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Lu X, An X, Chen S. Trends and Influencing Factors in Problematic Smartphone Use Prevalence (2012-2022): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2024; 27:616-634. [PMID: 38979617 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2023.0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Given that problematic smartphone use (PSU) has been researched for a long time, it becomes necessary to assess how the trends of PSU prevalence have evolved over time. In total, 106 articles from 2012 to 2022 with 109 studies covering 97,748 individuals were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The estimation of the global pooled PSU prevalence was 37.1% (95% confidence interval, 33.5 - 40.8%) and the PSU prevalence is growing over time in total. Although the PSU prevalence exhibited wide variation between regions and measurement scales, the increasing trend remained. In addition, the regression slope of the PSU prevalence trend in males was higher than that in females. Males initially had a lower prevalence of PSU than females, but this steadily changed over time until it was greater in males than in females. Moreover, the prevalence of PSU showed an increasing trend across all age groups, with a faster growth rate in the older age group. Considering the aforementioned results, it's necessary to implement proper interventions to do with this phenomenon. In addition, considering the differences in prevalence brought by regions, and measurement scales, in practice and research, we should not only take into account the disparities of PSU between countries or cultures, but also to concern about establishing unified standard and measurement tools to confirm it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Lu
- Department of Psychology, School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xianli An
- Department of Psychology, School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Siguang Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Educational Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Kim D, Lee S, Kim H, Shin Y. From temperament to YouTube: exploring the link between childhood temperament, YouTube usage patterns, and emotional/behavioral problems among children. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1547. [PMID: 38849777 PMCID: PMC11161939 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND YouTube is a widely used video sharing and social networking platform among children and adolescents. However, research on YouTube usage among this population remains scarce. Specifically, studies on factors that influence children and adolescents' usage are clinically significant but largely lacking. Additionally, few studies have examined the association between usage and emotional/behavioral problems, which is fundamental to smartphone research. Therefore, this study explored the relationship between early childhood temperament, subsequent YouTube usage patterns, and emotional/behavioral problems. METHODS The Kids Cohort for Understanding Internet Addiction Risk Factors in Early Childhood (K-CURE) is the first long-term prospective cohort study in Korea aimed at understanding the long-term effects of media exposure on young children. The study included 195 children aged 8-11 years enrolled in the K-CURE study. Caregivers, predominantly mothers, who voluntarily participated during their visits to community centers for children's mental health in Korea's major cities, completed a detailed self-administered survey. Childhood temperament was measured in 2018 when the children were 5-8 years old. Subsequent YouTube usage patterns and emotional/behavioral problems were assessed in 2021. Data were analyzed using frequency analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression. RESULTS The study found that 21.0% of children started using YouTube before age 4, with the most common onset age being 8-9 years (30.3%). These children used YouTube on average 4.8 days per week for 68.5 min per day. Early childhood persistence was negatively associated with the subsequent YouTube usage duration, and the age at first YouTube use was negatively correlated with subsequent usage frequency. Furthermore, a younger age at first YouTube use and higher usage frequency were significantly associated with increased emotional/behavioral problems. CONCLUSIONS In the YouTube environment, where content is automatically recommended based on user preferences, traits related to usage patterns may be associated with persistence, which is linked to self-regulation. Considering the current trend where children use smartphones, contents frequently for very short durations, our findings highlight the importance of self-regulation in the media usage of children who are still developing. Additionally, our results provide fundamental information for future YouTube studies and illustrate similarities and differences between smartphone and YouTube research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangha Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmi Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Demirkan AK. Exploring the Relationship between Smartphone Addiction, Quality of Life, and Personality Traits in University Students. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2024; 19:210-220. [PMID: 38686313 PMCID: PMC11055973 DOI: 10.18502/ijps.v19i2.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore the dynamics of the relationship among smartphone addiction, quality of life, and personality characteristics in university students. Method : This correlational and descriptive research was conducted to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction, quality of life, and personality traits among university students. Using a nonprobability random sampling method, 496 university students were selected. Data collection involved the Student Information Form, Smartphone Addiction Scale, Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Abridged Form (EPQR-A), and the WHO Quality of Life Scale-Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF). Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 25.0, utilizing Chi-square tests, independent sample t-tests, and Pearson's correlation analysis. Results: Out of 496 students (average age of 20.52), 59.87% were identified as smartphone addicts based on the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version. A notable difference was found by study year (P = 0.009) and socioeconomic status (P = 0.003). Participants with smartphone addiction registered higher SCL-90-r scores for conditions like Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Interpersonal Sensitivity, and Psychoticism. The Eysenck Personality Inventory highlighted that the Psychoticism score was significantly higher in the group with smartphone addiction (P = 0.001). A negative correlation between smartphone addiction scores and general health (WHOQoL) was identified, whereas a positive correlation with SCL-90-R's Psychoticism dimension score was observed (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Smartphone addiction is widespread among university student population. The study indicates that smartphone addiction not only impacts the individual's quality of life but also is associated with personality disorders, and these problems intensify with the severity of addiction. The findings underscore the need for interventions and educational programs to address smartphone addiction in this population.
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Wu YY, Chou WH. Smartphone addiction, gender and interpersonal attachment: A cross-sectional analytical survey in Taiwan. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231177134. [PMID: 37256009 PMCID: PMC10226168 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231177134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Overview Smartphone use has dramatically increased worldwide, contributing to a profound change in interpersonal interactions. They have become the primary medium of human interaction, and smartphone addiction, consequently, has become a modern-day reality. Recent research on smartphone addiction has provided diverse explanations regarding the correlation between gender and addiction. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the correlation and variance among smartphone addiction, gender and interpersonal attachment. Methods The participants included Taiwanese citizens and the questionnaires were randomly distributed; 1190 valid questionnaires (534 males, 656 females) were collected. Descriptive statistics were computed to observe the average value and standard deviation between interpersonal attachment and gender. Next, Spearman's ρ was conducted to interpret the correlation among smartphone addiction, gender and interpersonal attachment. Finally, the participants were divided into three groups based on their pre-determined level of smartphone addiction: high, moderate and low addictions. The Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed based on interpersonal attachment as the independent variable to determine any statistically significant difference among the three levels. Results There are four patterns of interpersonal attachment: secure, avoidant, dismissing and anxious attachments. The correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between interpersonal attachment and smartphone addiction (p > 0.000), while revealing no relationship between gender and smartphone addiction or gender and interpersonal attachment. Additionally, the ANOVA indicated the difference was statistically significant in the groups of high and moderate addictions; no statistical significance was identified in the group of low addiction (p < 0.204). Conclusion This study revealed that there was no correlation between gender and smartphone addiction, but rather, a positive correlation between smartphone addiction and interpersonal attachment. This positive correlation suggests both high and moderate addiction groups display insecurity in their interpersonal attachment. Therefore, to lower the prevalence of unhealthy smartphone addiction, maintaining healthy interpersonal relationships is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ying Wu
- Graduate School of Design, National Yunlin University of Science and
Technology, Douliou
| | - Wen-Huei Chou
- Department of Digital Media Design, National Yunlin University of Science and
Technology, Douliou
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Siste K, Pandelaki J, Miyata J, Oishi N, Tsurumi K, Fujiwara H, Murai T, Nasrun MW, Wiguna T, Bardosono S, Sekartini R, Sarasvita R, Murtani BJ, Sen LT, Firdaus KK. Altered Resting-State Network in Adolescents with Problematic Internet Use. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195838. [PMID: 36233704 PMCID: PMC9570959 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Problematic internet use (PIU) is increasingly recognized as a mental health concern, particularly among adolescents. The resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the triple-network model has been described inconsistently in PIU. Using resting-state fMRI (rsFMRI) and hypothesizing a lower rsFC between default mode (DMN) and central executive networks (CEN) but a higher rsFC within the salience network (SN), this study scrutinized the neural substrates of PIU adolescents. A total of 30 adolescents with PIU and 30 control subjects underwent rsFMRI. The severity of PIU was evaluated by the Internet Addiction Test. Additionally, personality traits as well as emotional and behavioral problems were evaluated by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), respectively. Focusing on the DMN, SN, and CEN, we compared rsFC values between PIU and the control. Subsequently, within the combined group of subjects, TCI and SDQ correlation and mediation effects were investigated. Higher rsFC values of the left lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC(L)) with the left anterior insula (aIns(L)) were observed for PIU than for the control, while rsFCs of the LPFC(L) with the medial PFC (MPFC), LPFC(L), as well as with the right lateral parietal cortex (LP(R)) were lower for PIU. Among these significant group differences, the rsFC between the LPFC(L) and MPFC was mediated by emotional symptoms (standardized β = −0.12, 95% CI −0.29, −0.0052). The dysfunctional attention switching and incentive salience regulated by the SN were implicated as being a neural correlate of PIU, and this relationship would in part be explained by the emotional dysregulation associated with PIU in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiana Siste
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Jacub Pandelaki
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Jun Miyata
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoya Oishi
- Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tsurumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hironobu Fujiwara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Decentralized Big Data Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
- The General Research Division, Osaka University Research Center on Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Martina Wiwie Nasrun
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Tjhin Wiguna
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Saptawati Bardosono
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Rini Sekartini
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Riza Sarasvita
- Faculty of Psychology, Soegijapranata University, Central Java 50234, Indonesia
| | - Belinda Julivia Murtani
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Lee Thung Sen
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Karina Kalani Firdaus
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
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Zhong Y, Ma H, Liang YF, Liao CJ, Zhang CC, Jiang WJ. Prevalence of smartphone addiction among Asian medical students: A meta-analysis of multinational observational studies. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022; 68:1171-1183. [PMID: 35422151 DOI: 10.1177/00207640221089535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High prevalence of smartphone addiction among medical students may contribute to adverse physical and mental health outcomes. AIM To estimate the prevalence of smartphone addiction, and explore the influencing factors and related mental health symptoms of smartphone addiction among Asian medical students. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed (MEDLINE), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE were searched for relevant literature from the inception to September 10, 2021. Using Stata software 11.0, the meta-analysis of prevalence and the influencing factors of smartphone addiction were determined with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Nineteen articles, published between 2014 and 2019, were included, producing medical student studies from seven different Asian countries. The included studies were conducted in India (n = 11) and Malaysia (n = 3), with China, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Nepal, and Iran each contributing one study. Among a total of 5,497 medical students, the participants included 3,214 females, of whom 2,181 were medical students with smartphone addiction. The prevalence of smartphone addiction among Asian medical students was 41.93% (95% CI [36.24%, 47.72%]). The influencing factors of smartphone addiction among medical students included gender, duration of smartphone use, smartphone function, and marital status. Ten studies (52.63%) explored related mental health symptoms of smartphone addiction among Asian medical students. Smartphone addiction was positively correlated with poor sleep quality (r = .17-.31), stress (r = .30-.40), anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and general health among Asian medical students. CONCLUSION Smartphone addiction is highly prevalent among Asian medical students. Smartphone addiction may adversely affect mental health, resulting in sleep disturbance, stress, anxiety, depression, and neuroticism. It is necessary to take appropriate precautionary actions and interventions to prevent smartphone overuse among medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhong
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Nursing Department, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Fen Liang
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Chang-Ju Liao
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Cui-Cui Zhang
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Jiang
- Nursing Department, Zigong First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
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Nurmala I, Nadhiroh SR, Pramukti I, Tyas LW, Zari AP, Griffiths MD, Lin CY. Reliability and validity study of the Indonesian Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS) among college students. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10403. [PMID: 36090230 PMCID: PMC9449775 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Smartphone addiction, smartphone dependence, and compulsive smartphone use all describe similar phenomena that can cause problems in everyday daily life in many countries worldwide. Most scholars agree that it is the applications on smartphones that individuals have problems with rather than the smartphone itself. For this reason, smartphone application-based addiction is an issue of concern and one instrument has been specifically developed to assess this risk, namely, the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS). Although the SABAS has been translated into a number of languages, it has not been translated or validated into Indonesian. Methods The SABAS was translated into Bahasa Indonesian utilizing a cross-cultural method to ensure its linguistic validity. The linguistic validity of the Indonesian SABAS was ensured using international standard translation guidelines. Moreover, reliability and validity testing of the translated Indonesian SABAS were carried out using Cronbach's α, McDonald's ω, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and correlations with psychometric scales assessing psychological distress and nomophobia. Results Using a sample of 458 participants (mean age = 22.46 years), reliability tests showed that the Indonesian SABAS was acceptable (Cronbach α = 0.74; McDonald's ω = 0.79). Construct validity of the Indonesian SABAS was supported by satisfactory CFA fit indices; concurrent validity supported by good correlations with psychological distress (r = 0.50) and nomophobia (r = 0.61). Conclusions The Indonesian version of SABAS is valid and reliable to be used for assessing the risk of smartphone application-based addiction in college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Nurmala
- Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Siti Rahayu Nadhiroh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Iqbal Pramukti
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Laila Wahyuning Tyas
- Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Afina Puspita Zari
- Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
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Lee JW, Park SJ, Kim S, Chung US, Han DH. The Association Between Temperament and Characteristics, Smartphone App Use Patterns and Academic Performance of University Students. J Korean Med Sci 2022; 37:e143. [PMID: 35502506 PMCID: PMC9062277 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smartphone use patterns may predict daily life efficacy and performance improvements in sports. Additionally, personal characteristics may be associated with smartphone overuse. METHODS We investigated the correlation between the temperament and character inventory (TCI) and academic performance using smartphone log data. We hypothesized that the elite and general groups, divided based on academic performance, differed according to the TCI and downloadable smartphone apps (applications). Additionally, we hypothesized a correlation between smartphone app usage patterns and TCI. A total of 151 students provided smartphone log data of the previous four weeks. They also completed the TCI and provided academic records of the previous year. RESULTS The first and second most frequently used apps by both groups of students were social networking and entertainment, respectively. Elite students scored higher on novelty seeking, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, and self-transcendence than general students. In all participants, the usage time of serious apps was correlated with the scores for novelty seeking (r = 0.32, P < 0.007), reward dependence (r = 0.32, P < 0.007), and self-transcendence (r = 0.35, P < 0.006). In the elite group, the usage time of serious apps was correlated with the scores for novelty seeking (r = 0.45, P < 0.001), reward dependence (r = 0.39, P = 0.022), and self-transcendence (r = 0.35, P = 0.031). In the general group, the usage time of serious apps was correlated only with self-transcendence (r = 0.32, P < 0.007). CONCLUSION High usage time of serious apps can help sports majors to excel academically. Particularly among sports majors, serious apps are related to activity, the desire for rewards and recognition, and the tendency to transcend themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jea Woog Lee
- College of Sport Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Sung Je Park
- College of Sport Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Un Sun Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Gao L, Zhao W, Chu X, Chen H, Li W. A Network Analysis of the Relationships Between Behavioral Inhibition/Activation Systems and Problematic Mobile Phone Use. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:832933. [PMID: 35432049 PMCID: PMC9011098 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.832933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is of great concern to society that individuals can be vulnerable to problematic mobile phone use (PMPU). However, there are a few studies in the field evaluating associations between behavioral inhibition/activation systems (BIS/BAS) and PMPU, and the results have been inconsistent. This study aimed to explore the relationships between BIS/BAS and PMPU by network analysis. Methods A total of 891 young adults participated in the study. BIS/BAS and PMPU were assessed by using the behavioral inhibition and activation systems scale and smartphone application-based addiction scale, respectively. The structure of the BIS/BAS-PMPU network was characterized using "strength," "closeness" and "betweenness" as centrality indices. Edge-weight accuracy and centrality stability were tested using a bootstrap procedure. Results The network analysis showed that "mood modification," "tolerance" and "withdrawal symptoms" had high centrality. In addition, the positive connection between BIS and "mood modification" or "tolerance" and between BAS-fun seeking and "mood modification" or "conflict" were also shown in the BIS/BAS-PMPU network. Conclusion These findings shed light on the central and bridge components between the BIS/BAS and PMPU communities, providing new evidence relevant to potential mechanisms that account for how high-BIS or high-BAS individuals develop PMPU, and inspiring component-based PMPU prevention or interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Gao
- Institute of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan Zhao
- Institute of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaowei Chu
- Institute of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Haide Chen
- Institute of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Weijian Li
- Institute of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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Yoo SY, Park SM, Choi CH, Chung SJ, Bhang SY, Kim JW, Kweon YS, Choi JS. Harm avoidance, daily stress, and problematic smartphone use in children and adolescents. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:962189. [PMID: 36186857 PMCID: PMC9515407 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.962189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Temperament is close to susceptibility to stress and the increased level of stress may lead problematic smartphone use (PSU). In this study, the relationships between harm avoidance (HA) as a personality trait, daily traits, and PSU in children and adolescents were investigated. METHODS At baseline, all participants (184 children and adolescents, mean age 13.15 years) completed questionnaires on PSU using the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) and the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SAPS). The Daily Hassles Questionnaire (DHQ) and Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI) were also administered to evaluate stress levels and personality traits. SAS-SV, SAPS, and DHQ were reassessed at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS Among JTCI temperament, HA displayed robust positive correlations with SAS-SV, SAPS, and DHQ at all time points. Mediation effects of daily stress on the relationship between HA and PSU were observed at baseline, 3, and 6 months. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that managing stress may important in PSU children and adolescents with high HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Yoo
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Mi Park
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chi-Hyun Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Soo-Young Bhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Sil Kweon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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Lane HY, Chang CJ, Huang CL, Chang YH. An Investigation into Smartphone Addiction with Personality and Sleep Quality among University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7588. [PMID: 34300037 PMCID: PMC8307286 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, smartphones have become common, and the accompanying devices have also become much more popular and easily accessible worldwide. With the development of smartphones, accompanied by internet facilities, excessive smartphone use or smartphone addiction may cause sleep disturbance and daily dysfunction. This study proposed examining the association between personality traits and smartphone addiction and its effects on sleep disturbance. Four hundred and twenty-two university participants (80 male and 342 female participants) with a mean age of 20.22 years old were recruited in this study. All participants were asked to complete the following questionnaires: Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI), Tri-dimensional personality questionnaire (TPQ), and Chinese Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire Index (CPSQI). The results showed that people with a high tendency toward novelty seeking (NS) as a personality trait, compared to those with lower tendency toward NS, are more likely to become addicted to smartphone use. Moreover, those with a stronger trait of being NS and specific impulsivity factor were found to have higher total scores in the SPAI (p < 0.05). In addition, linear regression analysis showed that the individuals with higher scores for withdrawal symptoms on the SPAI and anticipatory worry factor on the TPQ tended to have higher CPSQI total scores (p < 0.05). This information may be useful for prevention in individuals with personality traits making them vulnerable to smartphone addiction and for designing intervention programs to reduce intensive smartphone use and programs to increase capability in managing smartphone use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry & Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Jui Chang
- Department of Public Policy and Administration, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan;
| | - Chieh-Liang Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Nantou 54249, Taiwan;
| | - Yun-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Center for Internet Addiction Prevention and Intervention, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Clinical Psychological Center, Asia University Hospital, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
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12
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Bitar Z, Hallit S, Khansa W, Obeid S. Phubbing and temperaments among young Lebanese adults: the mediating effect of self-esteem and emotional intelligence. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:87. [PMID: 34022960 PMCID: PMC8140490 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid increasing rate of mobile and internet users in Lebanon, predisposes us to a high dependency on smartphones, leading to more phubbing. Phubbing has been found associated with many psychological factors. Thus, the main objectives of this study was (1) to evaluate the association between phubbing and temperaments, and (2) assess the mediating effect of self-esteem and emotional intelligence in the association between phubbing and temperaments among a sample of Lebanese adults. Methods A cross-sectional study, carried out between August and September 2020, enrolled 461 participants aged between 18 and 29 years old. Participants were recruited from all districts/governorates of Lebanon (Beirut, Mount Lebanon, North Lebanon, South Lebanon, and Bekaa) using the snowball technique. The Generic Scale of Phubbing, Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test and TEMPS-M were used to assess phubbing, self-esteem, emotional intelligence and temperaments respectively. Results Our results showed that higher depressive temperament (B = 1.21) was significantly associated with more phubbing, whereas higher self-esteem (B = − 0.32) was significantly associated with less phubbing. Regarding the mediating effect, self-esteem partially mediated the association between depressive temperament and phubbing (21.02%), whereas emotional intelligence had no mediating effect on the association between temperaments and phubbing. Conclusion A strong correlation between phubbing and temperaments has been found in our study with a partial mediating effect of self-esteem in this association. Our findings might be a first step for raising awareness to develop the etiquette of using smartphones by providing media education to families, and good media usage habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Bitar
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jall-Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon. .,INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Wael Khansa
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jall-Eddib, Lebanon. .,INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
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Busch PA, McCarthy S. Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A systematic literature review of an emerging research area. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Lee SY, Lee HK, Choi JS, Bang SY, Park MH, Jung KI, Kweon YS. The Matthew Effect in Recovery from Smartphone Addiction in a 6-Month Longitudinal Study of Children and Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4751. [PMID: 32630338 PMCID: PMC7369801 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical course of problematic smartphone use (PSU) remains largely unknown due to a lack of longitudinal studies. We recruited 193 subjects with smartphone addiction problems for the present study. After providing informed consent, the subjects completed surveys and underwent comprehensive interviews regarding smartphone usage. A total of 56 subjects among the 193 initially recruited subjects were followed up for six months. We compared baseline characteristics between persistent addicted users and recovered users at the end of the 6-month follow-up. Persistent problematic smartphone users displayed higher baseline smartphone addiction severity and were more prone to develop mental health problems at the follow-up. However, baseline depressive or anxiety status did not significantly influence the course of PSU. PSU behaved more like an addictive disorder rather than a secondary psychiatric disorder. Harm avoidance, impulsivity, higher Internet use, and less conversation time with mothers were identified as poor prognostic factors in PSU. Lower quality of life, low perceived happiness, and goal instability also contributed to persistent PSU, while recovery increased these scores as well as measures of self-esteem. These findings suggest that the Matthew effect is found in the recovery of PSU with better premorbid psychosocial adjustment leading to a more successful recovery. Greater clinical resources are required for interventions in vulnerable populations to modify the course of this increasingly prevalent problematic behavior worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yup Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (M.-H.P.); (K.-I.J.)
| | - Hae Kook Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Jung-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea;
| | - Soo-young Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Seoul 01830, Korea;
| | - Min-Hyeon Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (M.-H.P.); (K.-I.J.)
| | - Kyu-In Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (M.-H.P.); (K.-I.J.)
| | - Yong-Sil Kweon
- Department of Psychiatry, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
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