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Franco-Losilla M, Nordzieke S, Feldmann I, Limón MC, Avalos J. HmbC, a Protein of the HMG Family, Participates in the Regulation of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1661. [PMID: 37628712 PMCID: PMC10454146 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, carotenoid production is up-regulated by light and down-regulated by the CarS RING finger protein, which modulates the mRNA levels of carotenoid pathway genes (car genes). To identify new potential regulators of car genes, we used a biotin-mediated pull-down procedure to detect proteins capable of binding to their promoters. We focused our attention on one of the proteins found in the screening, belonging to the High-Mobility Group (HMG) family that was named HmbC. The deletion of the hmbC gene resulted in increased carotenoid production due to higher mRNA levels of car biosynthetic genes. In addition, the deletion resulted in reduced carS mRNA levels, which could also explain the partial deregulation of the carotenoid pathway. The mutants exhibited other phenotypic traits, such as alterations in development under certain stress conditions, or reduced sensitivity to cell wall degrading enzymes, revealed by less efficient protoplast formation, indicating that HmbC is also involved in other cellular processes. In conclusion, we identified a protein of the HMG family that participates in the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis. This is probably achieved through an epigenetic mechanism related to chromatin structure, as is frequent in this class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Franco-Losilla
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (M.F.-L.); (J.A.)
| | - Steffen Nordzieke
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (M.F.-L.); (J.A.)
| | - Ingo Feldmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., 44227 Dortmund, Germany;
| | - M. Carmen Limón
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (M.F.-L.); (J.A.)
| | - Javier Avalos
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (M.F.-L.); (J.A.)
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2
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Nowrousian M. The Role of Chromatin and Transcriptional Control in the Formation of Sexual Fruiting Bodies in Fungi. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0010422. [PMID: 36409109 PMCID: PMC9769939 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00104-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal fruiting bodies are complex, three-dimensional structures that arise from a less complex vegetative mycelium. Their formation requires the coordinated action of many genes and their gene products, and fruiting body formation is accompanied by major changes in the transcriptome. In recent years, numerous transcription factor genes as well as chromatin modifier genes that play a role in fruiting body morphogenesis were identified, and through research on several model organisms, the underlying regulatory networks that integrate chromatin structure, gene expression, and cell differentiation are becoming clearer. This review gives a summary of the current state of research on the role of transcriptional control and chromatin structure in fruiting body development. In the first part, insights from transcriptomics analyses are described, with a focus on comparative transcriptomics. In the second part, examples of more detailed functional characterizations of the role of chromatin modifiers and/or transcription factors in several model organisms (Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus nidulans, Sordaria macrospora, Coprinopsis cinerea, and Schizophyllum commune) that have led to a better understanding of regulatory networks at the level of chromatin structure and transcription are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minou Nowrousian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Botany, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Seike H, Ishimori K, Watanabe A, Kiryu M, Hatakeyama S, Tanaka S, Yoshihara R. Two high-mobility group domains of MHG1 are necessary to maintain mtDNA in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:826-833. [PMID: 36517150 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mhg1 (NCU02695/ada-23) gene encodes the mitochondrial high-mobility group box (HMG-box or HMGB) protein in Neurospora crassa. The mhg1 KO strain (mhg1KO) has mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) instability and a short lifespan; however, the function of MHG1 remains unclear. To investigate the role of this protein in the maintenance of mtDNA, domain deleted MHG1 proteins were expressed in the mhg1KO strain, and their effects were analyzed. We identified two putative HMG-domains, HMGBI and HMGBII. Although deletion of the HMG-box did not abolish MHG1's mitochondrial localization, the mhg1KO phenotype of a severe growth defect and a high sensitivity to mutagens could not be restored by introduction of HMG-box deleted mhg1 gene into the KO strain. It was indicated that recombinant full-length MHG1, i.e., mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) containing protein, did not exhibit explicit DNA binding, whereas the MHG1 protein truncated for the MTS sequence did in vitro by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Furthermore, recombinant MHG1 protein lacking MTS and HMG-domains, either HMGBI or HMGBII, had DNA affinity and an altered band shift pattern compared with MTS-truncated MHG1 protein. These results suggest that cleavage of MTS and appropriate DNA binding via HMG-domains are indispensable for maintaining mtDNA in N. crassa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayami Seike
- Department of Regulatory Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Shimo-Ohkubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishimori
- Department of Regulatory Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Shimo-Ohkubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Asagi Watanabe
- Department of Regulatory Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Shimo-Ohkubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mao Kiryu
- Department of Regulatory Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Shimo-Ohkubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shin Hatakeyama
- Department of Regulatory Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Shimo-Ohkubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shuuitsu Tanaka
- Department of Regulatory Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Shimo-Ohkubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ryouhei Yoshihara
- Department of Regulatory Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Shimo-Ohkubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
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4
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Ámon J, Varga G, Pfeiffer I, Farkas Z, Karácsony Z, Hegedűs Z, Vágvölgyi C, Hamari Z. The role of the Aspergillus nidulans high mobility group B protein HmbA, the orthologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nhp6p. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17334. [PMID: 36243791 PMCID: PMC9569327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian HMGB1 is a high-mobility-group B protein, which is both an architectural and functional element of chromatin. Nhp6p, the extensively studied fungal homologue of HMGB1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has pleiotropic physiological functions. Despite the existence of Nhp6p orthologues in filamentous ascomycetes, little is known about their physiological roles besides their contribution to sexual development. Here we study the function of HmbA, the Aspergillus nidulans orthologue of Nhp6p. We show that HmbA influences the utilization of various carbon- and nitrogen sources, stress tolerance, secondary metabolism, hyphae elongation and maintenance of polarized growth. Additionally, by conducting heterologous expression studies, we demonstrate that HmbA and Nhp6p are partially interchangeable. HmbA restores SNR6 transcription and fitness of nhp6AΔBΔ mutant and reverses its heat sensitivity. Nhp6Ap complements several phenotypes of hmbAΔ, including ascospore formation, utilization of various carbon- and nitrogen-sources, radial growth rate, hypha elongation by polarized growth. However, Nhp6Ap does not complement sterigmatocystin production in a hmbAΔ strain. Finally, we also show that HmbA is necessary for the normal expression of the endochitinase chiA, a cell wall re-modeller that is pivotal for the normal mode of maintenance of polar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Ámon
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Varga
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ilona Pfeiffer
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Farkas
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karácsony
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary ,grid.424679.aPresent Address: Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Hegedűs
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Hamari
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Navarro-Espíndola R, Suaste-Olmos F, Peraza-Reyes L. Dynamic Regulation of Peroxisomes and Mitochondria during Fungal Development. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E302. [PMID: 33233491 PMCID: PMC7711908 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes and mitochondria are organelles that perform major functions in the cell and whose activity is very closely associated. In fungi, the function of these organelles is critical for many developmental processes. Recent studies have disclosed that, additionally, fungal development comprises a dynamic regulation of the activity of these organelles, which involves a developmental regulation of organelle assembly, as well as a dynamic modulation of the abundance, distribution, and morphology of these organelles. Furthermore, for many of these processes, the dynamics of peroxisomes and mitochondria are governed by common factors. Notably, intense research has revealed that the process that drives the division of mitochondria and peroxisomes contributes to several developmental processes-including the formation of asexual spores, the differentiation of infective structures by pathogenic fungi, and sexual development-and that these processes rely on selective removal of these organelles via autophagy. Furthermore, evidence has been obtained suggesting a coordinated regulation of organelle assembly and dynamics during development and supporting the existence of regulatory systems controlling fungal development in response to mitochondrial activity. Gathered information underscores an important role for mitochondrial and peroxisome dynamics in fungal development and suggests that this process involves the concerted activity of these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonardo Peraza-Reyes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.N.-E.); (F.S.-O.)
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Li S, Xin M, Luan J, Liu D, Wang C, Liu C, Zhang W, Zhou X, Qin Z. Overexpression of CsHMGB Alleviates Phytotoxicity and Propamocarb Residues in Cucumber. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:738. [PMID: 32595667 PMCID: PMC7304447 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most economically important fruits of the Cucurbitaceae family, therefore consideration of potential pesticide residues in the fruit in the context of cucumber breeding and production programs is important. Propamocarb (a pesticide commonly used to prevent downy mildew) is widely used in cucumber cultivation, but the molecular mechanism underlying the degradation and metabolism of propamocarb in cucumber is not well understood. We screened a candidate CsHMGB gene (CsaV3-5G28190) for response to propamocarb exposure using transcriptome data. The coding region of CsHMGB was 624 bp in length and encoded the conserved HMB-box region. CsHMGB expression differed significantly between the "D0351" genotype, which accumulated low levels of propamocarb, and the "D9320" genotype, which accumulated high levels of propamocarb. CsHMGB expression was positively correlated with propamocarb levels in the cucumber peel. CsHMGB expression was upregulated in the fruit peels of the "D0351" genotype following exposure to propamocarb stress for 3-120 h, but no difference was observed in expression between propamocarb treatment and control for the "D9320" genotype. For the "D0351" genotype, CsHMGB expression was higher in the fruit peels and leaves than that in female flowers; expression was moderate in the stems and fruit pulps, and weak in male flowers and roots. The CsHMGB protein was targeted to the nucleus in Arabidopsis protoplasts and in the epidermis of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. We measured MDA, O2 -, and H2O2 levels in cucumber plants and found that they were likely to accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to propamocarb stress. Analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, POD, CAT, APX, GPX, GST, and GR) and the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) system showed that the resistance of the plants was reduced and the levels of propamocarb residue was increased in CsHMGB-silenced plants in response to propamocarb stress. Conversely, overexpression of CsHMGB promoted glutathione-dependent detoxification by AsA-GSH system and improved the antioxidant potential, reduced the accumulation of ROS. Ultimately, the metabolism of propamocarb in cucumber was increased via increase in the wax levels and the stomatal conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Xin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Luan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenshuo Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuyan Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiwei Qin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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7
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Frawley D, Stroe MC, Oakley BR, Heinekamp T, Straßburger M, Fleming AB, Brakhage AA, Bayram Ö. The Pheromone Module SteC-MkkB-MpkB-SteD-HamE Regulates Development, Stress Responses and Secondary Metabolism in Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:811. [PMID: 32457716 PMCID: PMC7223695 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order for eukaryotes to efficiently detect and respond to environmental stimuli, a myriad of protein signaling pathways are utilized. An example of highly conserved signaling pathways in eukaryotes are the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In fungi, MAPK pathways have been shown to regulate a diverse array of biological processes, such as asexual and sexual development, stress responses and the production of secondary metabolites (SMs). In the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans, a MAPK pathway known as the pheromone module is utilized to regulate both development and SM production. This signaling cascade consists of the three kinases SteC, MkkB, and MpkB, as well as the SteD adaptor protein and the HamE scaffold. In this study, homologs of each of these proteins have been identified in the opportunistic human pathogen A. fumigatus. By performing epitope tagging and mass spectrometry experiments, we have shown that these proteins form a pentameric complex, similar to what is observed in A. nidulans. This complex has been shown to assemble in the cytoplasm and MpkB enters the nucleus, where it would presumably interact with various transcription factors. Pheromone module mutant strains exhibit drastic reductions in asexual sporulation, vegetative growth rate and production of SMs, such as gliotoxin. Mutants also display increased sensitivity to cell wall and oxidative stress agents. Overall, these data provide evidence of the existence of a conserved MAP kinase signaling pathway in Aspergillus species and suggest that this pathway is critical for the regulation of fungal development and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Frawley
- Department of Biology, Fungal Genetics and Secondary Metabolism Laboratory, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Maria C Stroe
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Berl R Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Thorsten Heinekamp
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Straßburger
- Transfer Group Antiinfectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Alastair B Fleming
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Özgür Bayram
- Department of Biology, Fungal Genetics and Secondary Metabolism Laboratory, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
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