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Mouatt B, Smith AE, Parfitt G, Stanford T, McDade J, Smith RT, Stanton TR. What I see and what I feel: the influence of deceptive visual cues and interoceptive accuracy on affective valence and sense of effort during virtual reality cycling. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16095. [PMID: 37810786 PMCID: PMC10559878 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background How we feel during exercise is influenced by exteroceptive (e.g., vision) and interoceptive (i.e., internal body signals) sensory information, and by our prior experiences and expectations. Deceptive visual cues about one's performance during exercise can increase work rate, without negatively impacting affective valence (good/bad responses) or perceived exertion. However, what is less understood is whether the perception of the exercise experience itself can be shifted, if work rate is held constant. Here we aimed to investigate whether deceptive vision-via illusory hills in a virtual reality (VR) cycling experience-alters affective valence and perceived exertion when physical effort is controlled. We also evaluated whether the accuracy with which one detects interoceptive cues influences the extent to which deceptive visual information can shift exercise experiences. Methods A total of 20 participants (10 female; 30.2 ± 11.2 yrs) completed three VR cycling conditions each of 10-min duration, in a randomised, counterbalanced order. Pedal resistance/cadence were individualised (to exercise intensity around ventilatory threshold) and held constant across conditions; only visual cues varied. Two conditions provided deceptive visual cues about the terrain (illusory uphill, illusory downhill; resistance did not change); one condition provided accurate visual cues (flat terrain). Ratings of affective valence (Feeling Scale) and of perceived exertion (Borg's RPE) were obtained at standardised timepoints in each VR condition. Interoceptive accuracy was measured via a heartbeat detection test. Results Linear mixed effects models revealed that deceptive visual cues altered affective valence (f2 = 0.0198). Relative to flat terrain, illusory downhill reduced affective valence (Est = -0.21, p = 0.003), but illusory uphill did not significantly improve affective valence (Est = 0.107, p = 0.14). Deceptive visual cues altered perceived exertion, and this was moderated by the level of interoceptive accuracy (Condition-Interoception interaction, p = 0.00000024, f2 = 0.0307). Higher levels of interoceptive accuracy resulted in higher perceived exertion in the illusory downhill condition (vs flat), while lower interoceptive accuracy resulted in lower perceived exertion in both illusory hill conditions (vs flat) and shifts of greater magnitude. Conclusions Deceptive visual cues influence perceptual responses during exercise when physical effort does not vary, and for perceived exertion, the weighting given to visual exteroceptive cues is determined by accuracy with which interoceptive cues are detected. Contrary to our hypotheses, deceptive visual cues did not improve affective valence. Our findings suggest that those with lower levels of interoceptive accuracy experience most benefit from deceptive visual cues, providing preliminary insight into individualised exercise prescription to promote positive (and avoid negative) exercise experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Mouatt
- IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Persistent Pain Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ashleigh E. Smith
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gaynor Parfitt
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ty Stanford
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremy McDade
- Wearable Computer Laboratory, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ross T. Smith
- Wearable Computer Laboratory, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tasha R. Stanton
- IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Persistent Pain Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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DeCouto BS, Fawver B, Thomas JL, Williams AM, Vater C. The role of peripheral vision during decision-making in dynamic viewing sequences. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1852-1867. [PMID: 38234241 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2301143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Decision-making in team sports necessitates monitoring multiple performers located at different distances (i.e., viewing eccentricities) from a critical information source. The processing of peripheral information is generally impaired under anxiety and when responding to stimuli located at larger eccentricities. These hypotheses have not been sufficiently tested in dynamic performance environments. We examined how pressure and eccentricities affect decision-making and visual behaviour in 4v4 basketball defensive scenarios using a head mounted display. Experienced players monitored plays from the first-person perspective (centre position) and made defensive steps towards opponents threatening the basket from different eccentricities under low- and high-pressure. To tax working memory, participants simultaneously performed a backward counting task. Players responded slower and with lower accuracy to opponents at larger eccentricities. Players mostly fixated on the ball-carrier, but over 50% of fixations were located on peripheral players, indicating that information in the periphery must be frequently updated with foveal vision (i.e., pivot strategy). When pressured, participants increased mental effort and improved counting performance; however, gaze behaviour and decision-making were relatively unaffected. Findings suggest that basketball players respond more quickly to opponents positioned at lower compared to higher eccentricities at the cost of impaired responses to opponents in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S DeCouto
- Human Health, Resilience & Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - B Fawver
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, WA, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, USA
| | | | - A M Williams
- Human Health, Resilience & Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - C Vater
- Department of Movement and Training, Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, Chair of Cognitive Science, ETH Zurich Chair of Cognitive Science, Zürich, Switzerland
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Seabury T, Benton D, Young HA. Interoceptive differences in elite sprint and long-distance runners: A multidimensional investigation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278067. [PMID: 36696380 PMCID: PMC9876362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interoception, the process of detecting and interpreting bodily sensations, may facilitate self-regulation and thereby play a crucial role in achieving elite performance in competitive sports. However, there is a lack of research conducted in world-class athletes. In the present research, two studies examined self-reported (interoceptive sensibility) and behavioural (interoceptive accuracy) interoception in elite (top 100 ranking) sprint and long-distance runners, and non-athletes. Study 1 used the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness Questionnaire. Sprinters reported having better regulation of attention to internal sensations, greater emotional awareness, better self-regulation, and reported a greater propensity to listen to their body for insight, than distance runners. Compared to non-athletes, sprinters and distance runners had more bodily trust, attention regulation, and self-regualtion. Additionally, elite athletes reported lower emotional awareness, self-regulation, and body listening. Study 2 examined cardioception using two tasks: The Heartbeat Counting Task, and The Heartbeat Detection Task. Elite and non-elite runners performed the tasks under two conditions; in silence, and whilst listening to pre-recorded crowd noise that simulated the live sounds of spectators during a sporting event. Sprinters and distance runners were able to maintain heartbeat detection accuracy when distracted, whereas non-athletes could not. Across both tasks, compared to non-athletes, sprinters and distance runners were more confident than non-athletes in their interoceptive percept. Additionally, elite athletes compared to non-elite athletes were less accurate when counting their heartbeat and were characterised by a higher interoceptive prediction error. Athletic populations have altered interoceptive abilities.
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Adams KL, Edwards A, Peart C, Ellett L, Mendes I, Bird G, Murphy J. The association between anxiety and cardiac interoceptive accuracy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 140:104754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Miyazaki S, Kanbara K, Kunikata J, Tobiume A, Hayashino S, Namba T, Matsumoto I, Takagi Y, Minamino T. Heartbeat tracking task performance, an indicator of interoceptive accuracy, is associated with improvement of exercise tolerance in patients undergoing home-based cardiac rehabilitation. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. DIGITAL HEALTH 2022; 3:296-306. [PMID: 36713013 PMCID: PMC9707934 DOI: 10.1093/ehjdh/ztac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aims Interoception is the sensing function of physiological conditions and is crucial in self-regulation and decision-making. We examined the association of heartbeat tracking task performance, an indicator of interoceptive accuracy, with the degree of improvement in exercise tolerance in patients undergoing home-based cardiac rehabilitation. Methods and results Participants underwent baseline peak oxygen uptake (VO2) measurements and a heartbeat tracking task. The heartbeat tracking task score varies between 0 and 1, with higher scores indicating a better heartbeat perception. After 6 months of home-based exercise training, peak VO2 was measured again, and the percentage change (%Δ peak VO2) relative to the peak VO2 at baseline was calculated. Univariate regression analysis was performed to examine the association between %Δ peak VO2 and the heartbeat tracking task score. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors of %Δ peak VO2. Of 120 participants, 100 patients (age 65.9 ± 11.9 years; 86% male) were included. There was a significant positive association between %Δ peak VO2 and the heartbeat tracking task score at baseline (R 2 = 0.236, P < 0.001). In multiple regression analysis, the percentage of measured peak VO2 to the predicted value (%predicted peak VO2) (β = -0.248, P = 0.002), exercise adherence (β = 0.364, P < 0.001), and heartbeat tracking task score at baseline (β = 0.372, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with %Δ peak VO2. Conclusions Heartbeat tracking task performance, an indicator of interoceptive accuracy, at baseline is associated with the degree of improvement in exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Kanbara
- Psychosomatic Medicine, Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa Prefecture 761-0793, Japan
| | - Jun Kunikata
- Clinical Research Support Center, Kagawa University Hospital, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa Prefecture 761-0793, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tobiume
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa Prefecture 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shusei Hayashino
- Rehabilitation Center, KKR Takamatsu Hospital, 4-18 Tenjinmae, Takamatsu City, Kagawa Prefecture 760-0018, Japan
| | - Tsunetatsu Namba
- Department of Cardiology, KKR Takamatsu Hospital, 4-18 Tenjinmae, Takamatsu City, Kagawa Prefecture 760-0018, Japan
| | - Ichiro Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiology, KKR Takamatsu Hospital, 4-18 Tenjinmae, Takamatsu City, Kagawa Prefecture 760-0018, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Takagi
- Department of Cardiology, KKR Takamatsu Hospital, 4-18 Tenjinmae, Takamatsu City, Kagawa Prefecture 760-0018, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Minamino
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa Prefecture 761-0793, Japan
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Wallman-Jones A, Perakakis P, Tsakiris M, Schmidt M. Physical activity and interoceptive processing: Theoretical considerations for future research. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 166:38-49. [PMID: 33965423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Interoception, defined as the sense of the internal bodily state, plays a critical role in physical, cognitive, emotional and social well-being. Regarding physical well-being, contemporary models of exercise regulation incorporate interoceptive processes in the regulation of physical exertion. Top-down processes continuously monitor the physiological condition of the body to ensure allostasis is maintained, however, flagged perturbations also appear to influence these higher order processes in return. More specifically, enhancing one's physiological arousal by means of physical activity is a viable way of manipulating the afferent input entering the interoceptive system, appearing to optimise the integration of early sensory stimulation with later affective responses. Despite this, the relationship between physical activity and top-down regulation is underrepresented in interoceptive research. We here address this gap by integrating findings from different disciplines to support the overlapping mechanisms, with the hope of stimulating further research in this field. Developing our understanding of how interoceptive processes are shaped by physical activity could hold significant clinical implications considering the impact of interoceptive deficits to mental health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pandelis Perakakis
- Department of Social, Work, and Differential Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manos Tsakiris
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK; Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mirko Schmidt
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Anxiety does not always affect balance: the predominating role of cognitive engagement in a video gaming task. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2001-2014. [PMID: 33909113 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Scientists have predominantly assessed anxiety's impact on postural control when anxiety is created by the need to maintain balance (e.g., standing at heights). In the present study, we investigate how postural control and its mechanisms (i.e., vestibular function) are impacted when anxiety is induced by an unrelated task (playing a video game). Additionally, we compare watching and playing a game to dissociate postural adaptations caused by increased engagement rather than anxiety. Participants [N = 25, female = 8, M (SD) age = 23.5 (3.9)] held a controller in four standing conditions of varying surface compliance (firm or foam) and with or without peripheral visual occlusion across four blocks: quiet standing (baseline), watching the game with a visual task (watching), playing the game (low anxiety), and playing under anxiety (high anxiety). We measured sway area, sway frequency, root mean square (RMS) sway, anxiety, and mental effort. Limited sway differences emerged between anxiety blocks (only sway area on firm surface). The watching block elicited more sway than baseline (greater sway area and RMS sway; lower sway frequency), and the low anxiety block elicited more sway than the watching block (greater sway area and RMS sway; higher sway frequency). Mental effort was associated with increased sway area and RMS sway. Our findings indicate that anxiety, when generated through competition, has minimal impact on postural control. Postural control primarily adapts according to mental effort and more cognitively engaging task constraints (i.e., playing versus watching). We speculate increased sway reflects the prioritization of attention to game performance over postural control.
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Using bodily postures to reduce anxiety and improve interoception: A comparison between powerful and neutral poses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242578. [PMID: 33296377 PMCID: PMC7725306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has shown that anxiety syndromes are highly prevalent among university students. Effective treatments are needed to reduce the burden of anxiety in this population. Powerful postures have been found to impact affective states, as well as interoception (i.e. the ability to perceive inner bodily signals). However, no previous study has compared the effects of powerful- and neutral postures in regards to anxiety and interoceptive ability. METHODS The first part of the study measured the single-session effect of adopting powerful- vs. neutral postures on students' (n = 57) interoceptive ability and state anxiety. The second part of the study measured the effect of adopting powerful or neutral postures twice daily for two weeks, on individuals' interoceptive ability and trait anxiety. RESULTS State anxiety decreased in both conditions whereas interoceptive accuracy only increased in the power posing condition after a single session. Interoceptive accuracy increased in both groups after two weeks of training. LIMITATIONS The study included no comparison to a condition where individuals adopted their natural (i.e. usual) bodily posture. CONCLUSIONS Embodiment interventions that include elements of adopting an open or expansive bodily posture whilst maintaining a self-focus, can help to reduce state anxiety and improve interoceptive accuracy in student populations. Power posing does not seem to be superior to holding a neutral posture to improve interoceptive accuracy or anxiety. One reason therefore could be that both conditions include the manipulation of self-focus and a postural change that diverges from individuals' normal posture.
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Weineck F, Hauke G, Lindemann H, Lachenmeir K, Schnebel A, Karačić M, Meule A, Voderholzer U, Pollatos O. Using bodily postures in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: Effects of power posing on interoception and affective states. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2020; 29:216-231. [PMID: 33252788 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Power posing involves the adoption of an expansive bodily posture. This study examined whether power posing could benefit individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and women with normal weight in regards to interoceptive ability and affective states. METHOD Participants included 50 inpatients and outpatients with AN as well as 51 normal-weight women. Interoceptive accuracy (IAcc), measured by the heartbeat tracking task and interoceptive sensibility (IS), measured by confidence ratings, were assessed at baseline, after a single power posing session and after 1 week of daily training. Also, the short-term effects of power posing on subjective feelings of dominance, pleasantness, and arousal were investigated. RESULTS Both groups increased in their IAcc after one power posing session. Also, there was a significant main effect of time on feelings of dominance and pleasantness in the short-term. Women with AN displayed lower levels of IS, dominance, and pleasantness as well as higher levels of arousal than women without AN. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that power posing has the potential to increase IAcc, subjective feelings of power and pleasant affect in the short-term. Further research should investigate which mechanisms foster the effectiveness of this intervention to tailor it to the needs of women with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Weineck
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gernot Hauke
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hanna Lindemann
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Lachenmeir
- Treatment Center for Eating Disorders (TCE), Dritter Orden Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Adrian Meule
- Schön Klinik Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Voderholzer
- Schön Klinik Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Pollatos
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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