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Khoshkroodian B, Javid H, Pourbadie HG, Sayyah M. Toll-Like Receptor 1/2 Postconditioning by the Ligand Pam3cys Tempers Posttraumatic Hyperexcitability, Neuroinflammation, and Microglial Response: A Potential Candidate for Posttraumatic Epilepsy. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02109-z. [PMID: 39044002 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are activated by endogenous molecules released from damaged cells and contribute to neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and epilepsy. TLR1/2 agonist tri-palmitoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteine (Pam3cys) is a vaccine adjuvant with confirmed safety in humans. We assessed impact of TLR1/2 postconditioning by Pam3cys on epileptogenesis and neuroinflammation in male rats, 6, 24, and 48 h after mild-to-moderate TBI. Pam3cys was injected into cerebral ventricles 30 min after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. After 24 h, rats underwent chemical kindling by once every other day injections of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) 35 mg/kg until development of generalized seizures. Number of intact neurons, brain expression of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and marker of anti-inflammatory microglia arginase1 (Arg1) were determined by immunoblotting. Astrocytes and macrophage/microglia activation/polarization at the contused area was assessed by double immunostaining with Iba1/Arg1, Iba1/iNOS and GFAP/iNOS, specific antibodies. The CCI-injured rats became kindled by less number of PTZ injections than sham-operated rats (9 versus 14 injections, p < 0.0001). Pam3cys treatment returned the accelerated rate of epileptogenesis in TBI state to the sham level. Pam3cys decreased neural death 48 h after TBI. It decreased TNF-α (6 h post-TBI, p < 0.01), and up-regulated IL-10 (p < 0.01) and Arg1 (p < 0.05) 48 h after TBI. The iNOS-positive cells decreased (p < 0.001) whereas Iba1/Arg1-positive cells enhanced (p < 0.01) after Pam3cys treatment. Pam3cys inhibits TBI-accelerated acquisition of seizures. Pam3cys reprograms microglia and up-regulates anti-inflammatory cytokines during the first few days after TBI. This capacity along with the clinical safety, makes Pam3cys a potential candidate for development of effective medications against posttraumatic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Khoshkroodian
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Street, Tehran, 13169455, Iran
| | - Hanieh Javid
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Street, Tehran, 13169455, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience and Addition, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Gholami Pourbadie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Street, Tehran, 13169455, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sayyah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Street, Tehran, 13169455, Iran.
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Abstract
African trypanosomes are bloodstream protozoan parasites that infect mammals including humans, where they cause sleeping sickness. Long-lasting infection is required to favor parasite transmission between hosts. Therefore, trypanosomes have developed strategies to continuously escape innate and adaptive responses of the immune system, while also preventing premature death of the host. The pathology linked to infection mainly results from inflammation and includes anemia and brain dysfunction in addition to loss of specificity and memory of the antibody response. The serum of humans contains an efficient trypanolytic factor, the membrane pore-forming protein apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1). In the two human-infective trypanosomes, specific parasite resistance factors inhibit APOL1 activity. In turn, many African individuals express APOL1 variants that counteract these resistance factors, enabling them to avoid sleeping sickness. However, these variants are associated with chronic kidney disease, particularly in the context of virus-induced inflammation such as coronavirus disease 2019. Vaccination perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium;
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; .,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Battistella E, Schniete J, Wesencraft K, Quintana JF, McConnell G. Light-sheet mesoscopy with the Mesolens provides fast sub-cellular resolution imaging throughout large tissue volumes. iScience 2022; 25:104797. [PMID: 36034214 PMCID: PMC9404659 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid imaging of large biological tissue specimens such as ultrathick sections of mouse brain cannot easily be performed with a standard microscope. Optical mesoscopy offers a solution, but thus far imaging has been too slow to be useful for routine use. We have developed two different illuminators for light-sheet mesoscopy with the Mesolens and we demonstrate their use in high-speed optical mesoscale imaging of large tissue specimens. The first light-sheet approach uses Gaussian optics and is straightforward to implement. It provides excellent lateral resolution and high-speed imaging, but the axial resolution is poor. The second light-sheet is a more complex Airy light-sheet that provides sub-cellular resolution in three dimensions that is comparable in quality to point-scanning confocal mesoscopy, but the light-sheet method of illuminating the specimen reduces the imaging time by a factor of 14. This creates new possibilities for high-content, higher-throughput optical bioimaging at the mesoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Battistella
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK
| | - Jan Schniete
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK
| | - Katrina Wesencraft
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK
| | - Juan F. Quintana
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gail McConnell
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK
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Adebiyi OE, Omobowale TO, Abatan MO. Neurocognitive domains and neuropathological changes in experimental infection with Trypanosoma brucei brucei in Wistar rats. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08260. [PMID: 34765779 PMCID: PMC8571699 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei brucei causes animal trypanosomiasis in several vertebrates and human African trypanosomiasis. Previous studies have only explored the incidence, clinical symptoms, haematology and biochemical changes associated with the disease. The behavioral manipulation hypothesis posits that parasites alter the behavior of host to increase the reproductive abilities of such parasites. Hence, the present study was carried out to investigate changes in behavior and cognition following experimental infection of T. brucei brucei in rat model. This study involved two groups of animals (uninfected control and T. brucei infected) with 8 rats per group. After confirmation of parasitaemia in the infected rats both groups were assessed to investigate if infection led to behavioral alterations and neuropathological changes using the open field, social interaction and forelimb suspension tests. Immunohistochemistry was performed on brain tissues using glial fibrillary acidic protein and anticalbindin-D28k, antibodies. We demonstrated that T. brucei infection triggered a significant decrease in exploratory activity, anxiety-like behavior, altered recognition of social novelty and reduced hanging latency in the hanging wire test. Immunohistochemistry revealed significant astrocytosis, loss of dendritic spines and reduction of Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum. These results demonstrate that T. brucei infection induce signs of anxiety, impaired motor co-ordination with degeneration and loss of Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathew Oluwole Abatan
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Fan YY, Huo J. A1/A2 astrocytes in central nervous system injuries and diseases: Angels or devils? Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105080. [PMID: 34048845 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and function. In response to CNS injuries and diseases, reactive astrocytes are triggered. By purifying and genetically profiling reactive astrocytes, it has been now found that astrocytes can be activated into two polarization states: the neurotoxic or pro-inflammatory phenotype (A1) and the neuroprotective or anti-inflammatory phenotype (A2). Although the simple dichotomy of the A1/A2 phenotypes does not reflect the wide range of astrocytic phenotypes, it facilitates our understanding of the reactive state of astrocytes in various CNS disorders. This article reviews the recent evidences regarding A1/A2 astrocytes, including (a) the specific markers and morphological characteristics, (b) the effects of A1/A2 astrocytes on the neurovascular unit, and (c) the molecular mechanisms involved in the phenotypic switch of astrocytes. Although many questions remain, a deeper understanding of different phenotypic astrocytes will eventually help us to explore effective strategies for neurological disorders by targeting astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ying Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Jing Huo
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China; Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
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Cespuglio R, Strekalova T, Spencer PS, Román GC, Reis J, Bouteille B, Buguet A. SARS-CoV-2 infection and sleep disturbances: nitric oxide involvement and therapeutic opportunity. Sleep 2021; 44:6128414. [PMID: 33538311 PMCID: PMC7928653 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Cespuglio
- Neurocampus Michel Jouvet, VELIB Plateau, Claude-Bernard Lyon-1 University, Villeurbanne, France.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Sechenov 1st Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Sechenov 1st Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter S Spencer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Gustavo C Román
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, USA, and Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Jacques Reis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Bouteille
- Department of Parasitology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Alain Buguet
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS, Claude-Bernard Lyon-1 University, Villeurbanne, France
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Intranigral Administration of β-Sitosterol- β-D-Glucoside Elicits Neurotoxic A1 Astrocyte Reactivity and Chronic Neuroinflammation in the Rat Substantia Nigra. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:5907591. [PMID: 33282962 PMCID: PMC7685831 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5907591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic consumption of β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside (BSSG), a neurotoxin contained in cycad seeds, leads to Parkinson's disease in humans and rodents. Here, we explored whether a single intranigral administration of BSSG triggers neuroinflammation and neurotoxic A1 reactive astrocytes besides dopaminergic neurodegeneration. We injected 6 μg BSSG/1 μL DMSO or vehicle into the left substantia nigra and immunostained with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) together with markers of microglia (OX42), astrocytes (GFAP, S100β, C3), and leukocytes (CD45). We also measured nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPX), and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). The Evans blue assay was used to explore the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. We found that BSSG activates NO production on days 15 and 30 and LPX on day 120. Throughout the study, high levels of TNF-α were present in BSSG-treated animals, whereas IL-1β was induced until day 60 and IL-6 until day 30. Immunoreactivity of activated microglia (899.0 ± 80.20%) and reactive astrocytes (651.50 ± 11.28%) progressively increased until day 30 and then decreased to remain 251.2 ± 48.8% (microglia) and 91.02 ± 39.8 (astrocytes) higher over controls on day 120. C3(+) cells were also GFAP and S100β immunoreactive, showing they were neurotoxic A1 reactive astrocytes. BBB remained permeable until day 15 when immune cell infiltration was maximum. TH immunoreactivity progressively declined, reaching 83.6 ± 1.8% reduction on day 120. Our data show that BSSG acute administration causes chronic neuroinflammation mediated by activated microglia, neurotoxic A1 reactive astrocytes, and infiltrated immune cells. The severe neuroinflammation might trigger Parkinson's disease in BSSG intoxication.
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Chen KY, Cheng CJ, Cheng CC, Jhan KY, Chen YJ, Wang LC. The excretory/secretory products of fifth-stage larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis induces autophagy via the Sonic hedgehog pathway in mouse brain astrocytes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008290. [PMID: 32479527 PMCID: PMC7289448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiostrongyliasis is induced by the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis and leads to eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis in humans. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) are important investigation targets for studying the relationship between hosts and nematodes. These products assist worms in penetrating the blood-brain barrier and avoiding the host immune response. Autophagy is a catabolic process that is responsible for digesting cytoplasmic organelles, proteins, and lipids and removing them through lysosomes. This process is essential to cell survival and homeostasis during nutritional deficiency, cell injury and stress. In this study, we investigated autophagy induction upon treatment with the ESPs of the fifth-stage larvae (L5) of A. cantonensis and observed the relationship between autophagy and the Shh pathway. First, the results showed that A. cantonensis infection induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction and pathological changes in the brain. Moreover, A. cantonensis L5 ESPs stimulated autophagosome formation and the expression of autophagy molecules, such as LC3B, Beclin, and p62. The data showed that upon ESPs treatment, rapamycin elevated cell viability through the activation of the autophagy mechanism in astrocytes. Finally, we found that ESPs induced the activation of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway and that the expression of autophagy molecules was increased through the Shh signaling pathway. Collectively, these results suggest that A. cantonensis L5 ESPs stimulate autophagy through the Shh signaling pathway and that autophagy has a protective effect in astrocytes. In helminthes, Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) contains a wide range of molecules, including proteins, lipids, glycans, and nucleic acids, that assist in the penetration of host defensive barriers, reduction of oxidative stress, and avoid the host immune attack. It has been known as a key factor for parasite development, including feeding, invasion and molting. Therefore, ESPs is a valuable target for the investigation of the host-parasite relationships. However, only a few researches about the function of Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis ESPs have been verified to date. Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis, a blood-feeding nematode, and it is an important causative agent of eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis in human. Recent our studies have demonstrated that the A. cantonensis ESPs can induce oxidative stress, apoptosis, and immune response. In this study, we will use a mouse astrocytes as a model to investigate the signaling mechanisms of autophagy induction by ESPs treatment. First, the Microarray, Western blotting, and Transmission electron microscopy data demonstrated that A. cantonensis ESPs can induce autophagy generation in astrocytes. Next, ESPs-induced autophagy was activated via Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, and it has a protective potential for astrocytes. These finding will provide new insights into the mechanisms and effects of the A. cantonensis ESPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ju Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yuan Jhan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Chen Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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