties of the attitudes scale of health care professionals’ toward people with a diagnosis of mental illness (EAPS-TM). CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lehto M, Pitkälä K, Rahkonen O, Laine MK, Raina M, Kauppila T. The influence of electronic reminders on recording diagnoses in a primary health care emergency department: a register-based study in a Finnish town. Scand J Prim Health Care 2021; 39:113-122. [PMID: 33851565 PMCID: PMC8293956 DOI: 10.1080/02813432.2021.1910449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines whether implementation of electronic reminders is associated with a change in the amount and content of diagnostic data recorded in primary health care emergency departments (ED). DESIGN A register-based 12-year follow-up study with a before-and-after design. SETTING This study was performed in a primary health care ED in Finland. An electronic reminder was installed in the health record system to remind physicians to include the diagnosis code of the visit to the health record. SUBJECTS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The report generator of the electronic health record-system provided monthly figures for the number of different recorded diagnoses by using the International Classification of Diagnoses (ICD-10th edition) and the total number of ED physician visits, thus allowing the calculation of the recording rate of diagnoses on a monthly basis and the comparison of diagnoses before and after implementing electronic reminders. RESULTS The most commonly recorded diagnoses in the ED were acute upper respiratory infections of various and unspecified sites (5.8%), abdominal and pelvic pain (4.8%), suppurative and unspecified otitis media (4.5%) and dorsalgia (4.0%). The diagnosis recording rate in the ED doubled from 41.2 to 86.3% (p < 0.001) after the application of electronic reminders. The intervention especially enhanced the recording rate of symptomatic diagnoses (ICD-10 group-R) and alcohol abuse-related diagnoses (ICD-10 code F10). Mental and behavioural disorders (group F) and injuries (groups S-Y) were also better recorded after this intervention. CONCLUSION Electronic reminders may alter the documentation habits of physicians and recording of clinical data, such as diagnoses, in the EDs. This may be of use when planning resource managing in EDs and planning their actions.KEY POINTSElectronic reminders enhance recording of diagnoses in primary care but what happens in emergency departments (EDs) is not known.Electronic reminders enhance recording of diagnoses in primary care ED.Especially recording of symptomatic diagnoses and alcohol abuse-related diagnoses increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Lehto
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Vantaa Health Centre, City of Vantaa, Finland
| | - Kaisu Pitkälä
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ossi Rahkonen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja K. Laine
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Raina
- Vantaa Health Centre, City of Vantaa, Finland
| | - Timo Kauppila
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Vantaa Health Centre, City of Vantaa, Finland
- CONTACT Timo Kauppila Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8 B FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Minty Y, Moosa MY, Jeenah FY. Mental illness attitudes and knowledge in non-specialist medical doctors working in state and private sectors. S Afr J Psychiatr 2021; 27:1592. [PMID: 34192080 PMCID: PMC8182464 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v27i0.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of South Africans utilise primary healthcare services (either in the state or private sector) for mental health concerns; hence, there is a need to objectively assess these doctors' attitudes and knowledge of mental illness. AIM To investigate aspects of knowledge and attitudes towards mental illness of a group of private and state-employed non-specialist medical doctors. METHOD Doctors in the state sector who were working at a primary healthcare level and who were not working towards, or did not hold, a specialist qualification were considered eligible for the study. Doctors in the private sector who were working as general practitioners and who did not hold a specialist qualification were considered eligible for the study. Data were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire. A link to the study questionnaire, information about the study, details of the researcher and matters pertaining to informed consent were emailed to potential participants. RESULTS Of the 140 practitioners who responded to the survey, 51.4% (n = 72) worked in the state sector, 41.4% (n = 58) worked in the private sector and 7.1% (n = 10) worked in both the state and private sectors (χ2 1 = 45.31, p < 0.010). The majority (> 50%) of participants in all three groups had a positive attitude towards mental illness (χ2 2 = 1.52, p = 0.468). Although there were no significant associations between attitude and socio-demographic characteristics (p > 0.05), male SS doctors reported feeling less comfortable when dealing with mentally ill patients (p = 0.015); SS doctors who did not have family contact with mental illness were less likely to feel that mentally ill patients did not pose a risk to others (p = 0.007), and PS doctors under the age of 35 years were more likely to feel adequately trained to treat mental illness (p = 0.026). The majority (> 50%) of participants in all three groups had an adequate level of knowledge of mental illness (modal scores = 10). There were no significant associations between knowledge and socio-demographic characteristics (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Despite the findings of a positive attitude and adequate knowledge of mental illness amongst the participants of this study, it is recommended that more targeted interventions are established to further improve mental health awareness and knowledge of doctors at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumna Minty
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mahomed Y.H. Moosa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fatima Y. Jeenah
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Pohontsch NJ, Zimmermann T, Lehmann M, Rustige L, Kurz K, Löwe B, Scherer M. ICD-10-Coding of Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms and Somatoform Disorders-A Survey With German GPs. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:598810. [PMID: 33859988 PMCID: PMC8042316 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.598810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: General practitioners (GPs) are reluctant to use codes that correspond to somatization syndromes. Aim: To quantify GPs' views on coding of medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS), somatoform disorders, and associated factors. Design and Setting: Survey with German GPs. Methods: We developed six survey items [response options "does not apply at all (1)"-"does fully apply (6)"], invited a random sample of 12.004 GPs to participate in the self-administered cross-sectional survey and analysed data using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses. Results: Response rate was 15.2% with N = 1,731 valid responses (54.3% female). Participants considered themselves familiar with ICD-10 criteria for somatoform disorders (M = 4.52; SD =.036) and considered adequate coding as essential prerequisite for treatment (M = 5.02; SD = 1.21). All other item means were close to the scale mean: preference for symptom or functional codes (M = 3.40; SD = 1.21), consideration of the possibility of stigmatisation (M = 3.30; SD = 1.35) and other disadvantages (M = 3.28; SD = 1.30) and coding only if psychotherapy is intended (M = 3.39; SD = 1.46). Exposure, guideline knowledge, and experience were most strongly associated with GPs' self-reported coding behaviour. Conclusions: Subjective exposure, guideline knowledge, and experience as a GP, but no sociodemographic variable being associated with GPs' subjective coding behaviour could indicate that GPs offer a relatively homogeneous approach to coding and handling of MUPS and somatoform disorders. Strengthening guideline knowledge and implementation, and practise with simulated patients could increase the subjective competence to cope with the challenge that patients with MUPS and somatoform disorders present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine J. Pohontsch
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Zimmermann
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marco Lehmann
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Rustige
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katinka Kurz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Löwe
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Scherer
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Martinelli TF, Meerkerk G, Nagelhout GE, Brouwers EPM, van Weeghel J, Rabbers G, van de Mheen D. Language and stigmatization of individuals with mental health problems or substance addiction in the Netherlands: An experimental vignette study. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2020; 28:1504-1513. [PMID: 32154632 PMCID: PMC7496658 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Persons with mental health problems and/or substance addictions (MHPSA) are stigmatised more than persons with physical conditions. This includes stigmatisation by care professionals. Stigma is considered one of the most important barriers for recovery from these conditions. There is an ongoing debate that use of language can exacerbate or diminish stigmatisation. Therefore, we conducted an experiment examining how four different ways of referring to a person with (a) alcohol addiction, (b) drug addiction, (c) depression and (d) schizophrenia are related to stigmatising attitudes by care professionals in the Netherlands. We partially replicated two studies performed in the United States and used surveys with vignettes containing either 'disorder-first', 'person-first', 'victim' and 'recovery' language, which were randomly assigned to participants (n = 361). No significant differences between language conditions were found for any of the vignettes. Our findings suggest that subtle differences in language to refer to persons with mental health problems or substance addictions have no effect on stigmatising attitudes by care professionals in the Netherlands. However, more research is needed to determine the effect of language use on other groups, such as individuals with MHPSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Martinelli
- IVO Research InstituteThe HagueThe Netherlands
- Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and WellbeingSchool of Social and Behavioural SciencesTilburg UniversityTilburgThe Netherlands
| | | | - Gera E. Nagelhout
- IVO Research InstituteThe HagueThe Netherlands
- Department of Health Promotion and Department of Family MedicineMaastricht University (CAPHRI)MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Evelien P. M. Brouwers
- Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and WellbeingSchool of Social and Behavioural SciencesTilburg UniversityTilburgThe Netherlands
| | - Jaap van Weeghel
- Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and WellbeingSchool of Social and Behavioural SciencesTilburg UniversityTilburgThe Netherlands
- Phrenos Centre of ExpertiseUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Dijk en Duin Mental Health CenterParnassia Bavo GroupThe HagueThe Netherlands
| | | | - Dike van de Mheen
- Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and WellbeingSchool of Social and Behavioural SciencesTilburg UniversityTilburgThe Netherlands
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Saad SY, Almatrafi AS, Ali RK, Mansouri YM, Andijani OM. Stigmatizing attitudes of tertiary hospital physicians towards people with mental disorders in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2019; 40:936-942. [PMID: 31522222 PMCID: PMC6790487 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2019.9.24510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure stigma among doctors in one of the major specialized hospitals in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted at King Abdullah Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia between October and November 2018. Eighty physicians were recruited in this study. The participants administered the sociodemographic questionnaire as well as the Mental Illness Clinicians' Attitude 4th version (MICA 4). RESULTS The overall MICA score ranged between 31 and 61 with a mean±SD of 45.75±7.54. The highest reported score was among outpatient physicians (51.33±6.66), while the lowest score was among consultants/assistant consultants (43.17±7.82). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed a relatively high MICA-4 score that could indicate a high stigmatizing attitude among physicians toward patients with mental illnesses compared with the other MICA-4 studies. Thus, training workshops could improve the attitudes in the short-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Y Saad
- Neuroscience Department, King Abdullah Medical City Specialist Hospital, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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