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Surizon GM, Geffen E, Roll U, Gafny S, Perl RGB. The phylogeography of Middle Eastern tree frogs in Israel. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2788. [PMID: 38307905 PMCID: PMC10837426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Western Palearctic treefrogs of the genus Hyla provide an example of a morphologically and ecologically cryptic group. Up to three distinct Hyla species have been proposed as resident in Israel and this number has consistently been subject to taxonomical debates. Here, we analyzed 16S rRNA and COI gene fragments of 658 individuals sampled at 47 pools in nine regions across Israel and the West Bank in order to resolve the taxonomic status of Hyla frogs. We generated both Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood phylogenies, and constructed time-calibrated trees to provide an evolutionary and historical context of sequence variations. We further applied SAMOVA as well as Monmonier's maximum-difference algorithm to study the genetic structure among populations and to identify potential zones acting as barriers to gene flow across locations. Our results revealed two distinct haplogroups for each gene fragment, with 95% CI divergence times dated from 8.9-17.1 Mya (16S) and 7.1-23.6 Mya (COI), respectively. SAMOVA and barrier analyses partitioned the populations into three groups. Our results highlight that, while there are probably only two Hyla species in Israel, one population of one of the species might qualify as a separate evolutionarily significant unit. Our findings elucidate the taxonomic status of Hyla frogs in Israel and provide the basis for determining appropriate management and conservation priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Mesika Surizon
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, 40297, Mikhmoret, Israel
| | - Eli Geffen
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Roll
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes of Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8499000, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Sarig Gafny
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, 40297, Mikhmoret, Israel
| | - R G Bina Perl
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Srinivasulu B, Srinivasulu A. A new species of the Miniopterus australis species complex (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) from the Western Ghats, India. Zootaxa 2023; 5296:233-249. [PMID: 37518447 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The genus Miniopterus is highly diverse in cryptic species. Based on integrated approaches of morphometrics, echolocation call analysis, and molecular phylogenetics, we present evidence of a hitherto undescribed species, Srini's Bent-winged bat Miniopterus srinii sp. nov.. The new species, found in the Western Ghats of southern Karnataka, India, closely resembles the Small Bent-winged bat Miniopterus pusillus, found elsewhere in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, India. Although it shows external similarity with Miniopterus pusillus sensu stricto from the Nicobar Islands, the new species is relatively larger and distinct in craniodental measurements and echolocation call parameters, despite slight overlaps. Importantly, Miniopterus srinii exhibits morphological convergence with Miniopterus pusillus as despite similarities in morphologies, there is a significant genetic distance of 10.84 ± 0.22%. The new cryptic species shares distribution with Miniopterus phillipsi and Miniopterus pusillus in the Western Ghats, further highlighting the need to study both the genus' cryptic diversity, and the region's conservation importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Srinivasulu
- Department of Zoology; University College of Science; Osmania University; Hyderabad - 500007; Telangana State; India Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Studies; #F5; CFRD Building; Osmania University; Hyderabad - 500007; Telangana State; India.
| | - Aditya Srinivasulu
- Ecology and Conservation Lab; School of Biological Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights; Reading; United Kingdom.
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Biganzoli-Rangel AJ, Leon-Alvarado OD, Robe LJ, Meza MA, Gutiérrez EE, Paladini A. Systematics and phylogeography of bats of the genus Rhynchonycteris (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae): Integrating molecular phylogenetics, ecological niche modeling and morphometric data. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285271. [PMID: 37141273 PMCID: PMC10159116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhynchonycteris is a monotypic genus of Embalonurid bats, whose geographic distribution extends from southern Mexico to tropical regions of the South American continent, including Trinidad and Tobago. Although species that have a wide geographic distribution are frequently revealed to be polytypic, to date, no study has evaluated the taxonomic status of populations of Rhynchonycteris naso. Thus, the aim of this study is to address the patterns of phylogeographic structure and taxonomic subdivision of R. naso using molecular phylogenetics, morphometric data and ecological niche modeling. Phylogenetic results recovered using the genes COI, Cytb, Chd1, Dby, and Usp9x, supported the monophyly of the genus Rhynchonycteris, in addition, a deep phylogeographic structure was revealed by the mitochondrial gene COI for the populations of Belize and Panama in comparison to those of South America. The PCA, and the linear morphometry indicated an apparent differentiation between the cis-Andean and trans-Andean populations. Furthermore, according to the skull morphology, at least two morphotypes were identified. Ecological niche modeling projections in the present have shown that the Andean cordillera acts as a climatic barrier between these two populations, with the depression of Yaracuy (Northwest Venezuela) being the only putative climatically suitable path that could communicate these two populations. On the other hand, projections for the last glacial maximum showed a drastic decrease in climatically suitable areas for the species, suggesting that cycles of lower temperatures played an important role in the separation of these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro José Biganzoli-Rangel
- Laboratorio de Sistematica, Entomologia e Biogeografia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Omar Daniel Leon-Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Sistematica, Entomologia e Biogeografia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lizandra Jaqueline Robe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - María Angélica Meza
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Ciudad Universitaria, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Eliécer Eduardo Gutiérrez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andressa Paladini
- Laboratorio de Sistematica, Entomologia e Biogeografia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Kusuminda T, Mannakkara A, Ukuwela KDB, Kruskop SV, Amarasinghe CJ, Saikia U, Venugopal P, Karunarathna M, Gamage R, Ruedi M, Csorba G, Yapa WB, Patterson BD. DNA Barcoding and Morphological Analyses Reveal a Cryptic Species of Miniopterus from India and Sri Lanka. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2022.24.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tharaka Kusuminda
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka
| | - Amani Mannakkara
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kanishka D. B. Ukuwela
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
| | - Sergei V. Kruskop
- Zoological Museum of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Ul. Bol'shata Nikitskaya, 2, Moscow 125009, Russia
| | | | - Uttam Saikia
- Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong 793003, Meghalaya, India
| | - Parvathy Venugopal
- Bat Conservation Trust, London, 8 Battersea Park Road, London SW8 4BG, UK
| | | | | | - Manuel Ruedi
- Department of Vertebrates, Natural History Museum of Geneva, Route de Malagnou 1, 1208 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gábor Csorba
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross utca 13, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary
| | - Wipula B. Yapa
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Bruce D. Patterson
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Hassanin A. Variation in synonymous nucleotide composition among genomes of sarbecoviruses and consequences for the origin of COVID-19. Gene X 2022; 835:146641. [PMID: 35700806 PMCID: PMC9200079 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgenus Sarbecovirus includes two human viruses, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, respectively responsible for the SARS epidemic and COVID-19 pandemic, as well as many bat viruses and two pangolin viruses. Here, the synonymous nucleotide composition (SNC) of Sarbecovirus genomes was analysed by examining third codon-positions, dinucleotides, and degenerate codons. The results show evidence for the eight following groups: (i) SARS-CoV related coronaviruses (SCoVrC including many bat viruses from China), (ii) SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses (SCoV2rC; including five bat viruses from Cambodia, Thailand and Yunnan), (iii) pangolin sarbecoviruses, (iv) three bat sarbecoviruses showing evidence of recombination between SCoVrC and SCoV2rC genomes, (v) two highly divergent bat sarbecoviruses from Yunnan, (vi) the bat sarbecovirus from Japan, (vii) the bat sarbecovirus from Bulgaria, and (viii) the bat sarbecovirus from Kenya. All these groups can be diagnosed by specific nucleotide compositional features except the one concerned by recombination between SCoVrC and SCoV2rC. In particular, SCoV2rC genomes have less cytosines and more uracils at third codon-positions than other sarbecoviruses, whereas the genomes of pangolin sarbecoviruses show more adenines at third codon-positions. I suggest that taxonomic differences in the imbalanced nucleotide pools available in host cells during viral replication can explain the eight groups of SNC here detected among Sarbecovirus genomes. A related effect due to hibernating bats and their latitudinal distribution is also discussed. I conclude that the two independent host switches from Rhinolophus bats to pangolins resulted in convergent mutational constraints and that SARS-CoV-2 emerged directly from a horseshoe bat sarbecovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Hassanin
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, MNHN, UA, Paris, France.
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Chornelia A, Lu J, Hughes AC. How to Accurately Delineate Morphologically Conserved Taxa and Diagnose Their Phenotypic Disparities: Species Delimitation in Cryptic Rhinolophidae (Chiroptera). Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.854509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematics and taxonomy are the backbone of all components of biology and ecology, yet cryptic species present a major challenge for accurate species identification. This is especially problematic as they represent a substantial portion of undiscovered biodiversity, and have implications for not only species conservation, but even assaying potential risk of zoonotic spillover. Here, we use integrative approaches to delineate potential cryptic species in horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae), evaluate the phenotypic disparities between cryptic species, and identify key traits for their identification. We tested the use of multispecies coalescent models (MSC) using Bayesian Phylogenetic and Phylogeography (BPP) and found that BPP was useful in delineating potential cryptic species, and consistent with acoustic traits. Our results show that around 40% of Asian rhinolophid species are potentially cryptic and have not been formally described. In order to avoid potential misidentification and allow species to be accurately identified, we identified quantitative noseleaf sella and acoustic characters as the most informative traits in delineating between potential cryptic species in Rhinolophidae. This highlights the physical differences between cryptic species that are apparent in noseleaf traits which often only qualitatively described but rarely measured. Each part of the noseleaf including the sella, lateral lappets, and lancet furrows, play roles in focusing acoustic beams and thus, provide useful characteristics to identify cryptic Rhinolophus species. Finally, species delimitation for cryptic species cannot rely on genetic data alone, but such data should be complemented by other evidence, including phenotypic, acoustic data, and geographic distributions to ensure accurate species identification and delineation.
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Idnan M, Mansoor S, Khawar MB, Javid A, Hussain A, Imran M, Ullah A. Range extension and species confirmation of Rhyneptesicus nasutus (Sind Serotine Bat) (Mammalia:Chiroptera) from Bajaur Agency, FATA, Pakistan. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:1791-1797. [PMID: 34981337 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of morphological differentiation among chiropteran species and cryptic speciation impedes species identification. DNA-based approaches help species identification and contribute to the discovery of additional species. Rhyneptesicus nasutus (Sind Serotine Bat) is a rare and poorly studied species in Pakistan. METHODS This study explores the range extension of Sind Bat within the territorial limits of Pakistan from Sind and Baluchistan to Federally Administered Areas of Pakistan. No molecular record exists for the species in Pakistan. In the present study, we for the first time confirm species identification of Rhyneptesicus nasutus from Pakistan using a genetic marker (cytochrome b) along with morphometric analysis. A neighbor-joining tree based on Kimura-2 parameters was created to infer phylogenetic relationships. We sequenced the cytochrome b gene segment and conducted a phylogenetic analysis with previously published data from other countries. RESULTS Sequences from Pakistan formed a clade with Iranian Rhyneptesicus nasutus specimens suggesting a common ancestry. Various morphometric parameters (mean values) were measured, including Head and Body length (44.3 mm), Tail length (43.4 mm), Hindfoot length (8.3 mm), Forearm length (35.7 mm), and Ear length 36 mm while 5th Metacarpal Length, 4th Metacarpal Length, and 3rd Metacarpal Lengths were 33.2 mm, 34.7 mm, and 35.3 mm. Approaches based on DNA barcoding reveal a high diversity of bat species in the study area. CONCLUSION The data will enable researchers to build an improved evolutionary framework of the Serotine Bats from this region and subsequently reconstruct a detailed evolutionary history of the genus. Further research is required to test other molecular markers to support the findings of the current study in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Idnan
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. .,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sajid Mansoor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Javid
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Hussain
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arif Ullah
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Bat echolocation plasticity in allopatry: a call for caution in acoustic identification of Pipistrellus sp. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Animals modify their behaviours and interactions in response to changing environments. In bats, environmental adaptations are reflected in echolocation signalling that is used for navigation, foraging and communication. However, the extent and drivers of echolocation plasticity are not fully understood, hindering our identification of bat species with ultrasonic detectors, particularly for cryptic species with similar echolocation calls. We used a combination of DNA barcoding, intensive trapping, roost and emergence surveys and acoustic recording to study a widespread European cryptic species complex (Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Pipistrellus pygmaeus) to investigate whether sibling bat species could exhibit extreme echolocation plasticity in response to certain environmental conditions or behaviours. We found that P. pygmaeus occupied the acoustic niche of their absent congeneric species, producing calls with P. pipistrellus’ characteristic structure and peak frequencies and resulting in false positive acoustic records of that species. Echolocation frequency was significantly affected by the density of bats and by maternity rearing stage, with lower frequency calls emitted when there was a high density of flying bats, and by mothers while juveniles were non-volant. During roost emergence, 29% of calls had peak frequencies typical of P. pipistrellus, with calls as low as 44 kHz, lower than ever documented. We show that automatic and manual call classifiers fail to account for echolocation plasticity, misidentifying P. pygmaeus as P. pipistrellus. Our study raises a vital limitation of using only acoustic sampling in areas with high densities of a single species of a cryptic species pair, with important implications for bat monitoring.
Significance statement
Ultrasonic acoustic detectors are widely used in bat research to establish species inventories and monitor species activity through identification of echolocation calls, enabling new methods to study and understand this elusive understudied group of nocturnal mammals. However, echolocation call signalling in bats is intrinsically different to that of other taxa, serving a main function of navigation and foraging. This study demonstrates an extreme level of plasticity, showing large variation in call frequency and structure in different situations. We showcase the difficulty and limitation in using acoustic sampling alone for bat monitoring and the complications of setting parameters for species identification for manual and automatic call classifiers. Our observations of call frequency variation correlated with density and absence of congenerics provide novel insights of behavioural echolocation plasticity in bats.
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Srinivasulu B, Kaur H, Shah TA, Gundena D, Asad G, Raman S, Srinivasulu C. A review of the bacular morphology of some Indian bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera). JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2020. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.5650.12.9.15985-16005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacular studies play a significant role in the case of bats and other mammals since it is considered an important taxon-specific character, thus helping in species discrimination. Structure of the baculum (os penis) also aids in examining and understanding cryptic diversity in bats. The baculum has been used in taxonomic studies of bats but such studies for Indian bats are few and far between. It was felt necessary to put together a comprehensive document depicting the bacular morphology of bats in India so as to be helpful for future bat studies. The penises of the bats were excised, treated with KOH, and then dyed with alizarin red to extract the bacula. The extracted bacula were measured using an oculometer, photographed, and preserved in glycerol. Of the total of 47 species of bats (belonging to nine families) collected and studied during the past decade, we present the bacular morphology of 44 species from peninsular India, Andaman Islands, and Jammu and Kashmir. Bacular morphology of eight taxa, namely, Eonycteris spelaea, Rhinolophus pusillus, R. lepidus monticola, R. cognatus, Hipposideros cf. grandis, Myotis peytoni, M. horsfieldii dryas, and M. longipes are presented here for the first time from India.
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Ancillotto L, Bosso L, Smeraldo S, Mori E, Mazza G, Herkt M, Galimberti A, Ramazzotti F, Russo D. An African bat in Europe, Plecotus gaisleri: Biogeographic and ecological insights from molecular taxonomy and Species Distribution Models. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:5785-5800. [PMID: 32607190 PMCID: PMC7319239 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the high risk of going unnoticed, cryptic species represent a major challenge to biodiversity assessments, and this is particularly true for taxa that include many such species, for example, bats. Long-eared bats from the genus Plecotus comprise numerous cryptic species occurring in the Mediterranean Region and present complex phylogenetic relationships and often unclear distributions, particularly at the edge of their known ranges and on islands. Here, we combine Species Distribution Models (SDMs), field surveys and molecular analyses to shed light on the presence of a cryptic long-eared bat species from North Africa, Plecotus gaisleri, on the islands of the Sicily Channel, providing strong evidence that this species also occurs in Europe, at least on the islands of the Western Mediterranean Sea that act as a crossroad between the Old Continent and Africa. Species Distribution Models built using African records of P. gaisleri and projected to the Sicily Channel Islands showed that all these islands are potentially suitable for the species. Molecular identification of Plecotus captured on Pantelleria, and recent data from Malta and Gozo, confirmed the species' presence on two of the islands in question. Besides confirming that P. gaisleri occurs on Pantelleria, haplotype network reconstructions highlighted moderate structuring between insular and continental populations of this species. Our results remark the role of Italy as a bat diversity hotspot in the Mediterranean and also highlight the need to include P. gaisleri in European faunal checklists and conservation directives, confirming the usefulness of combining different approaches to explore the presence of cryptic species outside their known ranges-a fundamental step to informing conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ancillotto
- Wildlife Research UnitDipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi Federico II di NapoliPorticiItaly
| | - Luciano Bosso
- Wildlife Research UnitDipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi Federico II di NapoliPorticiItaly
| | - Sonia Smeraldo
- Wildlife Research UnitDipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi Federico II di NapoliPorticiItaly
| | - Emiliano Mori
- Dipartimento di Scienze della VitaUniversità degli Studi di SienaSienaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and CertificationFirenzeItaly
| | - Matthias Herkt
- Faculty of Geo‐Information Science and Earth ObservationUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Andrea Galimberti
- ZooPlantLabDipartimento di Biotecnologie e BioscienzeUniversità degli Studi di Milano ‐ BicoccaMilanoItaly
| | - Fausto Ramazzotti
- ZooPlantLabDipartimento di Biotecnologie e BioscienzeUniversità degli Studi di Milano ‐ BicoccaMilanoItaly
| | - Danilo Russo
- Wildlife Research UnitDipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi Federico II di NapoliPorticiItaly
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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