Assessing cumulative neighborhood effects on adult health

Environmental barriers matter from the early stages of functional decline among older adults in France

Background

The adaptation of living environments can preserve functional independence among older people. A few studies have suggested that this would only benefit the most impaired. But conceptual models theorize that environmental pressure gradually increases with functional decline.

Objectives

We examined (1) how far different environmental barriers increased difficulties and favoured resort to assistance; (2) at what stage in functional decline environmental barriers begin to matter.

Methods

We used the French cross-sectional survey CARE (2015), including 7,451 participants (60+) with at least one severe functional limitation (FL). Multinomial logistic regressions models were used to compare predicted probabilities for outdoor activities of daily living (OADL) difficulties (no OADL difficulties; difficulties but without assistance; use of assistance) among individuals with and without environmental barriers (self-reported or objective), in relation to the number of FLs.

Results

Poor-quality pedestrian areas and lack of places to rest were associated with a higher probability of experiencing OADL difficulties, whatever the number of FLs; the association increased with the number of FLs. Up to 6 FLs, individuals with these barriers were more likely to report difficulties without resorting to assistance, with a decreasing association. Living in cities/towns with high diversity of food outlets was associated with a lower probability of reporting assistance, whatever the number of FLs, but with a decreasing association.

Discussion

Overall, the results suggest that environmental barriers increasingly contribute to OADL difficulties with the number of FLs. Conclusions differed as to whether they tended to favour resort to assistance, but there was a clear association with food outlets, which decreased with impairment severity. The adaptation of living environments could reduce difficulties in performing activities from the early stages of decline to the most severe impairment. However, the most deteriorated functional impairments seem to generate resort to assistance whatever the quality of the environment.