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Pandey KK, Madhry D, Ravi Kumar YS, Malvankar S, Sapra L, Srivastava RK, Bhattacharyya S, Verma B. Regulatory roles of tRNA-derived RNA fragments in human pathophysiology. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:161-173. [PMID: 34513302 PMCID: PMC8413677 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of tRNA genes and pseudogenes are encoded by the human genome. tRNAs are the second most abundant type of RNA in the cell. Advancement in deep-sequencing technologies have revealed the presence of abundant expression of functional tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs). They are either generated from precursor (pre-)tRNA or mature tRNA. They have been found to play crucial regulatory roles during different pathological conditions. Herein, we briefly summarize the discovery and recent advances in deciphering the regulatory role played by tRFs in the pathophysiology of different human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Deeksha Madhry
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Y S Ravi Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, M.S. Ramaiah, Institute of Technology, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shivani Malvankar
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Leena Sapra
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Rupesh K Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Bhupendra Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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Guo J, Liao M, Wang J. TLR4 signaling in the development of colitis-associated cancer and its possible interplay with microRNA-155. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:90. [PMID: 34479599 PMCID: PMC8414775 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) has closely been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, the exact mechanisms underlying colitis-associated cancer (CAC) development remain unclear. As a classic pattern-recognition receptor, Toll like receptor (TLR)4 is a canonical receptor for lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria (including two CAC-associated pathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum and Salmonella), and functions as a key bridge molecule linking oncogenic infection to colonic inflammatory and malignant processes. Accumulating studies verified the overexpression of TLR4 in colitis and CAC, and the over-expressed TLR4 might promote colitis-associated tumorigenesis via facilitating cell proliferation, protecting malignant cells against apoptosis, accelerating invasion and metastasis, as well as contributing to the creation of tumor-favouring cellular microenvironment. In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on the regulation of TLR4 signaling in the context of colitis-associated tumorigenesis. MicroRNA (miR)-155 and TLR4 exhibited a similar dynamic expression change during CAC development and shared similar CAC-promoting properties. The available data demonstrated an interplay between TLR4 and miR-155 in the context of different disorders or cell lines. miR-155 could augment TLR4 signaling through targeting negative regulators SOCS1 and SHIP1; and TLR4 activation would induce miR-155 expression via transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. This possible TLR4-miR-155 positive feedback loop might result in the synergistic accelerating effect of TLR4 and miR-155 on CAC development.![]() Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengfan Liao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. .,New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Zhang J, Xu X, Chen H, Kang P, Zhu H, Ren H, Liu Y. Construction and analysis for dys-regulated lncRNAs and mRNAs in LPS-induced porcine PBMCs. Innate Immun 2021; 27:170-183. [PMID: 33504244 PMCID: PMC7882806 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920983869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key regulators in inflammation. However, their functions and profiles in LPS-induced inflammation in pigs are largely unknown. In this study, we profiled global lncRNA and mRNA expression changes in PBMCs treated with LPS using the lncRNA-seq technique. In total 43 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and 1082 DE mRNAs were identified in porcine PBMCs after LPS stimulation. Functional enrichment analysis on DE mRNAs indicated these genes were involved in inflammation-related signaling pathways, including cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, TNF-α, NF-κB, Jak-STAT and TLR signaling pathways. In addition, co-expression network and function analysis identified the potential lncRNAs related to inflammatory response and immune response. The expressions of eight lncRNAs (ENSSSCT00000045208, ENSSSCT00000051636, ENSSSCT00000049770, ENSSSCT00000050966, ENSSSCT00000047491, ENSSSCT00000049750, ENSSSCT00000054262 and ENSSSCT00000044651) were validated in the LPS-treated PBMCs by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In LPS-challenged piglets, we identified that expression of three lncRNAs (ENSSSCT00000051636, ENSSSCT00000049770, and ENSSSCT00000047491) was significantly up-regulated in liver, spleen and jejunum tissues after LPS challenge, which indicated that these lncRNAs might be important regulators for inflammation. This study provides the first lncRNA and mRNA transcriptomic landscape of LPS-mediated changes in porcine PBMCs, which might provide potential insights into lncRNAs involved in regulating inflammation in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Kang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiling Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Hubei Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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Nemati M, Akseh S, Amiri M, Reza Nejabati H, Jodati A, Fathi Maroufi N, Faridvand Y, Nouri M. Lactoferrin suppresses LPS-induced expression of HMGB1, microRNA 155, 146, and TLR4/MyD88/NF-кB pathway in RAW264.7 cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:153-159. [PMID: 33435756 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1872616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This current study evaluated the underlying mechanisms of LF against the inflammatory microRNAs (miRNAs), HMGB1 expression, and TLR4-MyD88-NF-кB pathway in LPS-activated murine RAW264.7 cells. METHODS MTT assay was used to assess cell metabolism and the cell culture levels of the cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) were evaluated by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of miRNAs was quantified by using qPCR and the expression of HMGB1, TLR4, MyD88, and phosphorylated NF-κB (P-p65) were determined with Western blot and qPCR, respectively. RESULTS The results indicated that LF downregulates IL-6 and TNF-α expression. LF exhibited the degradation of P-p65 and reduced the production of HMGB1, TLR4, and MyD88 in LPS-induced inflammatory response. Importantly, in parallel with the suppression of cytokines and HMGB1-TLR4-MyD88-NF-кB pathway, LF could induce a decrease in inflammatory selected miRNAs, mmu-mir-155, and mmu-mir-146a expression. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these findings provide LF as a prominent anti-inflammatory agent that could modulate HMGB1, mmu-mir-155, mmu-mir-146a, and TLR4/MyD88/NF-кB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nemati
- Department of Genetic, Islamic Azad University - Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cells Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeideh Akseh
- Stem Cells Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Amiri
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nejabati
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jodati
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Fathi Maroufi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Faridvand
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cells Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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MicroRNAs Regulated by the LPS/TLR2 Immune Axis as Bona Fide Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Acute Leptospirosis. mSphere 2020; 5:5/4/e00409-20. [PMID: 32669469 PMCID: PMC7364213 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00409-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we used miRNAs that are differentially regulated by the LPS/TLR2 immune axis to devise a miRNA-based diagnosis for leptospirosis. The study established the role of the circulating stable miRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-144-3p, and miR-let-7b-5p) as an early diagnostic marker for leptospirosis. These miRNAs can be used to diagnose acute leptospirosis and also to differentiate leptospiral infection from other bacterial and spirochetal infections, as proved by the use of human clinical samples. Thus, our findings indicate that miRNAs can play a crucial role in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, like leptospirosis, that are generally misdiagnosed. Leptospirosis remains a significant human health issue due to its systemic complications. Therefore, biomarkers that are more effective are urgently needed for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved regulatory RNAs that have shown the potential to be used as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of infectious diseases. In this study, we performed an unbiased screen using the miRNome miRNA array to identify circulating miRNAs with the potential to serve as authentic biomarkers for early diagnosis of leptospirosis. Because leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the predominant leptospiral antigen and plays a vital role in immunological and biological activities, we used LPS treated and untreated in vitro (THP1 cells) and in vivo (BALB/c mice) surrogate models to identify the LPS-specific miRNAs. Differential expression analysis revealed 18 miRNAs to be associated strongly with LPS stimulation in THP1 cells. Of these, three (miR-let-7b-5p, miR-144-3p, and miR-21-5p) were observed to be present at increased levels in vivo. The identified miRNAs were validated for their biomarker potential using serum samples from leptospirosis-negative patients and patients with confirmed cases of leptospirosis. Identified miRNAs were able to discriminate the acute leptospiral infection from other febrile diseases with a test sensitivity and specificity of 93.2% and 88.19%, respectively. Gene functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed that the identified miRNAs play important roles in disease signal transduction, signaling by interleukins, the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and the cellular response to a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) stimulus with a notable interconnection between these biological processes. IMPORTANCE Here, we used miRNAs that are differentially regulated by the LPS/TLR2 immune axis to devise a miRNA-based diagnosis for leptospirosis. The study established the role of the circulating stable miRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-144-3p, and miR-let-7b-5p) as an early diagnostic marker for leptospirosis. These miRNAs can be used to diagnose acute leptospirosis and also to differentiate leptospiral infection from other bacterial and spirochetal infections, as proved by the use of human clinical samples. Thus, our findings indicate that miRNAs can play a crucial role in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, like leptospirosis, that are generally misdiagnosed.
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Cordeiro B, Jeon P, Boukhaled GM, Corrado M, Lapohos O, Roy DG, Williams K, Jones RG, Gruenheid S, Sagan SM, Krawczyk CM. MicroRNA-9 Fine-Tunes Dendritic Cell Function by Suppressing Negative Regulators in a Cell-Type-Specific Manner. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107585. [PMID: 32375032 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells, cells of the innate immune system, are found in a steady state poised to respond to activating stimuli. Once stimulated, they rapidly undergo dynamic changes in gene expression to adopt an activated phenotype capable of stimulating immune responses. We find that the microRNA miR-9 is upregulated in both bone marrow-derived DCs and conventional DC1s but not in conventional DC2s following stimulation. miR-9 expression in BMDCs and conventional DC1s promotes enhanced DC activation and function, including the ability to stimulate T cell activation and control tumor growth. We find that miR-9 regulated the expression of several negative regulators of transcription, including the transcriptional repressor Polycomb group factor 6 (Pcgf6). These findings demonstrate that miR-9 facilitates the transition of DCs from steady state to mature state by regulating the expression of several negative regulators of DC function in a cell-type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Cordeiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Peter Jeon
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Giselle M Boukhaled
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Mario Corrado
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Orsolya Lapohos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Dominic G Roy
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kelsey Williams
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming Group, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Russell G Jones
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Metabolic and Nutritional Programming Group, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Connie M Krawczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Metabolic and Nutritional Programming Group, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Wei TT, Cheng Z, Hu ZD, Zhou L, Zhong RQ. Upregulated miR-155 inhibits inflammatory response induced by C. albicans in human monocytes derived dendritic cells via targeting p65 and BCL-10. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 7:758. [PMID: 32042774 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Candida albicans (C. albicans) is one of the most common fungal pathogens causing superficial and systemic infections. The innate immune system is the first defense line against C. albicans infection. MiR-155, a multifunctional microRNA (miRNA), has been proved to be a crucial regulator in innate immune response against bacterial and virus. However, the biological function of miR-155 in innate immune response against C. albicans infection remains unknown. Methods The expression miR-155, as well as inflammatory factors [interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)], in monocytes derived dendritic cells (DCs) during heat-killed C. albicans infection was detected by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The biological functions of miR-155 were investigated with "gain- and loss-of-function" experiments. Potential targets of miR-155 were identified by bioinformatics analysis, luciferase assay and western blot. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to validate the function of miR-155 target. Results C. albicans increased the expression of miR-155 and pro-inflammatory factors. MiR-155 induced by C. albicans was depended on Dectin-1-spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)/Raf-1-MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, miR-155 suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by C. albicans by targeting NF-κB p65 and B cell leukemia/lymphoma 10 (BCL-10). Conclusions In conclusion, up-regulated miR-155 acts as a negative feedback regulator in the innate immune response against C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhuo Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhi-De Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ren-Qian Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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Zhu C, Sun B, Nie A, Zhou Z. The tRNA-associated dysregulation in immune responses and immune diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13391. [PMID: 31529760 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA), often considered as a housekeeping molecule, mainly participates in protein translation by transporting amino acids to the ribosome. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence has shown that tRNAs are closely related to various physiological and pathological processes. The proper functioning of the immune system is the key to human health. The aim of this review is to investigate the relationships between tRNAs and the immune system. We detail the biogenesis and structure of tRNAs and summarize the pathogen tRNA-mediated infection and host responses. In addition, we address recent advances in different aspects of tRNA-associated dysregulation in immune responses and immune diseases, such as tRNA molecules, tRNA modifications, tRNA derivatives and tRNA aminoacylation. Therefore, tRNAs play an important role in immune regulation. Although our knowledge of tRNAs in the context of immunity remains, for the most part, unknown, this field deserves in-depth research to provide new ideas for the treatment of immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Zhu
- Department of Chinese Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Bao Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Central South University Changsha China
| | - Anzheng Nie
- Department of Chinese Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chinese Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
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Zhu F, Fan H, Liu XX. Role of miR-155 in pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:1070-1075. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i17.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a non-infectious, non-specific intestinal inflammatory disease, and its incidence is increasing year by year. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD can help to find more suitable treatment methods for this disease. Recently, a large number of studies have shown that miR-155 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD. It can regulate TH17 differentiation through the Jarid2/notch1 signaling pathway and by regulating type 2 macrophage differentiation. It also regulates T-regulatory cells by inhibiting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4; intestinal myelofibrosis through suppressor of cytokine signaling 1; and DNA double-strand break deposition to affect intestinal inflammation. This article reviews the immune mechanism of action of miR-155 in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xing-Xing Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
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