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Surve SV, Shinde DB, Fernandes JM, Sharma S, Vijayvargiya M, Kadam K, Kulkarni R. Laboratory domestication of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum alters some phenotypic traits but causes non-novel genomic impact. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae035. [PMID: 38341274 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Laboratory domestication has been negligibly examined in lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is a highly studied and industrially relevant LAB. Here, we passaged L. plantarum JGR2 in a complex medium to study the effects of domestication on the phenotypic properties and the acquisition of mutations. METHODS AND RESULTS Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JGR2 was passaged in mMRS medium (deMan Rogossa Sharpe supplemented with 0.05% w/v L-cysteine) in three parallel populations for 70 days. One pure culture from each population was studied for various phenotypic properties and genomic alterations. Auto-aggregation of the evolved strains was significantly reduced, and lactic acid production and ethanol tolerance were increased. Other probiotic properties and antibiotic sensitivity were not altered. Conserved synonymous and non-synonymous mutations were observed in mobile element proteins (transposases), β-galactosidase, and phosphoketolases in all three isolates. The evolved strains lost all the repeat regions and some of the functions associated with them. Most of the conserved mutations were found in the genomes of other wild-type strains available in a public database, indicating the non-novel genomic impact of laboratory passaging. CONCLUSIONS Laboratory domestication can affect the phenotypic and genotypic traits of L. plantarum and similar studies are necessary for other important species of LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh V Surve
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412115, India
| | - Dasharath B Shinde
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412115, India
| | - Joyleen M Fernandes
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412115, India
| | - Sharoni Sharma
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412115, India
| | - Monty Vijayvargiya
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412115, India
| | - Komal Kadam
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412115, India
| | - Ram Kulkarni
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412115, India
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Gummelt C, Dupke S, Howaldt S, Zimmermann F, Scholz HC, Laue M, Klee SR. Analysis of Sporulation in Bacillus cereus Biovar anthracis Which Contains an Insertion in the Gene for the Sporulation Factor σ K. Pathogens 2023; 12:1442. [PMID: 38133325 PMCID: PMC10745906 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis (Bcbva) is an untypical pathogen causing a fatal anthrax-like disease in a variety of wildlife species in African rainforest areas. In contrast to Bacillus anthracis and most species of the B. cereus group, all strains of the Bcbva cluster contain a 22 kb insertion in the sigK gene which encodes the essential late sporulation sigma factor σK. This insertion is excised during sporulation in a site-specific recombination process resulting in an intact sigK gene and a circular molecule. The sporulation kinetics of two strains each of Bcbva and B. anthracis were compared by the expression analysis of eight sporulation-associated genes, including sigK, using reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, morphological sporulation stages were analyzed and quantified by electron microscopy. Our results indicated that the necessary excision of the insertion in Bcbva neither delayed nor inhibited its sporulation. In two spontaneous mutants of Bcbva, the excision of the sigK insertion and sporulation were impeded due to mutations in the spo0A and spoVG regulator genes, respectively. The spo0A frameshift mutation was overcome by intragenic suppression in a revertant which was able to sporulate normally, despite an M171S amino acid exchange in the global regulator Spo0A. A screening of the NCBI database identified further strains of the B. cereus group which possess unrelated insertions in the sigK gene, and two strains containing almost identical insertions at the same gene position. Some of the sigK insertions encode putative prophages, whereas the Bcbva insertion encoded a type I restriction-modification system. The function of these insertions and if they are possibly essential for sporulation remains to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Gummelt
- Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (C.G.); (S.D.); (S.H.); (H.C.S.)
| | - Susann Dupke
- Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (C.G.); (S.D.); (S.H.); (H.C.S.)
| | - Sabine Howaldt
- Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (C.G.); (S.D.); (S.H.); (H.C.S.)
| | - Fee Zimmermann
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (P3), Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Holger C. Scholz
- Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (C.G.); (S.D.); (S.H.); (H.C.S.)
| | - Michael Laue
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Silke R. Klee
- Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (C.G.); (S.D.); (S.H.); (H.C.S.)
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Jiranantasak T, Benn JS, Metrailer MC, Sawyer SJ, Burns MQ, Bluhm AP, Blackburn JK, Norris MH. Characterization of Bacillus anthracis replication and persistence on environmental substrates associated with wildlife anthrax outbreaks. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274645. [PMID: 36129912 PMCID: PMC9491531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a zoonosis caused by the environmentally maintained, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis, affecting humans, livestock, and wildlife nearly worldwide. Bacterial spores are ingested, inhaled, and may be mechanically transmitted by biting insects or injection as occurs during heroin-associated human cases. Herbivorous hoofstock are very susceptible to anthrax. When these hosts die of anthrax, a localized infectious zone (LIZ) forms in the area surrounding the carcass as it is scavenged and decomposes, where viable populations of vegetative B. anthracis and spores contaminate the environment. In many settings, necrophagous flies contaminate the outer carcass, surrounding soils, and vegetation with viable pathogen while scavenging. Field observations in Texas have confirmed this process and identified primary browse species (e.g., persimmon) are contaminated. However, there are limited data available on B. anthracis survival on environmental substrates immediately following host death at a LIZ. Toward this, we simulated fly contamination by inoculating live-attenuated, fully virulent laboratory-adapted, and fully virulent wild B. anthracis strains on untreated leaves and rocks for 2, 5, and 7 days. At each time point after inoculation, the number of vegetative cells and spores were determined. Sporulation rates were extracted from these different time points to enable comparison of sporulation speeds between B. anthracis strains with different natural histories. We found all B. anthracis strains used in this study could multiply for 2 or more days post inoculation and persist on leaves and rocks for at least seven days with variation by strain. We found differences in sporulation rates between laboratory-adapted strains and wild isolates, with the live-attenuated strain sporulating fastest, followed by the wild isolates, then laboratory-adapted virulent strains. Extrapolating our wild strain lab results to potential contamination, a single blow fly may contaminate leaves with up to 8.62 x 105 spores per day and a single carcass may host thousands of flies. Replication outside of the carcass and rapid sporulation confirms the LIZ extends beyond the carcass for several days after formation and supports the necrophagous fly transmission pathway for amplifying cases during an outbreak. We note caution must be taken when extrapolating replication and sporulation rates from live-attenuated and laboratory-adapted strains of B. anthracis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Treenate Jiranantasak
- Department of Geography, Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jamie S. Benn
- Department of Geography, Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Morgan C. Metrailer
- Department of Geography, Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Samantha J. Sawyer
- Department of Geography, Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Madison Q. Burns
- Department of Geography, Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Bluhm
- Department of Geography, Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jason K. Blackburn
- Department of Geography, Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Norris
- Department of Geography, Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Proteomics, the large-scale study of all proteins of an organism or system, is a powerful tool for studying biological systems. It can provide a holistic view of the physiological and biochemical states of given samples through identification and quantification of large numbers of peptides and proteins. In forensic science, proteomics can be used as a confirmatory and orthogonal technique for well-built genomic analyses. Proteomics is highly valuable in cases where nucleic acids are absent or degraded, such as hair and bone samples. It can be used to identify body fluids, ethnic group, gender, individual, and estimate post-mortem interval using bone, muscle, and decomposition fluid samples. Compared to genomic analysis, proteomics can provide a better global picture of a sample. It has been used in forensic science for a wide range of sample types and applications. In this review, we briefly introduce proteomic methods, including sample preparation techniques, data acquisition using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and data analysis using database search, spectral library search, and de novo sequencing. We also summarize recent applications in the past decade of proteomics in forensic science with a special focus on human samples, including hair, bone, body fluids, fingernail, muscle, brain, and fingermark, and address the challenges, considerations, and future developments of forensic proteomics.
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TaqMan Assays for Simultaneous Detection of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121074. [PMID: 33371332 PMCID: PMC7767396 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Primarily a disease of herbivores, human infections often result from direct contact with contaminated animal products (cutaneous and inhalational anthrax) or through consumption of infected meat (gastrointestinal anthrax). The genetic near neighbor, Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis (Bcbva), causes an anthrax-like illness in the wildlife and livestock of west and central Africa due to the presence and expression of B. anthracis-specific virulence factors in this background. While Bcbva infections have not been reported in humans, a recent seroprevalence study detected Bcbva antibodies in the rural population around Taï National Park. This work describes the development of new TaqMan multiplex PCRs for the simultaneous detection of B. anthracis and Bcbva. The assays are designed to amplify Ba-1, capB, and lef markers in B. anthracis and genomic island IV (GI4), capB, and lef in Bcbva. Our assays allow for the rapid discrimination of B. anthracis and Bcbva and will provide insights into the molecular epidemiology of these two important pathogens that share an overlapping geographical range in west and central Africa.
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Papp S, Kimmerl K, Gatz J, Laue M, Grunow R, Kaspari O. Evaluation of Sporicidal Disinfectants for the Disinfection of Personal Protective Equipment During Biological Hazards. Health Secur 2020; 18:36-48. [PMID: 32078425 PMCID: PMC7047094 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2019.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A fast, effective, and safe disinfection of personal protective equipment (PPE) is vitally important for emergency forces involved in biological hazards. This study aimed to investigate a broad range of disinfectants to improve the established disinfection procedure. We analyzed the efficacy of chlorine-, peracetic acid–, and oxygen-based disinfectants against Bacillus spores on PPE. Therefore, spores of different Bacillus species were exposed to disinfectants on PPE material by using a standardized procedure covering the dried spores with disinfectants and applying mechanical distribution. Efficacy of disinfectants was quantified by determining the reduction factor (log10 levels) and number of viable spores left afterward. The chlorine-based granulate Hypochlorit CA G (2% chlorine) sufficiently inactivated Bacillus spores of risk groups 1 and 2, even with temperatures ranging from −20 to 35°C. Wofasteril® SC super (1.75% peracetic acid) achieved a reliable reduction of risk groups 1 and 2 and even fully virulent Bacillus spores by ≥5 log10 levels on PPE. With this, Hypochlorit-CA G and Wofasteril® SC super proved to be promising alternatives to the previously proven and widely used peracetic acid compound Wofasteril® (2% peracetic acid) for the disinfection of PPE when bacterial spores are known to be the contaminating agent. These results will help to improve the disinfection of PPE during biological hazards by providing new data on promising alternative compounds. A fast, effective, and safe disinfection of personal protective equipment (PPE) is vitally important for emergency forces involved in biological hazards. This study aimed to investigate a broad range of disinfectants to improve the established disinfection procedure. The authors analyzed the efficacy of chlorine-, peracetic acid-, and oxygen-based disinfectants against Bacillus spores on PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Papp
- Dr. Stefanie Papp, Katharina Kimmerl, Jacob Gatz, Prof. Dr. Roland Grunow, and Dr. Oliver Kaspari are with the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2); Dr. Michael Laue is with the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4); all are with the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Kimmerl
- Dr. Stefanie Papp, Katharina Kimmerl, Jacob Gatz, Prof. Dr. Roland Grunow, and Dr. Oliver Kaspari are with the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2); Dr. Michael Laue is with the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4); all are with the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Gatz
- Dr. Stefanie Papp, Katharina Kimmerl, Jacob Gatz, Prof. Dr. Roland Grunow, and Dr. Oliver Kaspari are with the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2); Dr. Michael Laue is with the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4); all are with the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Dr. Stefanie Papp, Katharina Kimmerl, Jacob Gatz, Prof. Dr. Roland Grunow, and Dr. Oliver Kaspari are with the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2); Dr. Michael Laue is with the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4); all are with the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Grunow
- Dr. Stefanie Papp, Katharina Kimmerl, Jacob Gatz, Prof. Dr. Roland Grunow, and Dr. Oliver Kaspari are with the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2); Dr. Michael Laue is with the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4); all are with the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Kaspari
- Dr. Stefanie Papp, Katharina Kimmerl, Jacob Gatz, Prof. Dr. Roland Grunow, and Dr. Oliver Kaspari are with the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2); Dr. Michael Laue is with the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4); all are with the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Appendix R: Guidelines for Verifying and Documenting the Relationships Between Microbial Cultures. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:900-903. [PMID: 33241343 PMCID: PMC8370434 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Norris MH, Zincke D, Leiser OP, Kreuzer H, Hadfied TL, Blackburn JK. Laboratory strains of Bacillus anthracis lose their ability to rapidly grow and sporulate compared to wildlife outbreak strains. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228270. [PMID: 31978128 PMCID: PMC6980579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax in animals and humans. The organism lies in a dormant state in the soil until introduced into an animal via, ingestion, cutaneous inoculation or inhalation. Once in the host, spores germinate into rapidly growing vegetative cells elaborating toxins. When animals die of anthrax, vegetative bacteria sporulate upon nutrient limitation in the carcass or soil while in the presence of air. After release into the soil environment, spores form a localized infectious zone (LIZ) at and around the carcass. Laboratory strains of B. anthracis produce fewer proteins associated with growth and sporulation compared to wild strains isolated from recent zoonotic disease events. We verified wild strains grow more rapidly than lab strains demonstrating a greater responsiveness to nutrient availability. Sporulation was significantly more rapid in these wild strains compared to lab strains, indicating wild strains are able to sporulate faster due to nutrient limitation while laboratory strains have a decrease in the speed at which they utilize nutrients and an increase in time to sporulation. These findings have implications for disease control at the LIZ as well as on the infectious cycle of this dangerous zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Norris
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Diansy Zincke
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Owen P. Leiser
- Chemical and Biological Signature Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Helen Kreuzer
- Chemical and Biological Signature Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ted L. Hadfied
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jason K. Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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