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Nasaj M, Chehelgerdi M, Asghari B, Ahmadieh-Yazdi A, Asgari M, Kabiri-Samani S, Sharifi E, Arabestani M. Factors influencing the antimicrobial mechanism of chitosan action and its derivatives: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134321. [PMID: 39084423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan, a versatile amino polysaccharide biopolymer derived from chitin, exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microorganisms, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, as well as fungi. Due to its ubiquitous use in medications, food, cosmetics, chemicals, and crops, it is an effective antibacterial agent. However, the antimicrobial performance of chitosan is influenced by multiple factors, which have been extensively investigated and reported in the literature. The goal of this review paper is to present a thorough grasp of the mechanisms of action and determining variables of chitosan and its derivatives' antibacterial activity. The article begins by providing a brief background on chitosan and its antimicrobial properties, followed by the importance of understanding the mechanism of action and factors influencing its activity".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Nasaj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR, Iran
| | - Mohammad Chehelgerdi
- Novin Genome (NG) Lab, Research and Development Center for Biotechnology, Shahrekord, Iran; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Babak Asghari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadieh-Yazdi
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Asgari
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Medicine, Hamadan university of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saber Kabiri-Samani
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR, Iran; Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR, Iran.
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Bachert BA, Bozue JA. Peptidoglycan enzymes of Francisella: Roles in cell morphology and pathogenesis, and potential as therapeutic targets. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1099312. [PMID: 36713212 PMCID: PMC9877522 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1099312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan, found within the cell wall of bacteria, is a structure critical for maintaining cell morphology and providing a protective barrier in diverse environments. Peptidoglycan is a remarkably dynamic structure that is constantly remodeled during cell growth and division by various peptidoglycan enzymes. Numerous peptidoglycan enzymes have been characterized from diverse bacteria and are highly sought after as targets for therapeutics. However, very little is known about these enzymes within the biothreat agent Francisella tularensis. As the causative agent of tularemia, F. tularensis is classified as a category A biothreat pathogen, in part due to its low infectious dose and lack of FDA-approved vaccine. Many bacterial species encode multiple peptidoglycan enzymes with redundant functions that allow for compensation if one of the enzymes are inactivated. In contrast, F. tularensis appears to lack this redundancy, indicating peptidoglycan enzymes may be completely essential for growth and could be exploited as targets for medical countermeasures. Indeed, several peptidoglycan enzymes in F. tularensis have been shown to play important roles in cell division, cell morphology, virulence, and modulation of host response. The aim of this review is to summarize findings from the current literature on peptidoglycan enzymes present in Francisella and discuss areas where future research efforts might be directed. We conclude that Francisella harbors a distinct set of peptidoglycan enzymes important for cell growth and virulence and represent potentially valuable targets for the development of novel therapeutics.
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He C, Yang J, Jiang X, Liang X, Yin L, Yin Z, Geng Y, Zhong Z, Song X, Zou Y, Li L, Zhang W, Lv C. Kaempferol alleviates LPS-ATP mediated inflammatory injury in splenic lymphocytes via regulation of the pyroptosis pathway in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:538-548. [PMID: 31549524 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1666405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: The pharmacological application of kaempferol, a natural flavonol present in different plant species, has been demonstrated to have extensive anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative, and anti-cancer effects. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of programed cell death by membranolysis and associated leakage of cytoplasm. This study investigated the molecular mechanism of kaempferol-induced effects on the pyroptosis in splenic lymphocytes (SLCs) isolated from mice. Methods: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-stimulated SLCs were used to establish the pyroptosis model. The kaempferol pretreatment was tested in the model. Results: The results show that kaempferol alleviates LPS-ATP mediated damage by increasing cell viability, improving membrane integrity, and decreasing the release of IL1b and IL-18. Kaempferol reduces pyroptosis by suppressing the expression and activity of caspase-1, increasing the protein expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3), and inhibition of the decomposition of gasdermin D (GSDMD). Conclusions: Our data suggest that kaempferol exhibits anti-pyroptosis activities, which warrants further detailed investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changliang He
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Natural Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Natural Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Xiaolin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Natural Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Natural Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Natural Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Natural Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province , Chengdu , China
| | - Xu Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Natural Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Natural Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Lixia Li
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Natural Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Natural Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Natural Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
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