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Spadar A, Collins E, Messenger LA, Clark TG, Campino S. Uncovering the genetic diversity in Aedes aegypti insecticide resistance genes through global comparative genomics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13447. [PMID: 38862628 PMCID: PMC11166649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is vector of many arboviruses including Zika, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, and Chikungunya. Its control efforts are hampered by widespread insecticide resistance reported in the Americas and Asia, while data from Africa is more limited. Here we use publicly available 729 Ae. aegypti whole-genome sequencing samples from 15 countries, including nine in Africa, to investigate the genetic diversity in four insecticide resistance linked genes: ace-1, GSTe2, rdl and vgsc. Apart from vgsc, the other genes have been less investigated in Ae. aegypti, and almost no genetic diversity information is available. Among the four genes, we identified 1,829 genetic variants including 474 non-synonymous substitutions, some of which have been previously documented, as well as putative copy number variations in GSTe2 and vgsc. Global insecticide resistance phenotypic data demonstrated variable resistance in geographic areas with resistant genotypes. Overall, our work provides the first global catalogue and geographic distribution of known and new amino-acid mutations and duplications that can be used to guide the identification of resistance drivers in Ae. aegypti and thereby support monitoring efforts and strategies for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Spadar
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Collins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory (UNLV PARAVEC Lab), School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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2
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Patt JM, Makagon A, Norton B, Marvit M, Rutschman P, Neligeorge M, Salesin J. An optical system to detect, surveil, and kill flying insect vectors of human and crop pathogens. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8174. [PMID: 38589427 PMCID: PMC11002038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Sustainable and effective means to control flying insect vectors are critically needed, especially with widespread insecticide resistance and global climate change. Understanding and controlling vectors requires accurate information about their movement and activity, which is often lacking. The Photonic Fence (PF) is an optical system that uses machine vision, infrared light, and lasers to identify, track, and interdict vectors in flight. The PF examines an insect's outline, flight speed, and other flight parameters and if these match those of a targeted vector species, then a low-power, retina-safe laser kills it. We report on proof-of-concept tests of a large, field-sized PF (30 mL × 3 mH) conducted with Aedes aegypti, a mosquito that transmits dangerous arboviruses, and Diaphorina citri, a psyllid which transmits the fatal huanglongbing disease of citrus. In tests with the laser engaged, < 1% and 3% of A. aegypti and D. citri, respectfully, were recovered versus a 38% and 19% recovery when the lacer was silenced. The PF tracked, but did not intercept the orchid bee, Euglossa dilemma. The system effectively intercepted flying vectors, but not bees, at a distance of 30 m, heralding the use of photonic energy, rather than chemicals, to control flying vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Patt
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA.
| | - Arty Makagon
- Global Health Labs (Formerly Global Good Fund I, LLC), Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Bryan Norton
- Global Health Labs (Formerly Global Good Fund I, LLC), Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Maclen Marvit
- Global Health Labs (Formerly Global Good Fund I, LLC), Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Phillip Rutschman
- Global Health Labs (Formerly Global Good Fund I, LLC), Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Matt Neligeorge
- Global Health Labs (Formerly Global Good Fund I, LLC), Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Jeremy Salesin
- Global Health Labs (Formerly Global Good Fund I, LLC), Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
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Enayati A, Valadan R, Bagherzadeh M, Cheraghpour M, Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Sahraei Rostami F, Shabani Kordshouli R, Raeisi A, Nikpour F, Mirolyaei A, Bagheri F, Sedaghat MM, Zaim M, Weetman D, Hemigway J. Kdr genotyping and the first report of V410L and V1016I kdr mutations in voltage-gated sodium channel gene in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Iran. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:34. [PMID: 38273349 PMCID: PMC10811842 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is the main vector of arboviral diseases worldwide. The species invaded and became established in southern Iran in 2020. Insecticide-based interventions are primarily used for its control. With insecticide resistance widespread, knowledge of resistance mechanisms is vital for informed deployment of insecticidal interventions, but information from Iranian Ae. aegypti is lacking. METHODS Fifty-six Ae. aegypti specimens were collected from the port city of Bandar Lengeh in Hormozgan Province in the South of Iran in 2020 and screened for kdr mutations. The most common kdr mutations in Latin America and Asia (V410L, S989P, V1016G/I and F1534C), especially when present in combinations, are highly predictive of DDT and pyrethroid resistance were detected. Phylogenetic analyses based on the diversity of S989P and V1016G/I mutations were undertaken to assess the phylogeography of these kdr mutations. RESULTS Genotyping all four kdr positions of V410L, S989P, V1016G/I and F1534C revealed that only 16 out of the 56 (28.57%) specimens were homozygous wild type for all kdr mutation sites. Six haplotypes including VSVF (0.537), VSVC (0.107), LSVF (0.016), LSIF (0.071), VPGC (0.257) and LPGC (0.011) were detected in this study. For the first time, 11 specimens harbouring the V410L mutation, and 8 samples with V1016I mutation were found. V410L and V1016I were coincided in 8 specimens. Also, six specimens contained 1016G/I double mutation which was not reported before. CONCLUSIONS The relatively high frequency of these kdr mutations in Iranian Ae. aegypti indicates a population exhibiting substantial resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, which are used widely in control operations and household formulations. The detection of the 410L/1016I kdr mutant haplotype in Iranian Ae. aegypti suggests possible convergence of invasive populations from West Africa or Latin America. However, as Iran has very limited maritime/air connections with those African countries, a Latin American origin for the invasive Ae. aegypti in Iran is more plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Reza Valadan
- Department of Immunology and Molecular and Cellular Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Bagherzadeh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Student Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Cheraghpour
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Student Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Hosseini-Vasoukolaei
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Sahraei Rostami
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Razieh Shabani Kordshouli
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Raeisi
- Vector Borne Diseases Control Department, Iran CDC, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nikpour
- Vector Borne Diseases Control Department, Iran CDC, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Mirolyaei
- Vector Borne Diseases Control Department, Iran CDC, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bagheri
- Hormozgan Provincial Health Center, Department of Communicable Diseases Control, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Zaim
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - David Weetman
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Janet Hemigway
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Jangir PK, Prasad A. Insecticide susceptibility status on Aedes aegypti (Linn) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) of Chittorgarh district, Rajasthan, India. Exp Parasitol 2023; 254:108619. [PMID: 37739025 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases are a major burden to human health. It accounts for more than 17% of the total infectious diseases and causes more than 0.7 million deaths annually. Mosquitoes are potential vectors for many vector-borne diseases that cause illness to public health, globally. Vector species of the genus Aedes i.e., Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the vector for many arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika in India. Dengue is one of the most prevalent viral infections causing a high number of cases throughout the world and resistance to insecticides can be a reason for the failure of vector control strategies. This study was carried out to check the degree of resistance among these vectors in the Chittorgarh district of Rajasthan, India through standard World Health Organization protocol. The resistance was monitored to pyrethroids i.e., deltamethrin (0.05%), permethrin (0.75%), alphacypermethrin (0.05%); organochlorine i.e., DDT (4%), and an organophosphate larvicide i.e., temephos (0.02 mg/L) in both vector species. Complete resistance to DDT was observed among all tested populations of both species. All tested populations of Aedes albopictus were found susceptible to pyrethroids. Aedes aegypti was found resistant in the Mangalwad population, unconfirmed resistant in Bhopalsagar and Rashmi populations while the remaining are susceptible to permethrin. The Mangalwad population was also found unconfirmed resistant to deltamethrin and alphacypermethrin. Larvae of both species were found susceptible to temephos. Decreasing the use of DDT will help to reduce the impact on human health and environmental contamination. However, temephos as a larvicide, deltamethrin, and alphacypermethrin as an adulticide can be used in critical disease outbreaks at a minimum concentration as mosquitoes are found susceptible in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Jangir
- Laboratory of Public Health Entomology, Department of Zoology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India.
| | - Arti Prasad
- Department of Zoology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India.
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Tanzila G, Rasheed SB, Khan NH, Kausar A, Jahan F, Wahid S. INSECTICIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DETECTION OF kdr-GENE MUTATIONS IN AEDES AEGYPTI OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN. Acta Trop 2023; 242:106919. [PMID: 37028585 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is a common disease in Peshawar, Pakistan whose primary vector is Aedes aegypti mosquito. Due to absence of vaccines and proper drugs for dengue, vector control is a necessary tool. Insecticide resistance in vectors is a threat to the control of dengue vector. This study presents the susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti to eight insecticides in district Peshawar and screen the mutations in knock down resistant gene (kdr). Ae. aegypti were found highly resistant to DDT and Deltamethrin while highly susceptible to Cyfluthrin and Bendiocarb. DNA sequencing of two domains (II and III) of kdr-gene have detected four SNPs in domain IIS6 at positions S989P and V1016G and two mutations at position T1520I and F1534C in domain IIIS6. Results showed a low frequency i.e. 0.19 and 0.12 for S989P and V1016G, moderate for T1520I (0.42) and high frequency for F1534C (0.86). Mutational combinations showed that the predominant combination was SSVVTICC (43%) in which T1520I was heterozygous and F1534C was homozygous mutant. This study will be helpful in designing vector control strategies for the control of dengue in the studied area and will provide first knowledge about Kdr gene mutations that confer resistance in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gule Tanzila
- Jinnah College for Women, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | | | - Nazma Habib Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Kausar
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Jahan
- Department of Zoology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Wahid
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan.
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Asgarian TS, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Nikpoor F. Worldwide Status of Insecticide Resistance of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, Vectors of Arboviruses of Chikungunya, Dengue, Zika and Yellow Fever. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2023; 17:1-27. [PMID: 37609563 PMCID: PMC10440498 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v17i1.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Controlling of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, vectors of five important mosquito-borne diseases, is known as the most effective method to prevent the transmission of arboviruses to humans, but the emergence of insecticide resistance is threat for control and prevention of vector borne diseases. A better understanding of mosquito resistance to insecticides will help to develop more effective methods to control insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors. Methods Worldwide geographical distribution of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus by the available papers and map of the data for carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, microbial and insect growth regulator insecticides were reviewed. Article data published up to December 2022 were investigated by searching the following databases: "Google Scholar", "PubMed", "Scopus", "SID" and "Web of Knowledge". Results The results showed that the susceptibility and resistance status of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to insecticides in the world is very diverse. Conclusion Due to the importance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the transmission of mosquito-borne arboviruses, resistance management should be given more attention worldwide to prevent insecticide resistance in the arbovirus vector and replace the new approach for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Sadat Asgarian
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nikpoor
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhao C, Zhou X, Xue C, Lun X, Li W, Liu X, Wu H, Song X, Wang J, Liu Q, Meng F. Knockdown resistance mutations distribution and characteristics of Aedes albopictus field populations within eleven dengue local epidemic provinces in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:981702. [PMID: 36846550 PMCID: PMC9948608 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.981702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes albopictus, commonly known as the tiger mosquito, has attracted global attention because its bite can transmit several viruses, such as dengue virus. With the absence of an effective therapy and vaccine, mosquito control is the sole method for dengue fever control. However, Ae. albopictus has developed resistance to most insecticides, especially pyrethroids. Many scholars have conducted thorough research for the target-site of pyrethroids. The main target-site is the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (VGSC) whose mutation causes knockdown resistance (kdr). The spatial distribution of three locus kdr mutations in Ae. albopictus has not been comprehensively analyzed nationwide in China. In addition, the relationship between the frequency of kdr mutations and dengue fever has not yet been explored. Methods A total of 2,241 Ae. albopictus samples from 49 populations from 11 provinces of mainland China were collected in 2020 and analyzed for mutations in the VGSC gene. DNAstar 7.1. Seqman and Mega-X were used to compare the sequences and read the peak map to confirm the genotypes and alleles of each mutation. ArcGIS 10.6 software was used to make interpolation and extract meteorological data of collection sites and to conduct spatial autocorrelation analysis. R 4.1.2 software was used to conduct a chi-square test for kdr mutations and dengue area and to analyze the correlation between meteorological factors and kdr mutations. Results The overall frequencies of mutant alleles at 1016G, 1532T, and 1534S/C/L were 13.19%, 4.89%, and 46.90%, respectively. Mutations at the three loci were found at 89.80% (44/49), 44.90% (22/49), and 97.96% (48/49) of the field populations. At each of the loci V1016 and I1532, only one allele was detected, which was GGA(G) and ACC(T), respectively. Five mutant alleles were found at codon 1534: TCC/S (33.49%), TGC/C (11.96%), TTG/L (0.60%), CTC/L (0.49%), and TTA/L (0.58%). In total, 31 triple-locus genotype combinations were found, and the single locus mutation was the most common. We also found firstly triple-locus mutant individuals, whose genotypes were V/G+I/T+F/S and V/G+I/T+S/S. The 1016 and 1532 mutation rates were significantly negatively related to the annual average temperature (AAT), but the 1534 mutation rate was significantly positively related to AAT. The 1532 mutation rate was significantly positively related to the 1016 mutation rate but negatively related to the 1534 mutation rate. A relationship was observed between the 1534 codon mutation rate and dengue epidemic areas in this study. Furthermore, spatial autocorrelation analysis results showed that the mutation rates of different codons in different geographical areas had spatial aggregation and positive spatial correlation. Conclusion This study showed that the multiple kdr mutations at codon 1016, 1532 and 1534 of Ae. albopictus were found in most areas of China. Two novel triple-locus genotype combinations, V/G+I/T+F/S and V/G+I/T+S/S, were detected in this study. In addition, the relationship between mosquito resistance and dengue fever outbreak should be further explored, especially considering the insecticide-usage history in different areas. The characteristic of spatial aggregation of VGSC gene mutation rates reminds us to notice the gene exchange and similarity of insecticide usage in the adjacent areas. The use of pyrethroids should be restricted to delay resistance development. New-type insecticides should be developed to adjust the changes in the resistance spectrum. Our study provides abundant data on the Ae. albopictus kdr gene mutation in China; these findings will be useful for the correlation analysis of molecular mechanism of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Beijing Daxing District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Genaral Office, Beijing, China
| | - Chuizhao Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Committee (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinchang Lun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fengxia Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Meier CJ, Rouhier MF, Hillyer JF. Chemical Control of Mosquitoes and the Pesticide Treadmill: A Case for Photosensitive Insecticides as Larvicides. INSECTS 2022; 13:1093. [PMID: 36555003 PMCID: PMC9783766 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides reduce the spread of mosquito-borne disease. Over the past century, mosquito control has mostly relied on neurotoxic chemicals-such as pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbamates and organophosphates-that target adults. However, their persistent use has selected for insecticide resistance. This has led to the application of progressively higher amounts of insecticides-known as the pesticide treadmill-and negative consequences for ecosystems. Comparatively less attention has been paid to larvae, even though larval death eliminates a mosquito's potential to transmit disease and reproduce. Larvae have been targeted by source reduction, biological control, growth regulators and neurotoxins, but hurdles remain. Here, we review methods of mosquito control and argue that photoactive molecules that target larvae-called photosensitive insecticides or PSIs-are an environmentally friendly addition to our mosquitocidal arsenal. PSIs are ingested by larvae and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) when activated by light. ROS then damage macromolecules resulting in larval death. PSIs are degraded by light, eliminating environmental accumulation. Moreover, PSIs only harm small translucent organisms, and their broad mechanism of action that relies on oxidative damage means that resistance is less likely to evolve. Therefore, PSIs are a promising alternative for controlling mosquitoes in an environmentally sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole J. Meier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | | | - Julián F. Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Pusawang K, Sattabongkot J, Saingamsook J, Zhong D, Yan G, Somboon P, Wongpalee SP, Cui L, Saeung A, Sriwichai P. Insecticide Susceptibility Status of Anopheles and Aedes Mosquitoes in Malaria and Dengue Endemic Areas, Thai-Myanmar Border. INSECTS 2022; 13:1035. [PMID: 36354859 PMCID: PMC9694411 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spread of insecticide resistance has had a negative effect on the efficacy of insecticide-based tools and is distributed worldwide, including the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). This study aims to determine the insecticide susceptibility of malaria and dengue vectors in malaria and dengue hotspots on the Thai-Myanmar border. Mosquito larvae and pupae were obtained from water sources from December 2019 to April 2020 in Tha Song Yang District, Tak province, western Thailand. WHO bioassay susceptibility tests were conducted with three classes of insecticides to evaluate the knockdown and mortality rates of Anopheles and Aedes aegypti female adults. V1016G and F1534C kdr mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel of Ae. aegypti were identified using a multiplex PCR. A total of 5764 female mosquitoes were bioassayed in this study, including Anopheles spp. (92.63%) and F1 Ae. aegypti (7.37%). After 24 h of observation, An. minimus s.l. (n = 3885) and An. maculatus s.l. (n = 1138) in Suan Oi (SO) and Tala Oka (TO) were susceptible to pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates (except bendiocarb) with 98-100% mortality (MR). Resistance to bendiocarb was detected with a mortality rate of 88.80%, 88.77%, and 89.92% for An. minimus s.l. (n = 125, 125) and An. maculatus s.l. (n = 66), respectively. The first generation of Ae. aegypti adult females were suspected of resistance to deltamethrin (n = 225, MR = 96.89%) and confirmed resistance to permethrin (n = 200, MR = 20.00%). V1016G and F1534C mutations were detected in three genotypes, heterozygote and homozygote forms. The correlation between the kdr alleles and deltamethrin resistance was significant. In conclusion, bendiocarb resistance was found in primary malaria vectors, An. minimus s.l. and An. maculatus s.l. F1 Ae. aegypti population was pyrethroids-resistant, associated with kdr alleles. Therefore, molecular analysis should be conducted to gain insights into the mechanism of insecticide resistance. Routine malaria vector control programmes, such as fogging implementation in hotspot villages to induce Aedes resistance available in peri-domestic sites, are questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchon Pusawang
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Center, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jassada Saingamsook
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Somsakul Pop Wongpalee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Atiporn Saeung
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Patchara Sriwichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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10
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Updating the Insecticide Resistance Status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7100306. [PMID: 36288047 PMCID: PMC9607256 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are two important vectors of several important arboviruses, including the dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Insecticide application is an important approach to reduce vector abundance during Aedes spp.-borne outbreaks in the absence of effective vaccines and treatments. However, insecticide overuse can result in the development of resistance, and careful monitoring of resistance markers is required. Methods: This meta-analysis and systematic review explored the spatial and temporal patterns of insecticide resistance in Asia from 2000 to 2021. PubMed, Scopus, EbscoHost, and Embase were used to enhance the search capability. The random-effects model was applied for the 94 studies that met our inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis. Results: Four major insecticides were studied (malathion, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, permethrin, and deltamethrin). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane resistance rates were high in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus (68% and 64%, respectively). Conversely, malathion resistance was less prevalent in Ae. aegypti (3%), and deltamethrin resistance was less common in Ae. albopictus (2%). Ae. aegypti displayed consistently high resistance rates (35%) throughout the study period, whereas the rate of insecticide resistance in Ae. albopictus increased from 5% to 12%. The rates of the major kdr mutations F1534C, V1016G, and S989P were 29%, 26%, and 22%, respectively. Conclusions: Insecticide resistance in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus is widespread in Asia, although the rates vary by country. Continuous monitoring of the resistance markers and modification of the control strategies will be important for preventing unexpected outbreaks. This systematic review and meta-analysis provided up-to-date information on insecticide resistance in dengue-endemic countries in Asia.
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11
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Modak MP, Saha D. First report of F1534C kdr mutation in deltamethrin resistant Aedes albopictus from northern part of West Bengal, India. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13653. [PMID: 35953498 PMCID: PMC9372028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is the most rapidly spreading vector-borne disease with an estimated 100–400 million cases each year. Control of Dengue vectors largely depends upon synthetic pyrethroids. Development of insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes however, poses severe threat to insecticide-based vector management programme. Mutations in the Voltage Gated Sodium Channel gene (vgsc) serve as the primary machinery behind this resistance development. In Aedes albopictus, at least four such kdr (knock down resistance) mutations had already been documented. Here, we describe the occurrence of F1534C kdr mutation in wild population of Ae. albopictus from northern part of West Bengal, India including a novel T1520I mutation. Four populations of Ae. albopictus from the studied region were found resistant against DDT and synthetic pyrethroids, among them only one population possessed F1534C kdr mutation. A total of 200 successful amplification followed by partial sequencing of vgsc gene further revealed the presence of F1534C kdr mutation in both phenotypically susceptible and resistant mosquito specimen. Studied populations were found 81% homozygote susceptible (1534F/F), 12.5% heterozygote (1534F/C) and 6% homozygote resistant (1534C/C) for F1534C kdr mutation. The findings of the current study will help to uncover the mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance and hence to reduce errors in vector control measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Pratim Modak
- Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, District-Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Dhiraj Saha
- Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, District-Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India.
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12
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Taniyama K, Hori M. Lethal effect of blue light on Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:10100. [PMID: 35710791 PMCID: PMC9203503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous studies, we found that blue light has a lethal effect on various insect species and demonstrated that the most effective wavelength to control the hygiene pest, the mosquito, Culex pipiens form molestus (Diptera: Culicidae), is ~ 420 nm through all developmental stages. The genera Aedes and Culex include many globally crucial hygiene pest species that transmit serious diseases to humans and animals. However, effective lethal wavelengths have been shown to differ among insect species. In this study, we investigated the lethal effects of blue light on the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, using light-emitting diodes. Blue-light irradiation had a lethal effect on the larvae, pupae, and adults of Ae. albopictus. In particular, the 417-nm blue-light wavelength had a strong lethal effect on the larvae, showing 100% mortality before pupation at the photon flux density of 10 × 1018 photons·m-2·s-1. In contrast, no blue-light wavelength had a lethal effect on the eggs. Moreover, the 417-nm wavelength had the strongest effect on the pupae among the tested blue-light wavelengths. Our findings indicate that ~ 420 nm is the most promising blue-light wavelength to control populations of Ae. albopictus and C. pipiens f. molestus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Taniyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.
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13
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Knockdown Resistance Mutations in the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Myanmar. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040322. [PMID: 35447764 PMCID: PMC9028491 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) of mosquitoes confer resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Analysis of kdr mutations in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected from five different townships in the Mandalay area, Myanmar, revealed high levels of validated kdr mutations in domains II and III of vgsc. Moreover, high frequencies of concurrent kdr mutations were also detected. The results of this study suggest that kdr mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance are widespread in the Ae. aegypti population of the study area. Our results provide a valuable molecular basis to understand the pyrethroid resistance status of the Ae. aegypti population in the area and underscore the need for an effective vector control program in Myanmar. Abstract Aedes aegypti is an important mosquito vector transmitting diverse arboviral diseases in Myanmar. Pyrethroid insecticides have been widely used in Myanmar as the key mosquito control measure, but the efforts are constrained by increasing resistance. Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) are related to pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti. We analyzed the patterns and distributions of the kdr mutations in Ae. aegypti in the Mandalay area of Myanmar. The segment 6 regions of domains II and III of vgsc were separately amplified from individual Ae. aegypti genomic DNA via polymerase chain reaction. The amplified gene fragments were sequenced. High proportions of three major kdr mutations, including S989P (54.8%), V1016G (73.6%), and F1534C (69.5%), were detected in the vgsc of Ae. aegypti from all studied areas. Other kdr mutations, T1520I and F1534L, were also found. These kdr mutations represent 11 distinct haplotypes of the vgsc population. The S989P/V1016G/F1534C was the most prevalent, followed by S989P/V1016V and V1016G/F1534C. A quadruple mutation, S989P/V1016G/T1520I/F1534C, was also identified. High frequencies of concurrent kdr mutations were observed in vgsc of Myanmar Ae. aegypti, suggesting a high level of pyrethroid resistance in the population. These findings underscore the need for an effective vector control program in Myanmar.
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14
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Naw H, Su MNC, Võ TC, Lê HG, Kang JM, Jun H, Mya YY, Myint MK, Lee J, Sohn WM, Kim TS, Na BK. Overall Prevalence and Distribution of Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Mutations in Aedes aegypti from Mandalay Region, Myanmar. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 58:709-714. [PMID: 33412777 PMCID: PMC7806427 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) of mosquitoes confer resistance to insecticides. Although insecticide resistance has been suspected to be widespread in the natural population of Aedes aegypti in Myanmar, only limited information is currently available. The overall prevalence and distribution of kdr mutations was analyzed in Ae. aegypti from Mandalay areas, Myanmar. Sequence analysis of the VGSC in Ae. aegypti from Myanmar revealed amino acid mutations at 13 and 11 positions in domains II and III of VGSC, respectively. High frequencies of S989P (68.6%), V1016G (73.5%), and F1534C (40.1%) were found in domains II and III. T1520I was also found, but the frequency was low (8.1%). The frequency of S989P/V1016G was high (55.0%), and the frequencies of V1016G/F1534C and S989P/V1016G/F1534C were also high at 30.1% and 23.5%, respectively. Novel mutations in domain II (L963Q, M976I, V977A, M994T, L995F, V996M/A, D998N, V999A, N1013D, and F1020S) and domain III (K1514R, Y1523H, V1529A, F1534L, F1537S, V1546A, F1551S, G1581D, and K1584R) were also identified. These results collectively suggest that high frequencies of kdr mutations were identified in Myanmar Ae. aegypti, indicating a high level of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haung Naw
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Mya Nilar Chaw Su
- Department of Medical Research Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar
| | - Tuấn Cường Võ
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hương Giang Lê
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hojong Jun
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Yi Yi Mya
- Department of Medical Research Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar
| | - Moe Kyaw Myint
- Department of Medical Research Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
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15
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Rigby LM, Rašić G, Peatey CL, Hugo LE, Beebe NW, Devine GJ. Identifying the fitness costs of a pyrethroid-resistant genotype in the major arboviral vector Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:358. [PMID: 32690061 PMCID: PMC7372837 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective vector control measures are essential in a world where many mosquito-borne diseases have no vaccines or drug therapies available. Insecticidal tools remain the mainstay of most vector-borne disease management programmes, although their use for both agricultural and public health purposes has resulted in selection for resistance. Despite this, little is known about the fitness costs associated with specific insecticide-resistant genotypes and their implications for the management of resistance. In Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, the best-characterised resistance mechanisms are single-point mutations that protect the voltage-gated sodium channel from the action of pyrethroids. Methods We evaluated the fitness cost of two co-occurring, homozygous mutations (V1016G and S989P) by back-crossing a resistant strain of A. aegypti from Timor-Leste into a fully susceptible strain from Queensland. The creation of the backcross strain allowed us to isolate these kdr mutations in an otherwise susceptible genetic background. Results In comparison to the susceptible strain, the backcrossed colony exhibited longer larval development times (5 days, P < 0.001), 24% fewer mosquitoes reached the adult stage (P = 0.005), had smaller wing lengths (females, P = 0.019 and males, P = 0.007) and adult female mosquitoes had a shorter average lifespan (6 days, P < 0.0006). Conclusions These results suggest specific and significant fitness costs associated with the double homozygous V1016G/S989P genotype in the absence of insecticides. The susceptibility of a population may recover if the fitness costs of resistant genotypes can be emphasised through the use of insecticide rotations and mosaics or the presence of untreated spatial or temporal refuges. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Rigby
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, QLD, 4051, Australia. .,Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Gordana Rašić
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Christopher L Peatey
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, QLD, 4051, Australia
| | - Leon E Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Nigel W Beebe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,CSIRO, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregor J Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
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16
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Kushwah RBS, Kaur T, Dykes CL, Ravi Kumar H, Kapoor N, Singh OP. A new knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation, F1534L, in the voltage-gated sodium channel of Aedes aegypti, co-occurring with F1534C, S989P and V1016G. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:327. [PMID: 32600469 PMCID: PMC7325290 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a primary vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika infections in India. In the absence of specific drugs or safe and effective vaccines for these infections, their control relies mainly on vector control measures. The emergence of insecticide resistance in vectors, especially against pyrethroids, is a serious threat to the insecticide-based vector control programme. This study reports the presence of multiple knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations present in an Ae. aegypti population from Bengaluru (India), including a new mutation F1534L. METHODS Aedes aegypti collected from Bengaluru were subjected to insecticide susceptibility tests with DDT, deltamethrin and permethrin. The DNA sequencing of partial domain II, III and IV of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) was performed to screen kdr mutations present in the population and PCR-based assays were developed for their detection. Genotyping of kdr mutations was done using PCR-based assays, allelic frequencies were determined, and tests of genetic association of kdr mutations with the insecticide resistance phenotype were performed. RESULTS The Ae. aegypti population was resistant to DDT, deltamethrin and permethrin. The DNA sequencing of the VGSC revealed the presence of four kdr mutations, i.e. S989P and V1016G in domain II and two alternative kdr mutations F1534C and F1534L in domain III. Allele-specific PCR assays (ASPCR) were developed for the detection of kdr mutations S989P and V1016G and an existing PCR-RFLP based strategy was modified for the genotyping of all three known kdr mutations in domain III (F1534L, F1534C and T1520I). Genotyping of Ae. aegypti samples revealed a moderate frequency of S989P/V1016G (18.27%) and F1534L (17.48%), a relatively high frequency of F1534C (50.61%) and absence of T1520I in the population. Mutations S989P and V1016G were in complete linkage disequilibrium in this population while they were in linkage equilibrium with kdr mutations F1534C and F1534L. The alleles F1534C and F1534L are genetically associated with permethrin resistance. CONCLUSIONS A new kdr mutation, F1534L, was found in an Ae. aegypti population from Bengaluru (India), co-occurring with the other three mutations S989P, V1016G and F1534C. The findings of a new mutation have implications for insecticide resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taranjeet Kaur
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077 India
| | - Cherry L. Dykes
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077 India
| | - H. Ravi Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, 560056 India
| | - Neera Kapoor
- School of Life Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidangarhi, Delhi, 110068 India
| | - Om P. Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077 India
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17
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Chen M, Du Y, Nomura Y, Zhorov BS, Dong K. Chronology of sodium channel mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21686. [PMID: 32378259 PMCID: PMC8060125 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary mosquito vector of dengue, yellow fever, Zika and chikungunya. Current strategies to control Ae. aegypti rely heavily on insecticide interventions. Pyrethroids are a major class of insecticides used for mosquito control because of their fast acting, highly insecticidal activities and low mammalian toxicity. However, Ae. aegypti populations around the world have begun to develop resistance to pyrethroids. So far, more than a dozen mutations in the sodium channel gene have been reported to be associated with pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti. Co-occurrence of resistance-associated mutations is common in pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti populations. As global use of pyrethroids in mosquito control continues, new pyrethroid-resistant mutations keep emerging. In this microreview, we compile pyrethroid resistance-associated mutations in Ae. aegypti in a chronological order, as they were reported, and summarize findings from functional evaluation of these mutations in an in vitro sodium channel expression system. We hope that the information will be useful for tracing possible evolution of pyrethroid resistance in this important human disease vector, in addition to the development of methods for global monitoring and management of pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of life sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhe Du
- USDA-ARS, Biological Control of Pest Research Unit, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Yoshiko Nomura
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Boris S. Zhorov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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18
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Kawada H, Futami K, Higa Y, Rai G, Suzuki T, Rai SK. Distribution and pyrethroid resistance status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus populations and possible phylogenetic reasons for the recent invasion of Aedes aegypti in Nepal. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:213. [PMID: 32321546 PMCID: PMC7178601 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background When the first systematic list of mosquitoes in Nepal was reported in 1990, there was no description of Aedes aegypti (L.), while Aedes albopictus (Skuse) has been included in the Stegomyia subgroup since the 1950s. The first record of Ae. aegypti in Nepal was reported in 2009, suggesting some coincidence between the invasion of this species and the first record of dengue fever in Nepal in 2006. Results We performed a field survey of the distribution and insecticide susceptibility of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Nepal in 2017 and 2018. Mosquito larvae were collected from used tires located along the streets of Kathmandu, Bharatpur and Pokhara, and a simplified bioassay was used to assess the susceptibility of the larvae to pyrethroid insecticides using d-allethrin. The presence or absence of point mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel was also detected by direct sequencing. V1016G was detected at a high frequency and a strong correlation was observed between the frequencies of V1016G and susceptibility indices in Ae. aegypti populations. F1534C was also detected at a relatively low frequency. In Ae. albopictus populations, susceptibilities to d-allethrin were high and no point mutations were detected. Analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene was performed for assessing genetic diversity and the existence of two strains were identified in Ae. aegypti populations. One consisted of 9 globally-distributed haplotypes while the other was derived from an African haplotype. Conclusions The high pyrethroid resistance, high V1016G frequency, and relatively low quantity of insecticides used to control dengue vectors in Nepal may have resulted in only weak selection pressure favoring insecticide resistance and could support the hypothesis that this species has recently been introduced from neighboring Asian countries where pyrethroid resistance is relatively widespread.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kawada
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Futami
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Higa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Departmanet of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ganesh Rai
- Shi-Gan International College of Science and Technology, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Faculty of Health Science, Kobe-Tokiwa University, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shiba Kumar Rai
- Shi-Gan International College of Science and Technology, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Research Division, Nepal Medical College, Gokarneswor, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Fan Y, O'Grady P, Yoshimizu M, Ponlawat A, Kaufman PE, Scott JG. Evidence for both sequential mutations and recombination in the evolution of kdr alleles in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008154. [PMID: 32302303 PMCID: PMC7164583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a globally distributed vector of human diseases including dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. Pyrethroid insecticides are the primary means of controlling adult A. aegypti populations to suppress arbovirus outbreaks, but resistance to pyrethroid insecticides has become a global problem. Mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) gene are a major mechanism of pyrethroid resistance in A. aegypti. Vssc resistance alleles in A. aegypti commonly have more than one mutation. However, our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of how alleles with multiple mutations arose is poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined the geographic distribution and association between the common Vssc mutations (V410L, S989P, V1016G/I and F1534C) in A. aegypti by analyzing the relevant Vssc fragments in 25 collections, mainly from Asia and the Americas. Our results showed all 11 Asian populations had two types of resistance alleles: 1534C and 989P+1016G. The 1534C allele was more common with frequencies ranging from 0.31 to 0.88, while the 989P+1016G frequency ranged from 0.13 to 0.50. Four distinct alleles (410L, 1534C, 410L+1534C and 410L+1016I+1534C) were detected in populations from the Americas. The most common was 410L+1016I+1534C with frequencies ranging from 0.50 to 1.00, followed by 1534C with frequencies ranging from 0.13 to 0.50. Our phylogenetic analysis of Vssc supported multiple independent origins of the F1534C mutation. Our results indicated the 410L+1534C allele may have arisen by addition of the V410L mutation to the 1534C allele, or by a crossover event. The 410L+1016I+1534C allele was the result of one or two mutational steps from a 1534C background. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data corroborated previous geographic distributions of resistance mutations and provided evidence for both recombination and sequential accumulation of mutations contributing to the molecular evolution of resistance alleles in A. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Fan
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Patrick O'Grady
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Yoshimizu
- Vector-Borne Disease Section, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | | | - Phillip E. Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey G. Scott
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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