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Fonte C, Jacob P, Vanet A, Ghislin S, Frippiat JP. Hindlimb unloading, a physiological model of microgravity, modifies the murine bone marrow IgM repertoire in a similar manner as aging but less strongly. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:64. [PMID: 37986079 PMCID: PMC10659048 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spaceflight environment is an extreme environment that affects the immune system of approximately 50% of astronauts. With planned long-duration missions, such as the deployment of the Lunar Gateway and possible interplanetary missions, it is mandatory to determine how all components of the immune system are affected, which will allow the establishment of countermeasures to preserve astronaut health. However, despite being an important component of the immune system, antibody-mediated humoral immunity has rarely been investigated in the context of the effects of the space environment. It has previously been demonstrated that 30 days aboard the BION-M1 satellite and 21 days of hindlimb unloading (HU), a model classically used to mimic the effects of microgravity, decrease murine B lymphopoiesis. Furthermore, modifications in B lymphopoiesis reported in young mice subjected to 21 days of HU were shown to be similar to those observed in aged mice (18-22 months). Since the primary antibody repertoire composed of IgM is created by V(D) J recombination during B lymphopoiesis, the objective of this study was to assess the degree of similarity between changes in the bone marrow IgM repertoire and in the V(D)J recombination process in 2.5-month-old mice subjected to 21 days of HU and aged (18 months) mice. RESULTS We found that in 21 days, HU induced changes in the IgM repertoire that were approximately 3-fold less than those in aged mice, which is a rapid effect. Bone remodeling and epigenetics likely mediate these changes. Indeed, we previously demonstrated a significant decrease in tibial morphometric parameters from day 6 of HU and a progressive reduction in these parameters until day 21 of HU, and it has been shown that age and microgravity induce epigenetic changes. CONCLUSION These data reveal novel immune changes that are akin to advanced aging and underline the importance of studying the effects of spaceflight on antibody-mediated humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Fonte
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès, Nancy, France
| | - Pauline Jacob
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès, Nancy, France
| | - Anne Vanet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Ghislin
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès, Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR 7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès, Nancy, France.
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Bonnefoy J, Baselet B, Moser D, Ghislin S, Miranda S, Riant E, Vermeesen R, Keiler AM, Baatout S, Choukér A, Frippiat JP. B-Cell Homeostasis Is Maintained During Two Months of Head-Down Tilt Bed Rest With or Without Antioxidant Supplementation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830662. [PMID: 35251019 PMCID: PMC8892569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the immune system could seriously impair the ability to combat infections during future long-duration space missions. However, little is known about the effects of spaceflight on the B-cell compartment. Given the limited access to astronaut samples, we addressed this question using blood samples collected from 20 healthy male volunteers subjected to long-duration bed rest, an Earth-based analog of spaceflight. Hematopoietic progenitors, white blood cells, total lymphocytes and B-cells, four B-cell subsets, immunoglobulin isotypes, six cytokines involved in inflammation, cortisone and cortisol were quantified at five time points. Tibia microarchitecture was also studied. Moreover, we investigated the efficiency of antioxidant supplementation with a cocktail including polyphenols, omega 3, vitamin E and selenium. Our results show that circulating hematopoietic progenitors, white blood cells, total lymphocytes and B-cells, and B-cell subsets were not affected by bed rest. Cytokine quantification suggested a lower systemic inflammatory status, supported by an increase in serum cortisone, during bed rest. These data confirm the in vivo hormonal dysregulation of immunity observed in astronauts and show that bed rest does not alter B-cell homeostasis. This lack of an impact of long-term bed rest on B-cell homeostasis can, at least partially, be explained by limited bone remodeling. None of the evaluated parameters were affected by the administration of the antioxidant supplement. The non-effectiveness of the supplement may be because the diet provided to the non-supplemented and supplemented volunteers already contained sufficient antioxidants. Given the limitations of this model, further studies will be required to determine whether B-cell homeostasis is affected, especially during future deep-space exploration missions that will be of unprecedented durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bonnefoy
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Dominique Moser
- Laboratory of Translational Research Stress and Immunity, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Ghislin
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Silvana Miranda
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Elodie Riant
- Cytometry Facility, I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), TRI Genotoul, Toulouse, France
| | - Randy Vermeesen
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Choukér
- Laboratory of Translational Research Stress and Immunity, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, UR7300 SIMPA, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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3
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Wu H, Zhou Z, Xie S, Yan R, Gong M, Tian X, Wang Z. Similarity measurements of B cell receptor repertoire in baseline mice showed spectrum convergence of IgM. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:11. [PMID: 35246036 PMCID: PMC8895918 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire is highly diverse among individuals. Poor similarity of the spectrum among inbred baseline mice may limit the ability to discriminate true signals from those involving specific experimental factors. The repertoire similarity of the baseline status lacks intensive measurements. RESULTS We measured the repertoire similarity of IgH in blood and spleen samples from untreated BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice to investigate the baseline status of the two inbred strains. The antibody pool was stratified by the isotype of IgA, IgG and IgM. Between individuals, the results showed better convergence of CDR3 and clonal lineage profiles in IgM than in IgA and IgG, and better robustness of somatic mutation networks in IgM than in IgA and IgG. It also showed that the CDR3 clonotypes and clonal lineages shared better in the spleen samples than in the blood samples. The animal batch differences were detected in CDR3 evenness, mutated clonotype proportions, and maximal network degrees. A cut-off of 95% identity in the CDR3 nucleotide sequences was suitable for clonal lineage establishment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a natural landscape of BCR repertoire similarities between baseline mice and provide a solid reference for designing studies of mouse BCR repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingxing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Rettig TA, Tan JC, Nishiyama NC, Chapes SK, Pecaut MJ. An Analysis of the Effects of Spaceflight and Vaccination on Antibody Repertoire Diversity. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:675-686. [PMID: 34433623 PMCID: PMC10996920 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ab repertoire diversity plays a critical role in the host's ability to fight pathogens. CDR3 is partially responsible for Ab-Ag binding and is a significant source of diversity in the repertoire. CDR3 diversity is generated during VDJ rearrangement because of gene segment selection, gene segment trimming and splicing, and the addition of nucleotides. We analyzed the Ab repertoire diversity across multiple experiments examining the effects of spaceflight on the Ab repertoire after vaccination. Five datasets from four experiments were analyzed using rank-abundance curves and Shannon indices as measures of diversity. We discovered a trend toward lower diversity as a result of spaceflight but did not find the same decrease in our physiological model of microgravity in either the spleen or bone marrow. However, the bone marrow repertoire showed a reduction in diversity after vaccination. We also detected differences in Shannon indices between experiments and tissues. We did not detect a pattern of CDR3 usage across the experiments. Overall, we were able to find differences in the Ab repertoire diversity across experimental groups and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha A Rettig
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - John C Tan
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Nina C Nishiyama
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; and
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Michael J Pecaut
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA;
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Buchheim JI, Ghislin S, Ouzren N, Albuisson E, Vanet A, Matzel S, Ponomarev S, Rykova M, Choukér A, Frippiat JP. Plasticity of the human IgM repertoire in response to long-term spaceflight. FASEB J 2020; 34:16144-16162. [PMID: 33047384 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001403rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune dysregulation is among the main adverse outcomes of spaceflight. Despite the crucial role of the antibody repertoire in host protection, the effects of spaceflight on the human antibody repertoire are unknown. Consequently, using high-throughput sequencing, we examined the IgM repertoire of five cosmonauts 25 days before launch, after 64 ± 11 and 129 ± 20 days spent on the International Space Station (ISS), and at 1, 7, and 30 days after landing. This is the first study of this kind in humans. Our data revealed that the IgM repertoire of the cosmonauts was different from that of control subjects (n = 4) prior to launch and that two out the five analyzed cosmonauts presented significant changes in their IgM repertoire during the mission. These modifications persisted up to 30 days after landing, likely affected the specificities of IgM binding sites, correlated with changes in the V(D)J recombination process responsible for creating antibody genes, and coincided with a higher stress response. These data confirm that the immune system of approximately half of the astronauts who spent 6 months on the ISS is sensitive to spaceflight conditions, and reveal individual responses indicating that personalized approaches should be implemented during future deep-space exploration missions that will be of unprecedented durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith-Irina Buchheim
- Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Ghislin
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300 Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nassima Ouzren
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300 Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Eliane Albuisson
- DRCI, MPI Department, Methodology Unit, Data Management and Statistics UMDS, Nancy University Hospital, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Anne Vanet
- University of Paris, Paris, France.,Genoinformatics Center, Jacques Monod Institute, UMR7592, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Matzel
- Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sergey Ponomarev
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Rykova
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Choukér
- Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300 Faculty of Medicine, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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6
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Tahimic CGT, Paul AM, Schreurs AS, Torres SM, Rubinstein L, Steczina S, Lowe M, Bhattacharya S, Alwood JS, Ronca AE, Globus RK. Influence of Social Isolation During Prolonged Simulated Weightlessness by Hindlimb Unloading. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1147. [PMID: 31572207 PMCID: PMC6753329 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hindlimb unloading (HU) model has been used extensively to simulate the cephalad fluid shift and musculoskeletal disuse observed in spaceflight with its application expanding to study immune, cardiovascular and central nervous system responses, among others. Most HU studies are performed with singly housed animals, although social isolation also can substantially impact behavior and physiology, and therefore may confound HU experimental results. Other HU variants that allow for paired housing have been developed although no systematic assessment has been made to understand the effects of social isolation on HU outcomes. Hence, we aimed to determine the contribution of social isolation to tissue responses to HU. To accomplish this, we developed a refinement to the traditional NASA Ames single housing HU system to accommodate social housing in pairs, retaining desirable features of the original design. We conducted a 30-day HU experiment with adult, female mice that were either singly or socially housed. HU animals in both single and social housing displayed expected musculoskeletal deficits versus housing matched, normally loaded (NL) controls. However, select immune and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses were differentially impacted by the HU social environment relative to matched NL controls. HU led to a reduction in % CD4+ T cells in singly housed, but not in socially housed mice. Unexpectedly, HU increased adrenal gland mass in socially housed but not singly housed mice, while social isolation increased adrenal gland mass in NL controls. HU also led to elevated plasma corticosterone levels at day 30 in both singly and socially housed mice. Thus, musculoskeletal responses to simulated weightlessness are similar regardless of social environment with a few differences in adrenal and immune responses. Our findings show that combined stressors can mask, not only exacerbate, select responses to HU. These findings further expand the utility of the HU model for studying possible combined effects of spaceflight stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice G T Tahimic
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States.,KBR, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amber M Paul
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States.,Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, United States
| | - Ann-Sofie Schreurs
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States.,KBR, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Samantha M Torres
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States.,Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Linda Rubinstein
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States.,Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, United States
| | - Sonette Steczina
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States.,Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Moniece Lowe
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States.,Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sharmila Bhattacharya
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - Joshua S Alwood
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - April E Ronca
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Ruth K Globus
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
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Rettig TA, Nishiyama NC, Pecaut MJ, Chapes SK. Effects of skeletal unloading on the bone marrow antibody repertoire of tetanus toxoid and/or CpG treated C57BL/6J mice. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 22:16-28. [PMID: 31421845 PMCID: PMC6703179 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spaceflight is known to impact the immune system in multiple ways. However, its effect on the antibody repertoire, especially in response to challenge, has not been well characterized. The development of the repertoire has multiple steps that could be affected by spaceflight, including V-(D-)J-gene segment rearrangement and the selection of complementarity determining regions (CDRs); specifically, CDR3, responsible for much of the diversity in the repertoire. We used skeletal unloading with the antiorthostatic suspension (AOS) model to simulate some of the physiological effects associated with spaceflight. Animals ± AOS were challenged with tetanus toxoid (TT) and/or CpG, an adjuvant. Two weeks after challenge, bone marrow was collected and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq 2 × 300 platform. The resulting antibody repertoire was characterized, including V-, D- (heavy only), and J-gene segment usage, constant region usage, CDR3 length, and V(D)J combinations. We detected changes in gene-segment usage in response to AOS, TT, and CpG treatment in both the heavy and light chains. Additionally, changes were seen in the class-switched VH-gene repertoire. Alterations were also detected in V/J pairing for both the heavy and light chains, and changes in CDR3 length. We also detected lower levels of CDR3 AA overlap than detected in the splenic repertoire. These results demonstrate that AOS, TT, and CpG alter the bone marrow antibody repertoire however, it is still unclear from the data whether there is a loss of host antigen-specific responsiveness because of the change in gene use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha A Rettig
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1711 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, USA; Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus St, Chan Shun Pavilion, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Nina C Nishiyama
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus St, Chan Shun Pavilion, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus St, Chan Shun Pavilion, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Stephen K Chapes
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1711 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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8
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Guéguinou N, Jeandel J, Kaminski S, Baatout S, Ghislin S, Frippiat JP. Modulation of Iberian Ribbed Newt Complement Component C3 by Stressors Similar to those Encountered during a Stay Onboard the International Space Station. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071579. [PMID: 30934839 PMCID: PMC6479312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system plays an important role in inflammation, innate and acquired immunity, as well as homeostasis. Despite these functions, the effects of spaceflight conditions on the complement system have not yet been intensively studied. Consequently, we investigated the effects of five types of chronic stressors, similar to those encountered during a stay onboard the International Space Station, on C3 expression in larvae of the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltl. We focused on C3 because it is a critical component of this system. These studies were completed by the analysis of adult mice exposed to two models of inflight stressors. Our data show that simulating space radiation, or combining a modification of the circadian rhythm with simulated microgravity, affects the amount of C3 proteins. These results suggest that C3 expression could be modified under real spaceflight conditions, potentially increasing the risk of inflammation and associated tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Guéguinou
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, 9 avenue de la Foret de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Jérémy Jeandel
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, 9 avenue de la Foret de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Sandra Kaminski
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, 9 avenue de la Foret de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, SCK·CEN, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Stéphanie Ghislin
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, 9 avenue de la Foret de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA 7300, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, 9 avenue de la Foret de Haye, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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