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Mpeyako LA, Hart AJ, Bailey NP, Carlton JM, Henrissat B, Sullivan SA, Hirt RP. Comparative genomics between Trichomonas tenax and Trichomonas vaginalis: CAZymes and candidate virulence factors. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1437572. [PMID: 39086644 PMCID: PMC11288935 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1437572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The oral trichomonad Trichomonas tenax is increasingly appreciated as a likely contributor to periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease induced by dysbiotic microbiota, in humans and domestic animals and is strongly associated with its worst prognosis. Our current understanding of the molecular basis of T. tenax interactions with host cells and the microbiota of the oral cavity are still rather limited. One laboratory strain of T. tenax (Hs-4:NIH/ATCC 30207) can be grown axenically and two draft genome assemblies have been published for that strain, although the structural and functional annotation of these genomes is not available. Methods GenSAS and Galaxy were used to annotate two publicly available draft genomes for T. tenax, with a focus on protein-coding genes. A custom pipeline was used to annotate the CAZymes for T. tenax and the human sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, the most well-characterized trichomonad. A combination of bioinformatics analyses was used to screen for homologs of T. vaginalis virulence and colonization factors within the T. tenax annotated proteins. Results Our annotation of the two T. tenax draft genome sequences and their comparison with T. vaginalis proteins provide evidence for several candidate virulence factors. These include candidate surface proteins, secreted proteins and enzymes mediating potential interactions with host cells and/or members of the oral microbiota. The CAZymes annotation identified a broad range of glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, with the majority of these being shared between the two Trichomonas species. Discussion The presence of candidate T. tenax virulence genes supports the hypothesis that this species is associated with periodontitis through direct and indirect mechanisms. Notably, several GH proteins could represent potential new virulence factors for both Trichomonas species. These data support a model where T. tenax interactions with host cells and members of the oral microbiota could synergistically contribute to the damaging inflammation characteristic of periodontitis, supporting a causal link between T. tenax and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenshina A. Mpeyako
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Hart
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P. Bailey
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jane M. Carlton
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering), Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steven A. Sullivan
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert P. Hirt
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Nor Azmi NJ, Mohamad S, Shahidan WNS, Taib H, Mohamed Z, Osman E. Risk factors and approaches for detection of Trichomonas tenax, the silent culprit in periodontal disease: A narrative review. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:258-261. [PMID: 38419993 PMCID: PMC10897585 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periodontal disease is the inflammation of the periodontium tissues surrounding the teeth, potentially leading to loss of tooth attachment. In individuals with periodontal disease, the presence of Trichomonas tenax, a parasitic protozoan of the oral cavity has been observed and its frequency tends to rise as the disease progresses. Methods A literature search was conducted in the online databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus using the combination of keywords: "Trichomonas tenax" AND "periodontal disease" OR "gum disease", OR "oral disease" OR "periodontitis". A total of 9 articles satisfied the inclusion criteria and were included in this study. Results This review highlights the incidence of T. tenax with periodontal diseases, the risk factors that contribute to the infection of T. tenax and available detection methods for the identification of the protozoan. Conclusion The inhabitation of the oral cavity by T. tenax prospers with the severity of periodontal diseases. Extensive research should be conducted to fully understand the potential pathogenic role and damaging effect of T. tenax in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurin Jazlina Nor Azmi
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Suharni Mohamad
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | | | - Haslina Taib
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Zeehaida Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Emelia Osman
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Baker JL, Mark Welch JL, Kauffman KM, McLean JS, He X. The oral microbiome: diversity, biogeography and human health. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:89-104. [PMID: 37700024 PMCID: PMC11084736 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The human oral microbiota is highly diverse and has a complex ecology, comprising bacteria, microeukaryotes, archaea and viruses. These communities have elaborate and highly structured biogeography that shapes metabolic exchange on a local scale and results from the diverse microenvironments present in the oral cavity. The oral microbiota also interfaces with the immune system of the human host and has an important role in not only the health of the oral cavity but also systemic health. In this Review, we highlight recent advances including novel insights into the biogeography of several oral niches at the species level, as well as the ecological role of candidate phyla radiation bacteria and non-bacterial members of the oral microbiome. In addition, we summarize the relationship between the oral microbiota and the pathology of oral diseases and systemic diseases. Together, these advances move the field towards a more holistic understanding of the oral microbiota and its role in health, which in turn opens the door to the study of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon L Baker
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jessica L Mark Welch
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Xuesong He
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Barnett MJ, Pinheiro J, Keown JR, Biboy J, Gray J, Lucinescu IW, Vollmer W, Hirt RP, Simoes-Barbosa A, Goldstone DC. NlpC/P60 peptidoglycan hydrolases of Trichomonas vaginalis have complementary activities that empower the protozoan to control host-protective lactobacilli. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011563. [PMID: 37585473 PMCID: PMC10461829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a human protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection. Trichomoniasis is accompanied by a shift to a dysbiotic vaginal microbiome that is depleted of lactobacilli. Studies on co-cultures have shown that vaginal bacteria in eubiosis (e.g. Lactobacillus gasseri) have antagonistic effects on T. vaginalis pathogenesis, suggesting that the parasite might benefit from shaping the microbiome to dysbiosis (e.g. Gardnerella vaginalis among other anaerobes). We have recently shown that T. vaginalis has acquired NlpC/P60 genes from bacteria, expanding them to a repertoire of nine TvNlpC genes in two distinct clans, and that TvNlpCs of clan A are active against bacterial peptidoglycan. Here, we expand this characterization to TvNlpCs of clan B. In this study, we show that the clan organisation of NlpC/P60 genes is a feature of other species of Trichomonas, and that Histomonas meleagridis has sequences related to one clan. We characterized the 3D structure of TvNlpC_B3 alone and with the inhibitor E64 bound, probing the active site of these enzymes for the first time. Lastly, we demonstrated that TvNlpC_B3 and TvNlpC_B5 have complementary activities with the previously described TvNlpCs of clan A and that exogenous expression of these enzymes empower this mucosal parasite to take over populations of vaginal lactobacilli in mixed cultures. TvNlpC_B3 helps control populations of L. gasseri, but not of G. vaginalis, which action is partially inhibited by E64. This study is one of the first to show how enzymes produced by a mucosal protozoan parasite may contribute to a shift on the status of a microbiome, helping explain the link between trichomoniasis and vaginal dysbiosis. Further understanding of this process might have significant implications for treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Barnett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jully Pinheiro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jeremy R. Keown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jacob Biboy
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Gray
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P. Hirt
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - David C. Goldstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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Khelaifia S, Virginie P, Belkacemi S, Tassery H, Terrer E, Aboudharam G. Culturing the Human Oral Microbiota, Updating Methodologies and Cultivation Techniques. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040836. [PMID: 37110259 PMCID: PMC10143722 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have been marked by a paradigm shift in the study of the human microbiota, with a re-emergence of culture-dependent approaches. Numerous studies have been devoted to the human microbiota, while studies on the oral microbiota still remain limited. Indeed, various techniques described in the literature may enable an exhaustive study of the microbial composition of a complex ecosystem. In this article, we report different methodologies and culture media described in the literature that can be applied to study the oral microbiota by culture. We report on specific methodologies for targeted culture and specific culture techniques and selection methodologies for cultivating members of the three kingdoms of life commonly found in the human oral cavity, namely, eukaryota, bacteria and archaea. This bibliographic review aims to bring together the various techniques described in the literature, enabling a comprehensive study of the oral microbiota in order to demonstrate its involvement in oral health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Khelaifia
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, AP-HM, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
- Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Pilliol Virginie
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, AP-HM, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
- Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Souad Belkacemi
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, AP-HM, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Herve Tassery
- Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Elodie Terrer
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, AP-HM, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
- Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Gérard Aboudharam
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, AP-HM, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
- Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
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Santos JO, Roldán WH. Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax: Protozoa parasites living in the mouth. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 147:105631. [PMID: 36764082 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review article aims to summarize the existing data on the history, biology and potential pathogenicity of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in periodontal disease, as well as the available techniques for laboratory diagnosis. DESIGN A detailed review of scientific literature available up to October 1, 2022 in three databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) was performed relevant to biology, biochemistry, epidemiology, and experimental studies on infection by E. gingivalis and T. tenax, as well as laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of both protozoa in periodontal diseases. RESULTS Accumulated evidence over the decades indicates that the protozoa E. gingivalis and T. tenax are able to interact with host cells and induce inflammation in the periodontal tissue by promoting the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules and the recruitment of neutrophils, contributing to the periodontal disease process. Among the available techniques for the laboratory diagnosis, culture and molecular assays seems to be the best tools for detection of both protozoan parasites. CONCLUSIONS E. gingivalis and T. tenax are potentially pathogens that colonize the oral cavity of humans and may cause periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Oliveira Santos
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo, Av. dos Autonomistas, 1325, CEP 06020-015 Osasco, SP, Brazil
| | - William Henry Roldán
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 06, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, CEP 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Matthew MA, Yang N, Ketzis J, Mukaratirwa S, Yao C. Trichomonas tenax: A Neglected Protozoan Infection in the Oral Cavities of Humans and Dogs-A Scoping Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8010060. [PMID: 36668967 PMCID: PMC9863487 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas tenax is a flagellated protozoan parasite found in the oral cavities of humans and animals and has been associated with periodontal disease, the most prevalent inflammatory disease affecting them all. Studies have shown that T. tenax can cause damage to mammalian cells and secretes virulent proteins, such as cysteine. It is presently considered zoonotic. Despite the few studies that have been done, the pathogenicity of this oral protozoan is still not fully understood. A database search was performed in July 2022 using PubMed and Google Scholar to retrieve data eligible for this study. PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed to conduct this scoping review. A total of 321 articles were found with 87 included in this review after applying the exclusion criteria. Due to its increasing prevalence worldwide in both humans and dogs, detecting and elucidating the pathogenicity of this parasite is paramount for effective global control and prevention of periodontal disease. However, there is a paucity in the literature on this neglected zoonotic trichomonad, which is in large contrast to the closely related human pathogen T. vaginalis. Here, we comprehensively review the history, morphology and reproduction, host, prevalence, diagnosis, pathogenicity, control, and prevention of T. tenax. Hopefully, this article will call attention to both medical and veterinary professionals as well as epidemiologists on this most neglected and zoonotic protozoan. More epidemiological and clinical studies need to be conducted on T. tenax to gain a better understanding of its pathogenicity, to increase the chances of developing effective drugs to aid in the control of this oral parasite, and reduce the spread of periodontal disease worldwide.
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Hong ZB, Lai YT, Chen CH, Chen YJ, Chen CC, Lin WC. Trichomonas tenax induces barrier defects and modulates the inflammatory cytotoxicity of gingival and pulmonary epithelial cells. Parasite 2023; 30:7. [PMID: 36971465 PMCID: PMC10041961 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomonas tenax is a single-cell flagellated anaerobic organism, commensal in the human oral cavity. Although a previous study indicated that T. tenax could cause cell damage and phagocytose host epithelial cells, its pathological effects on gum cells remain unknown. Furthermore, several case reports have detected T. tenax in several patients with empyema and/or pleural effusion, which may have been aspirated from the oral cavity. However, the cytotoxic effects and immune responses of alveolar cells are unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the cytotoxic and immune effects of T. tenax on gums and pulmonary cell lines. The cytopathic effect and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assays were used to determine the level of cell damage in gum and lung epithelial cells. Western blot was used to determine the disruption of cell junctions. Finally, epithelial cell cytokines were measured using ELISA to elucidate the immune response to T. tenax. RESULTS We found that T. tenax induced a cytotoxic effect on gum epithelial cells by disrupting cell junctions; however, it hardly triggered cellular damage in alveolar A549 cells and mucoepidermoid NCI-H292 cells. Furthermore, T. tenax induced the production of IL-6 at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) in gum, A549, and NCI-H292 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that T. tenax can trigger gingival cell cytotoxicity, disrupt cell junctions, and induce IL-6 production in gingival and pulmonary cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zih-Bin Hong
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lai
- Department of Chest Division, Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Department of Chest Division, Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan - Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan - Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan - Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 402, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan - Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Ito N, Itoh N, Nakanishi R, Kameshima S, Kimura Y. Molecular prevalence and zoonotic potential of trichomonads from oral cavities in household dogs. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12941. [PMID: 36001036 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the molecular prevalence of oral trichomonads in household dogs. Of the 144 dogs, 21 (14.6%, 21/144) tested positive for oral trichomonads. The prevalence was significantly higher in dogs with severe gingivitis (gingival index 3: 30.0%, 8/26) than that in normal dogs (gingival index 0: 2.7%, 1/37). Therefore, an interaction between oral trichomonads and the development of periodontal disease is suggested. Of the 21 positive samples, 16 isolates were T. brixi, four isolates were T. tenax, and one was Tetratrichomonas sp. Considering T. tenax is recognized as a zoonotic agent, transmission between dogs and humans cannot be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Ito
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Itoh
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Rikako Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kameshima
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Yuya Kimura
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
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Expression of Concern: Specific clones of Trichomonas tenax are associated with periodontitis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278363. [PMID: 36512514 PMCID: PMC9746952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Cai DH, Fang XL. Pyopneumothorax Caused by Trichomonas tenax and Porphyromonas endodontalis Coinfection in a Patient with Previous Cerebral Infarction: A Case Report and Literature Review. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:6101-6108. [PMID: 36277245 PMCID: PMC9584768 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s381859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even with the advent of NGS and PCR diagnostic tools, cases of chest infections caused by Trichomonas are still very rare. Such pathogens are less likely to be considered by clinicians. These cases frequently involve the pleura and lead to pneumothorax, hydropneumothorax, or pyopneumothorax, making the disease severe. Case Presentation A 69-year-old man diagnosed with cerebral infarction a year ago sought medical attention for right-sided pyopneumothorax and respiratory failure. The pathogen found in the pleural fluid was highly suspected to be Trichomonas tenax (T. tenax). Pleural fluid mNGS confirmed T. tenax and Porphyromonas endodontalis coinfection. Metronidazole combined with piperacillin tazobactam was administered to counteract infection. Simultaneously, closed chest drainage and thoracoscopic release of pleural adhesions were performed. The patient was cured, discharged from the hospital, and was in good condition after six months of follow-up. Conclusion When chest infections occur in patients with poor oral hygiene and underlying diseases that may lead to aspiration, the identification of Trichomonas infection should be noted. Early confirmation of the diagnosis often requires mNGS and PCR. Metronidazole is essentially effective against Trichomonas, and medical thoracoscopy can be used to manage pleural conditions if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Han Cai
- Nephrology Department in Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lin Fang
- Department II of Respiratory and Critical Care in Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Xiao-Lin Fang, Department II of Respiratory and Critical Care in Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13767049980, Email ;
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Motes HC, Stuart MK. Cytokine array analysis of mediators produced by human macrophages stimulated with Trichomonastenax. Exp Parasitol 2022; 242:108382. [PMID: 36122701 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of oral colonization by the protozoan Trichomonas tenax correlates with gingival inflammation and periodontitis in humans. To determine whether T. tenax might contribute to inflammation by eliciting cytokines from human cells, differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1) macrophages were cultured with live or sonicated T. tenax trophozoites, and the conditioned media were assayed for 36 different mediators by a membrane-based cytokine array. Scanning densitometry of the membranes revealed that live T. tenax trophozoites stimulated secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), IL-1β, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) from dTHP-1 macrophages. T. tenax lysates stimulated release of IL-8, MIF, and IL-1ra. Despite often being classified as a commensal organism, T. tenax elicited a wider variety of cytokines than the human urogenital pathogen, T. vaginalis, which elicited only IL-8 and MIF production from dTHP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Motes
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, 800 W. Jefferson Street, Kirksville, MO, 63501, USA.
| | - Melissa K Stuart
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, 800 W. Jefferson Street, Kirksville, MO, 63501, USA.
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Chesnay A, Pastuszka A, Richard L, Beby-Defaux A, Cateau E, Le Brun C, Desoubeaux G, Lanotte P. Multiplex PCR assay targeting Trichomonas vaginalis: need for biological evaluation and interpretation. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 104:115808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Martin-Garcia DF, Sallam M, Garcia G, Santi-Rocca J. Parasites in Periodontal Health and Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:95-111. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yaseen A, Mahafzah A, Dababseh D, Taim D, Hamdan AA, Al-Fraihat E, Hassona Y, Şahin GÖ, Santi-Rocca J, Sallam M. Oral Colonization by Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax: A PCR-Based Study in Health, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:782805. [PMID: 34950608 PMCID: PMC8688919 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.782805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of periodontitis remains unclear, as is the place of gingivitis in its pathophysiology. A few studies linked the colonization by oral parasites (Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax) to periodontal disease and its severity. The aim of the current study was to estimate the prevalence of these oral parasites among healthy individuals, and in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis in Jordan. Methods The study was conducted during July 2019–December 2019. Samples were composed of saliva and periodontal material including dental plaque sampled with probes. The detection of oral parasites was done using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The total number of study participants was 237: healthy (n=94), gingivitis (n=53) and periodontitis (n=90). The prevalence of E. gingivalis was 88.9% among the periodontitis patients, 84.9% among the gingivitis patients and 47.9% in the healthy group. For T. tenax, the prevalence was 25.6% among the periodontitis patients, 5.7% among the gingivitis patients and 3.2% in the heathy group. Positivity for E. gingivalis was significantly correlated with the presence of periodontal disease compared to the healthy group with odds ratio (OR) of 6.6. Periodontal disease was also correlated with lower monthly income (OR=8.2), lack of dental care (OR=4.8), and history of diabetes mellitus (OR=4.5). Colonization by E. gingivalis was correlated with gingivitis (OR=6.1) compared to the healthy group. Colonization by E. gingivalis and T. tenax were significantly correlated with periodontitis (OR=6.4 for E. gingivalis, and OR=4.7, for T. tenax) compared to the healthy group. T. tenax was only detected among individuals with generalized periodontal disease compared to its total absence among those with localized disease (19.6% vs. 0.0%; p=0.039). The co-infection rate by the two oral parasites was 11.0%. Conclusions The higher prevalence of human oral parasites in periodontal disease compared to healthy individuals appears to be more than a mere marker for the disease and might also be associated with disease severity and potential for progression. Thus, the dogmatic view of E. gingivalis and T. tenax as commensals needs to be re-evaluated and their contribution to pathophysiology of periodontal diseases cannot be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Yaseen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Azmi Mahafzah
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Deema Dababseh
- School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Duaa Taim
- School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ahmad A. Hamdan
- School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Esraa Al-Fraihat
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yazan Hassona
- School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Gülşen Özkaya Şahin
- Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Malik Sallam,
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Eslahi AV, Olfatifar M, Abdoli A, Houshmand E, Johkool MG, Zarabadipour M, Abadi PA, Ghorbani A, Mirzadeh M, Badri M. The Neglected Role of Trichomonas tenax in Oral Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:715-732. [PMID: 33595770 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Trichomonas tenax (T. tenax) is a commensal flagellated protozoan found in periodontal microenvironment of the oral cavity, with a possible role in periodontal diseases. The purpose of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the worldwide prevalence of T. tenax infection and to show the neglected association of this parasitic infection with oral diseases. METHODS To find literatures published until August 2020, five English databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were explored. Finally, 65 papers were qualified to be included in the current study. RESULTS Our results revealed a global pooled prevalence of 17% (95% CI 14-22%) for T. tenax infection. The highest prevalence was estimated at 56% (42-69%) in Chile, while the lowest prevalence was related to Kenya with 3% (1-6%). The age-based analysis found that the infection was most common in 46-55 mean age group with 15% (0-100%). The overall prevalence regarding culture method, molecular method and direct method was 21% (12-32%), 19% (8-35%) and 17% (12-23%), respectively. Moreover, the subgroup analysis showed the pooled prevalence in patient with candidiasis [22% (3-52%)], gingivitis [21% (9-36%)] and periodontitis [27% (10-48%)]. CONCLUSION Our study specified a connection between T. tenax protozoa and periodontitis disease. However, more epidemiological studies as well as clinical trials are needed to precisely identify this relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Elham Houshmand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rasht branch, Islamic Azad University, Gilan, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghanbari Johkool
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Zarabadipour
- Oral Medicine Department, School of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Pegah Afsaneh Abadi
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Azam Ghorbani
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Monirsadat Mirzadeh
- Assistant Professor Community Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute For Prevention Of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University Of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Milad Badri
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
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17
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Wu Y, Ye Y, Yang Y, Yang W, Lin J, Cao K. Pyopneumothorax from coinfection by Trichomonas tenax and Geotrichum capitatum in a child from China: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:842. [PMID: 34416850 PMCID: PMC8377835 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichomonas tenax may appear in the oral cavity of humans due to poor dentition or oral hygiene. Pyopneumothorax is a serious complication of lower respiratory tract infections that very rarely can be caused by a trichomonad species in predisposed individuals. We report a rare case of pleurisy due to T. tenax with coinfection by a fungus. Case presentation We describe a 16-year-old patient with cerebral palsy who presented with severe pyopneumothorax. T. tenax was identified by microscopic examination of the pleural effusion and next-generation sequencing. We also identified Geotrichum capitatum in the pleural effusion and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cultures. Treatment with voriconazole and metronidazole successfully eliminated these pathogens and relieved the clinical symptoms. A literature review indicated this is the first reported case of pleurisy due to T. tenax with coinfection by a fungus. Conclusion The rarity of pyopneumothorax caused by T. tenax coinfection with a fungus should not be overlooked in the clinic. These patients should be and treated in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Wu
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019# Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhen Ye
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019# Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanlan Yang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019# Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Yang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019# Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayin Lin
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019# Yitian Road, Shenzhen, 518038, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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Dmytrenko G, Tana L, Cachau MV, Bravo M, Gonzalez S, Correa F, Fernandez-Solari J, De Laurentiis A. Presence of Trichomonas spp. in oral ulcerations of a patient with kidney transplant. A case report. J Clin Exp Dent 2020; 12:e1201-e1205. [PMID: 33282143 PMCID: PMC7700792 DOI: 10.4317/jced.56922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal ulcerations are an oral complication that can often affect kidney transplant patients, mostly due to the effect of immunosuppression. It has been frequently reported drug-induced ulceration or lymphoproliferative disorders with buccal manifestations however, some unusual disorders should also be considered, such as fungal infections, viruses, as well as opportunistic infection by other microorganisms. Determining the etiology and differential diagnose from other causes of mouth ulcers is very important for the adequate treatment of said lesion. Dental health of patients should also be taken into the account prior to the transplant surgery, since periodontal pockets are the main niche of microbial reservoir. Moreover, mixed with oral microbiota, parasites such as Trichomonas spp. can be found in the dental plaque of patients with periodontal disease. Particularly, Trichomonas spp. are anaerobic motile-flagellated protozoa that can both induce tissue damage and exacerbate preexistent injuries in vaginal and oral mucosa. Parasitic infection in the oral cavity has not been well studied and it is thought to be underreported. In the present study we report the first case in literature of presence of Trichomonas spp. as a potential etiological factor of the oral ulcerations of a kidney transplanted patient that remitted after antibiotic treatment. Key words:Immunosuppression, protozoan, buccal lesion, oral mucosa, kidney transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Dmytrenko
- Centre of Pharmacological and Botanical Studies, CEFYBO-CONICET-UBA, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Physiology Dept., School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Lorena Tana
- High Complexity Transplant Institute, Nephrology Argentina
| | | | - Martín Bravo
- High Complexity Transplant Institute, Nephrology Argentina
| | - Silvina Gonzalez
- Stomatology Dept., José de San Martín Clinical Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Correa
- Centre of Pharmacological and Botanical Studies, CEFYBO-CONICET-UBA, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Javier Fernandez-Solari
- Physiology Dept., School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Andrea De Laurentiis
- Centre of Pharmacological and Botanical Studies, CEFYBO-CONICET-UBA, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Physiology Dept., School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
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Association between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and cervical lesions: a population-based, nested case-control study in Taiwan. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2649-2657. [PMID: 32583161 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06759-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection. According to the 2019 WHO cancer report, cervical cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in women. However, previous research, which has not included a large-scale study to date, has revealed that Trichomonas vaginalis increases cervical cancer risk. In this study, we investigated a group of Asian females in Taiwan to determine the association between trichomoniasis and the risk of developing cervical lesions, including cancer, neoplasm, and dysplasia. We conducted a nested case-control study by using the National Health Insurance (NHI) program database in Taiwan. The International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision classifications (ICD-9-CM) was used to categorize all of the medical conditions for each patient in the case and control groups. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between trichomoniasis and cervical lesions were estimated using multivariable conditional logistic regression to adjust for all comorbidities and variables. In total, 54,003 individuals were enrolled in the case group and 216,012 were enrolled in the control group. Trichomonas vaginalis exposure had a significant association with cervical lesions (AOR 2.656, 95% CI = 1.411-5.353, p = 0.003), especially cervical cancer (AOR 3.684, 95% CI = 1.622-6.094, p = 0.001). In patients with both trichomoniasis and depression, the relative risk increased 7.480-fold compared to those without trichomoniasis or depression. In conclusion, female patients with Trichomonas vaginalis exposure had a significantly higher risk of developing cervical lesions (especially cervical cancer) than those without exposure.
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Abstract
Microbial parasites adapted to thrive at mammalian mucosal surfaces have evolved multiple times from phylogenetically distant lineages into various extracellular and intracellular life styles. Their symbiotic relationships can range from commensalism to parasitism and more recently some host-parasites interactions are thought to have evolved into mutualistic associations too. It is increasingly appreciated that this diversity of symbiotic outcomes is the product of a complex network of parasites-microbiota-host interactions. Refinement and broader use of DNA based detection techniques are providing increasing evidence of how common some mucosal microbial parasites are and their host range, with some species being able to swap hosts, including from farm and pet animals to humans. A selection of examples will illustrate the zoonotic potential for a number of microbial parasites and how some species can be either disruptive or beneficial nodes in the complex networks of host-microbe interactions disrupting or maintaining mucosal homoeostasis. It will be argued that mucosal microbial parasitic diversity will represent an important resource to help us dissect through comparative studies the role of host-microbe interactions in both human health and disease.
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Bao X, Wiehe R, Dommisch H, Schaefer A. Entamoeba gingivalis Causes Oral Inflammation and Tissue Destruction. J Dent Res 2020; 99:561-567. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034520901738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A metagenomics analysis showed a strongly increased frequency of the protozoan Entamoeba gingivalis in inflamed periodontal pockets, where it contributed the second-most abundant rRNA after human rRNA. This observation and the close biological relationship to Entamoeba histolytica, which causes inflammation and tissue destruction in the colon of predisposed individuals, raised our concern about its putative role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Histochemical staining of gingival epithelium inflamed from generalized severe chronic periodontitis visualized the presence of E. gingivalis in conjunction with abundant neutrophils. We showed that on disruption of the epithelial barrier, E. gingivalis invaded gingival tissue, where it moved and fed on host cells. We validated the frequency of E. gingivalis in 158 patients with periodontitis and healthy controls by polymerase chain reaction and microscopy. In the cases, we detected the parasite in 77% of inflamed periodontal sites and 22% of healthy sites; 15% of healthy oral cavities were colonized by E. gingivalis. In primary gingival epithelial cells, we demonstrated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction that infection with E. gingivalis but not with the oral bacterial pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis strongly upregulated the inflammatory cytokine IL8 (1,900 fold, P = 2 × 10–4) and the epithelial barrier gene MUC21 (8-fold, P = 7 × 10–4). In gingival fibroblasts, we showed upregulation of the collagenase MMP13 (11-fold, P = 3 × 10–4). Direct contact of E. gingivalis to gingival epithelial cells inhibited cell proliferation. We indicated the strong virulence potential of E. gingivalis and showed that the mechanisms of tissue invasion and destruction are similar to the colonic protozoan parasite E. histolytica. In conjunction with abundant colonization of inflamed periodontal sites and the known resistance of Entamoeba species to neutrophils, antimicrobial peptides, and various antibiotics, our results raise the awareness of this protozoan as a potential and, to date, underrated microbial driver of destructive forms of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Bao
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Dept. of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Wiehe
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Dept. of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - H. Dommisch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Dept. of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - A.S. Schaefer
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Dept. of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Assessment of the role of Trichomonas tenax in the etiopathogenesis of human periodontitis: A systematic review. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226266. [PMID: 31846467 PMCID: PMC6917263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This systematic review was to assess the presence of Trichomonas tenax in patients with periodontitis and to elucidate its potential role in the onset and development of this disease. Method Systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and by consulting the five databases: Medline, Science Direct, Web of Science, Dentistry and Oral Science Sources and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Following Koch’s postulates revisited by Socransky as PICO framework, this collection data was only including full text of clinical trials concerning patients with periodontitis, case-reports and in vitro research published between 1960 and March 2019. Results On the 376 studies identified, only 25 fulfilled our eligible criteria. Most of these studies were in vitro research articles designed to evaluate potential virulence factors, and others were clinical trials (case-control studies, randomized controlled trial) and case-reports. The analysis of these papers has shown that i) Trichomonas tenax is more frequently detected in dental biofilm from sites with periodontitis than in healthy sites; ii) this live flagellate seems capable of producing diverse enzymes that could participate in periodontal breakdown and has the capacity to adhere to epithelial cells, its lysed form could induce the synthesis of IL-8 from macrophage cell lines; iii) the impact of non-surgical treatment of periodontitis have not been thoroughly evaluated on the presence of T. tenax Conclusions This systematic review has reported the presence of T. tenax more frequently in diseased than healthy sites and the capacity of this flagellate to synthesis enzymes which could participate to the degradation of periodontal tissues. Nevertheless, these data do not meet all the postulates and are not enough to provide firm conclusions about the role of T. tenax in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Nenarokova A, Záhonová K, Krasilnikova M, Gahura O, McCulloch R, Zíková A, Yurchenko V, Lukeš J. Causes and Effects of Loss of Classical Nonhomologous End Joining Pathway in Parasitic Eukaryotes. mBio 2019; 10:e01541-19. [PMID: 31311886 PMCID: PMC6635534 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01541-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report frequent losses of components of the classical nonhomologous end joining pathway (C-NHEJ), one of the main eukaryotic tools for end joining repair of DNA double-strand breaks, in several lineages of parasitic protists. Moreover, we have identified a single lineage among trypanosomatid flagellates that has lost Ku70 and Ku80, the core C-NHEJ components, and accumulated numerous insertions in many protein-coding genes. We propose a correlation between these two phenomena and discuss the possible impact of the C-NHEJ loss on genome evolution and transition to the parasitic lifestyle.IMPORTANCE Parasites tend to evolve small and compact genomes, generally endowed with a high mutation rate, compared with those of their free-living relatives. However, the mechanisms by which they achieve these features, independently in unrelated lineages, remain largely unknown. We argue that the loss of the classical nonhomologous end joining pathway components may be one of the crucial steps responsible for characteristic features of parasite genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nenarokova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Záhonová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marija Krasilnikova
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Ondřej Gahura
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Richard McCulloch
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Life Science Research Centre and Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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