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Gidey K, Aregawi SG, Hailu BY, Asgedom SW, Niriayo YL. Antimicrobial Use-Related Problems Among Hospitalized Pediatric Patients: A Prospective Observational Study. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:119-130. [PMID: 38234373 PMCID: PMC10792179 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s433677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobials are among the most commonly misused medications, leading to antimicrobial resistance, and therefore demand more attention. There are limited studies documenting "antimicrobial use-related problems" in developing countries, especially in pediatric patients. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of antimicrobial use-related problems and risk factors among hospitalized pediatric patients. Materials and Methods A hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted in Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital (ACSH) in the Tigray region, Ethiopia. The participants of the study were pediatric patients aged ≤15 years who were admitted with a diagnosis of infectious disease between September 2019 and November 2019. Results A total of 232 pediatric patients were included in the study. Of these, 59.5% of the patients were male and the mean age (SD) of the patients was 5.8 (5.2) years. Of the 232 patients surveyed, a total of 177 antimicrobial use-related problems were identified. One or more antimicrobial use-related problems have occurred in more than half of the patients (53.9%). The commonest antimicrobial use problems were unnecessary antimicrobial therapy (22.8%) followed by need additional antimicrobial therapy (16.4%). In a multivariate logistic regression model, patients with comorbidities (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.84, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04-3.27) and hospital stays exceeding one week (AOR=1.88, 95% CI: 1.08-3.26) were predictors of antimicrobial use-related problems. Conclusion Antimicrobial use-related problems were found in a significant proportion of pediatric patients. Addressing these issues necessitates collaborative efforts, emphasizing targeted education, strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, ensuring responsible antimicrobial use and enhancing pediatric care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidu Gidey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Girmay Aregawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Berhane Yohannes Hailu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yirga Legesse Niriayo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Niriayo YL, Ayalneh M, Demoz GT, Tesfay N, Gidey K. Antimicrobial use related problems and determinants in surgical ward of Ethiopian tertiary hospital. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296284. [PMID: 38134131 PMCID: PMC10745209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic use related problems lead to the emergence of resistance, failure of therapy, morbidity, mortality, and unnecessary healthcare expenditure. However, little is known about antimicrobial use related problems in our setting particularly in hospitalized surgical patients. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate antibiotic use related problems and their determinants among hospitalized surgical patients. METHODOLOGY A prospective observational study was conducted from December 2018 to April 2019 at the surgical ward of the Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital, located in Northern Ethiopia. We included patients admitted to the surgical ward who were on antibiotic therapy or were candidates for antibiotic therapy/prophylaxis. The patients were recruited during admission and were followed daily until discharge. Data were collected through patient interviews and expert reviews of medical and medication records. The appropriateness of antibiotic use was evaluated according to the Infectious Disease Society of America, American Society of Health System Pharmacists, and World Health Organization guidelines. Subsequently, antibiotic use related problems were identified and classified based on Cipolle's method followed by consensus review with experts. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify the determinants of antibiotic use related problems. Statistical significance was set at p <0.05. RESULTS Among 272 patients, 167(61.4%) experienced antibiotics use related problems. A total of 235 antibiotics use related problems were identified equating 0.86±0.82 problems per patient. The commonly identified antibiotic use related problems were the need for additional drug therapy (29.4%), unnecessary drug therapy (15%), and dosage too high (12.1%). Cephalosporin (47.02%) was the most commonly implicated class of antibiotics in these drug related problems, followed by penicillin (18.45%) and metronidazole (16.02%). Prolonged hospitalization (AOR: 3.57, 95% CI: 1.91-6.70), number of medications≥5 (AOR: 2.08, 95%CI: 1.10-3.94), and lower qualifications of practitioners [general practitioners (AOR: 10.27, 95%CI: 4.13-25.58) and surgical residents (AOR: 2.28, 95%CI: 1.12-4.63)] were predictors of antibiotic use related problems. CONCLUSION Antibiotic use related problems were common among the hospitalized surgical patients. Prolonged hospitalizations, number of medications, and lower qualifications of practitioners were predictors of antibiotic use related problems. Therefore, more emphasis should be given for patients with prolonged hospitalization and multiple medications. Moreover, practitioners with higher qualifications including surgical specialists need to be involved in patient evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirga Legesse Niriayo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Melisew Ayalneh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Gebre Teklemariam Demoz
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Unit, Departments of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Aksum University, Axum, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Nigusse Tesfay
- School of dental medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Kidu Gidey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
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Alemkere G, Tegegne GT, Molla GA, Belayneh A, Muzeyin H, Shewarega W, Degefaw Y, Melkie A, Getahun W, Tadeg H, Alemayehu A, Girma E, Amogne W. Etiquette of the antibiotic decision-making process for surgical prophylaxis in Ethiopia: a triangulated ethnographic study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1251692. [PMID: 38192548 PMCID: PMC10773818 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1251692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Prophylactic antibiotics reduce surgery-associated infections and healthcare costs. While quantitative methods have been widely used to evaluate antibiotic use practices in surgical wards, they fall short of fully capturing the intricacies of antibiotic decision-making in these settings. Qualitative methods can bridge this gap by delving into the often-overlooked healthcare customs that shape antibiotic prescribing practices. Aim This study aimed to explore the etiquette of the antibiotic decision-making process of surgical prophylaxis antibiotic use at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH). Methods The observational study was carried out at TASH, a teaching and referral hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 26 August 2021 to 1 January 2022. Overall, 21 business ward rounds, 30 medical record reviews, and 11 face-to-face interviews were performed sequentially to triangulate and cross-validate the qualitative observation. The data were collected until saturation. The data were cleaned, coded, summarized, and analyzed using the thematic analysis approach. Result Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) discussions were infrequent during surgical ward rounds in TASH, leading to practices that deviated from established recommendations. Clear documentation differentiating SAP from other antibiotic uses was also lacking, which contributed to unjustified extended SAP use in the postoperative period. Missed SAP documentation was common for emergency surgeries, as well as initial dose timing and pre-operative metronidazole administration. Importantly, there was no standardized facility guideline or clinical protocol for SAP use. Furthermore, SAP prescriptions were often signed by junior residents and medical interns, and administration was typically handled by anesthesiologists/anesthetists at the operating theater and by nurses in the wards. This suggests a delegation of SAP decision-making from surgeons to senior residents, then to junior residents, and finally to medical interns. Moreover, there was no adequate representation from pharmacy, nursing, and other staff during ward rounds. Conclusion Deeply ingrained customs hinder evidence-based SAP decisions, leading to suboptimal practices and increased surgical site infection risks. Engaging SAP care services and implementing antimicrobial stewardship practices could optimize SAP usage and mitigate SSI risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Alemkere
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services Program, Management Sciences for Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobezie T. Tegegne
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getnet Abebe Molla
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Belayneh
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hanan Muzeyin
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wendwosen Shewarega
- Antimicrobial Resistance Prevention and Control Case Team, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Lead Executive Office, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yidnekachew Degefaw
- Antimicrobial Resistance Prevention and Control Case Team, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Lead Executive Office, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu Melkie
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Workineh Getahun
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services Program, Management Sciences for Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hailu Tadeg
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services Program, Management Sciences for Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Alemayehu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetu Girma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen Amogne
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Alemkere G, Tadeg H, Getahun W, Shewarega W, Agalu A, Joshi MP, Konduri N. Optimizing prophylactic antibiotic use among surgery patients in Ethiopian hospitals. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16 Suppl 1:82-89. [PMID: 37935605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2018, the Ethiopian Ministry of Health (MOH) has been working to institutionalize antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs across the country. The US Agency for International Development Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services Program supported Ethiopia's multipronged One Health approach to combat AMR. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of a quality improvement intervention to optimize the use of antimicrobials for surgical prophylaxis. METHODS Basic AMS interventions were introduced in five hospitals from January to May 2023. The AMS committees and multidisciplinary teams working at the surgical wards were trained and provided on-site support to implement surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) interventions. A before-after comparison was made for 206 medical records at baseline and 213 during the intervention phase. Qualitative data were gathered through discussions during experience-sharing workshops to supplement the quantitative results. RESULT There were improvements in the presurgery dose of the prophylactic antibiotic and its timing: the doses within the recommended range increased from 11.2 % to 61.0 % (p < 0.001) and the optimal timing increased from 68 % to 82.6 % (p < 0.001). The hospitals also demonstrated some nonsignificant improvement in the duration of prophylactic antibiotic use (from 35 % to 44.6 % [p = 0.106]), with change in practice hampered by practitioners' resistance to early discontinuation for fear of infection due to perceived weaknesses in infection prevention and control practices. Nonavailability of the recommended antibiotic of choice for surgical prophylaxis was another major challenge in addressing all the elements of SAP. The intervention demonstrated a significant antibiotic-related average cost saving, 51.8 Ethiopian birr (∼1 US dollar) per patient (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION Short-term investments with basic AMS interventions can help to improve SAP use in surgical wards. However, comprehensive success requires complementing AMS interventions with concurrent attention to proper supply chain and infection prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Alemkere
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hailu Tadeg
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Workineh Getahun
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wendosen Shewarega
- Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Lead Executive Office, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asrat Agalu
- Department of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohan P Joshi
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Niranjan Konduri
- USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Arlington, VA, USA.
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Jin J, Zhu J, Tang J. The impact of antimicrobial management by clinical pharmacists in obstetrics and gynecology on antimicrobial indicators, bacterial resistance and drug costs from 2011 to 2021 in China. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16851. [PMID: 37389079 PMCID: PMC10300213 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The goal of our study is to analyze the effectiveness and role of clinical pharmacists in antibiotic management through retrospective research from 2011 to 2021, depending on the current scenario of the antibiotic application in China. Methods We formed a team of pharmacists to carry out multifaceted intervention measures, such as forming a working group, developing a plan, establishing management rules via the pre-trial system, prescription comments, collaborating with the administrative department, implementing training and publicity, and so on. Antibiotic use was studied, bacterial drug resistance was determined, and antibiotic costs were computed. Results The pharmacist intervention and rectification of inappropriate antibacterial drug orders considerably enhanced the rational use rate of antibiotics and reduced the cost of antibiotics. Antibiotic use in clean surgery decreased from 90.22% to 11.14%, the use rate of antibiotics decreased from 63.82% to 30.26%, and antibiotic use intensity decreased from 42.75DDDs to 30.04DDDs. The types, timing, and course of antibacterials used in wards were all improved to varying degrees. Bacterial drug resistance improved noticeably, with resistance of Escherichia coli to cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin and carbapenems decreased in varying degrees. The use of antibacterial drugs has decreased significantly. Conclusions It is feasible and effective for pharmacists in gynecology and obstetrics to control antibiotic use, which plays a positive role in promoting the safe, effective, and cost-effective use of antibiotics and serves as a valuable reference for the antibiotic management.
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Tefera GM, Sileshi T, Mekete MD, Umeta GT. Opportunities, associations, and impact of early intravenous to oral antimicrobial switch for hospitalized patients in Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231161192. [PMID: 37008686 PMCID: PMC10064463 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231161192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Short intravenous antimicrobial therapy for 2–3 days followed by its per oral comparable antimicrobial course is a crucial part of the antimicrobial stewardship program. However, nothing is known about this practice in Ethiopian hospitals. Therefore, this study assessed the proportion, associations, and outcomes of early intravenous to per oral antimicrobial switch for patients who were admitted to the three wards of Ambo University Referral Hospital. Method: A hospital-based prospective cohort pilot study was conducted. During the 3-month period, 117 patients met initial inclusion criteria and were followed until Day 3 of intravenous antimicrobial. Of these, 92 (78.6%) subsequently met criteria for early intravenous to per oral switch and are the cohort investigated in this study. Written informed consent was sought from participants and/or parents or guardian for ages 15–17 years. Logistic regression models and independent t-tests were done with a significance of p ⩽ 0.05. Results: Out of 92 study participants, early intravenous to per oral antimicrobial switch was done only for 36 (39.1%). The only independent predictors for lack of early intravenous to per oral antimicrobials switch were poly-pharmacy (adjusted odds ratio = 3.4 at 95% confidence interval, 1.036–11.16; p = 0.044). There was a significant difference in terms of mean length of hospital stay (8.80 ± 3.57 versus 3.17 ± 0.74; p < 0.0001), in-hospital complication rate (95% versus 5%; p < 0.0001), and the mean cost of healthcare in Ethiopian Birrs (652.29 ± 403.29 versus 126.67 ± 29.47; p < 0.0001) between the comparator/early intravenous to per oral not switched and early switched group, respectively. Conclusion: The proportion of early intravenous to per oral antimicrobial switch was unsatisfactory. There was a significant difference between the intervention and comparator groups in terms of length of hospital stay, in-hospital complications, and extra cost. Therefore, implementation of interventions that improve the practice of early intravenous to per oral switch is needed urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gosaye Mekonen Tefera
- Department of Pharmacy, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
- Gosaye Mekonen Tefera, Department of Pharmacy, Ambo University, P.O. Box: +25119, Ambo, Ethiopia.
| | - Tesemma Sileshi
- Department of Pharmacy, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Alemkere G, Teshome A, Temesgen G, Abebe G, Degefaw Y, Tilahun H, Getahun W, Girma E, Amogne W. Cefazolin access and use in Ethiopia: A policy implication. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001421. [PMID: 36962932 PMCID: PMC10021613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare systems in resource-limited nations have been challenged by the shortage of essential medicines. This study explores cefazolin access and uses history in the Ethiopian healthcare delivery system, for possible policy implications. An exploratory qualitative study was conducted from July to August 2021. Semi-structured questions and observation guides were used to extract necessary data from people, documents, and field visits to hospitals, government supply agencies, and pharmaceutical business firms. The data were transcribed, coded, organized into themes, and presented. Cefazoline is the recommended first-line surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) in the Ethiopian Standard Treatment Guideline (STG) and is included in the national Essential Medicine List (EML). However, it was not available for use in the Ethiopian pharmaceutical markets for years. While the shortage might stem from supply-demand mismatches, multiple unknown issues exist in the background of the shortage. This is evidenced by the removal of cefazolin from the recent government procurement list regardless of the recommendation set in the national EML and STG. This study found a historic shortage of cefazolin in Ethiopian healthcare settings. This implies that the antibiotic availability in the pull market may not reflect required usage at facilities for several reasons including the misalignment of national guidelines and national procurement processes, and miscommunication between pharmacies and clinicians at sites on drug availability. Changing the essential medicines list and/or procurement requests without active review of the supply chain system and prescribing practices at facilities can lead to the elimination of necessary antimicrobial agents from the national public health sector supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Alemkere
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asres Teshome
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobezie Temesgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getnet Abebe
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yidnekachew Degefaw
- Antimicrobial Resistance Prevention and Control Case Team, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Equipment Directorate, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwot Tilahun
- Department of Surgery, Gimjabet Primary Hospital, Gimjabet, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Workineh Getahun
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Global Partnership, USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services Program, Management Sciences for Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetu Girma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen Amogne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Adere A, Edao A, Tesfaye M, Petros Z. Antimicrobial use-related drug therapy problems and associated factors among patients in the medical ward of Wachemo University Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221140228. [PMID: 36568341 PMCID: PMC9768827 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221140228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study assessed the antimicrobial use-related drug therapy problems (DTPs) among patients admitted to the medical ward of Wachemo University Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (WCUNEMMCSH), Southwest Ethiopia. Methods A hospital-based prospective observational study design was used to assess antimicrobial use-related DTPs among patients admitted to the medical ward of WCUNEMMCSH from June to August 2021. Data were collected using a structured data abstraction format. Results In all, 128 patients admitted to the medical ward were enrolled. Among the study participants, at least one form of antimicrobial DTP occurred in 98 (76.6%) of them. The most prevalent DTPs were unnecessary drug treatment in 42 (32.8%), the need for additional drug treatment in 36 (28.1%), and non-adherence in 30 (23.4%) of the patients. There were a total of 288 antimicrobial drug orders. Ceftriaxone 120 (41.7%) and azithromycin 69 (24.0%) were the most commonly prescribed antimicrobial drugs. In multivariate logistic analysis, the length of hospital stay (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-8.32; p = 0.04) and the number of diagnosed diseases (AOR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.12-8.15, p = 0.02) were predictors of antimicrobial use-related DTPs. Conclusion Antimicrobial use-related DTPs are common among patients admitted to the medical ward of WCUNEMMCSH. Health professionals should work together to reduce the high prevalence of DTPs among medical ward admitted patients in this hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arega Adere
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Amin Edao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Tesfaye
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Petros
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,Zelalem Petros, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia.
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Antibiotics use evaluation among hospitalized adult patients at Jimma Medical Center, southwestern Ethiopia: the way to pave for antimicrobial stewardship. J Pharm Policy Pract 2022; 15:84. [PMCID: PMC9673421 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-022-00490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
An irrational antibiotic use is a common problem in developing countries like Ethiopia, which makes empiric antibiotics use difficult. It is considered to be the greatest health problem in our time and future unless intervened. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the patterns of antibiotics use among hospitalized adult patients to pave the way for antimicrobial stewardship.
Methods
A hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted at Jimma Medical Center, southwestern Ethiopia, from 30 October 2020 to 29 January 2021 with 360 adult hospitalized patients participating. A semi-structured questionnaire and consecutive sampling technique was used for data collection. The data were collected through medical record reviews and patient interviews. The collected data were entered into Epi-data and exported to SPSS® version 23.0 for analysis. Days of therapy (DOT) and essential medicine lists “Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe)” antibiotics classification were used to assess antibiotic use pattern among participants.
Results
The majority of study participants were females (55.3%), attended formal education (59.4%), and live in rural areas (61.4%) with mean age ± (SD) of 37.65 ± (16.75). The overall rate of antibiotics consumption during the study was 111 days of therapy per 100 bed-days and about two-thirds (66%) of the prescribed antibiotics were from the “Watch” group antibiotics. The indicator level of antibiotics use for “Access” group antibiotics was 34% in this study based on the World Health Organization Essential Medicine List. Cephalosporins were the most commonly used class of antibiotics (93.9%).
Conclusion
Higher antibiotics exposure and their consumption frequently observed among adult hospitalized patients in the study setting. There was a rapid increase in “Watch” group antibiotics use and about two-thirds of the prescribed antibiotics were from this group. The third-generation cephalosporin were the most commonly used class of antibiotics. Generally, higher consumption and inappropriate antibiotics use among hospitalized adult patients showed the need for urgent interventions by implementing Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in hospitals.
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Meresa Bishaw B, Tegegne GT, Berha AB. Appropriate Use of Ceftriaxone in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:3477-3484. [PMID: 34483671 PMCID: PMC8409767 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s329996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ceftriaxone is the most frequently used antibiotic for the treatment of various bacterial infections in hospitalized and ambulatory patients. Despite this, inappropriate ceftriaxone use is common. Objective The aim of this review is to assess the appropriate use of ceftriaxone in sub-Saharan African countries. Methods A systematic search was done on PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries and Google Scholar for papers published addressing the prescribing pattern and use of ceftriaxone in sub-Saharan Africa. The findings were reported in medians and quartiles. Results A total of 15 articles met the inclusion criteria. Pneumonia and sepsis were the most frequently diagnosed infections in the included studies. The overall median prevalence of appropriate ceftriaxone use is 39.2% (IQR: 29.9–60.9), showing that most of the included studies reported a higher prevalence of inappropriate ceftriaxone use. Although there are a higher number of patients with inappropriate use of ceftriaxone, a relatively higher number of patients got appropriate daily dose (79.8%, IQR: 45.7–89.4) of ceftriaxone than appropriate duration of ceftriaxone (55%, IQR: 52.2–80). Conclusion The review revealed that three in five patients with ceftriaxone got inappropriate ceftriaxone’s dose, frequency or duration. A relatively higher number of patients got appropriate daily dose of ceftriaxone. On the other hand, approximately more than half of the patients got inappropriate duration, too short or too long, of ceftriaxone. Hence, prescribers are recommended to adhere to their country-specific treatment guideline. Moreover, it is highly recommended to either commence or strengthen antimicrobial stewardship program effectively in their healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Meresa Bishaw
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobezie T Tegegne
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemseged Beyene Berha
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Kefale B, Tegegne GT, Degu A, Molla M, Kefale Y. Surgical Site Infections and Prophylaxis Antibiotic Use in the Surgical Ward of Public Hospital in Western Ethiopia: A Hospital-Based Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3627-3635. [PMID: 33116682 PMCID: PMC7573320 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s281097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired infection among hospitalized patients. It causes significant health problems and results in an extended length of hospital stay, increased cost, and increased patient morbidity and mortality. To prevent the development of SSI, surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) administration before surgery is an evidence-based practice. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of SSIs and surgical antibiotic prophylaxis practice, and identifying the gap in practicing prophylactic surgical antibiotic use. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted on randomly selected 281 participants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Appropriateness of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis was assessed by clinical pharmacists based on the standard treatment guideline. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed in SPSS version 25. Statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Results The overall prevalence of SSI was 19.6% (95% CI: 19-20.2). Majority of surgical patients (88.6%) got surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. Ceftriaxone and metronidazole (45.4%), and ceftriaxone (33.3%) were the most frequently used prophylactic antibiotics. Presence of comorbidity (AOR=9.18, 95% CI: 5.17-17.9, p<0.001), contaminated (AOR=6.01, 95% CI: 1.77-16.8, p=0.019) and dirty (AOR=7.20, 95% CI: 1.23-12.1, p=0.029) wound classes, devoid of prophylactic antibiotics (AOR=6.63, 95% CI: 0.89-19.3, p=0.006), the timing of prophylactic antibiotic administration between 1 hour and 2 hours before incision (AOR=8.2, 95% CI: 4.34-18.1, p=0.001), and 48 hours duration of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (AOR=7.20, 95% CI: 1.23-28.17, p=0.027) were significantly associated with the development of SSIs. Conclusion The prevalence of SSI was relatively high despite most surgical patients were given prophylactic antibiotics. The presence of comorbidity, contaminated and dirty wound classes, devoid of prophylactic antibiotics, administering prophylactic antibiotics between 1 hour and 2 hours before incision, and 48 hours duration of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis were significantly associated with SSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belayneh Kefale
- Clinical Pharmacy Unit and Research Team, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Gobezie T Tegegne
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Amsalu Degu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mulugeta Molla
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit and Research Team, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Yitayih Kefale
- Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar Health Sciences College, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia
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Tefera GM, Feyisa BB, Taye GM, Tesfaye Umeta G, Negash Bereded F, Dinsa Ayeno H, Alemayehu Gadisa D, Melaku Kebede T. The Association Between Incorrect Use of Antibiotic Prophylaxis and in-Hospital Surgical Site Infections - A Prospective Observational Study. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3063-3072. [PMID: 33061468 PMCID: PMC7520114 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s260238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surgical site infection (SSI) is the most prevalent in developing countries where 61–90% of cases develop in-hospital. The study aimed to assess the correctness of antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) use, the incidence of in-hospital SSI, and its determinants. Patients and Methods A 3-month hospital-based prospective observational study design was used on general surgery patients. The criteria for identification of SSI were performed based on the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) definition of SSI. The correctness of AP was performed based on the American Society of Health System Pharmacist 2013 guideline (ASHP). Multiple stepwise backward logistic regression analysis was used at p-value <0.05 to predict SSI. Results Of 269 adult patients, the type of admission was almost equal between emergency and elective surgery. The mean (± SD) age of the study participants was 41.95±17.764. Only 19.7% of the study participants used AP correctly. The incidence rate of in-hospital SSI was 16.7% (45/269), which corresponds to 45/4736 or 9.5/1000 person-days. Independent predictors for SSI were American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) class III–IV (p-value <0.0001), patients with age-adjusted Charlson co-morbidity index (CCI) of ≥1 score (p value=0.008), and incorrect use of AP (p-value =0.025). Conclusion Incorrect antibiotic prophylaxis use contributed to an increased risk of SSI, which needs urgent attention in the present study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gosaye Mekonen Tefera
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Course Unit, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Beshadu Bedada Feyisa
- Department of Public Health, Human Nutrition Course Unit, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Melesie Taye
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Course Unit, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Gurmu Tesfaye Umeta
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Course Unit, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hunduma Dinsa Ayeno
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Course Unit, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tsegaye Melaku Kebede
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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13
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Kefale B, Degu A, Tegegne GT. Medication-related problems and adverse drug reactions in Ethiopia: A systematic review. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00641. [PMID: 32869531 PMCID: PMC7459164 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Medication-related problems (MRPs) are an important healthcare problem. This study aimed at reviewing the published literature in Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of MRPs and to summarize associated factors. A comprehensive systematic search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Google databases from inception to April 2020. Articles that addressed MRPs were eligible for inclusion. Article screening, data extraction, and study quality analysis were performed independently by two reviewers. Studies targeting specific disease condition were considered as specific, while the remaining were nonspecific. The prevalence of MRPs was then computed in medians and interquartile ranges (IQR), while associated factors were summarized in a table. Of the thirty-two studies included in this review, the majority of them (n = 24) targeted MRPs, while the remaining studies (n = 8) investigated adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Studies varied in the study design, study population, and definition of MRPs and ADRs used. The overall median prevalence was 70.8% (IQR = 61.0-80.2) with a range of 16.0% to 88.7%. The median prevalence of MRPs in specific and nonspecific patients was 71.2% (IQR = 60.7-71.2) and 69.3% (IQR = 60.7-82.0), respectively. In addition, a median of 36.6% (IQR = 10.0-85.7) of patients experienced ADRs. Indication-related and effectiveness-related MRPs were commonly reported in both specific and nonspecific patients, while noncompliance MRPs were more prevalent among specific patients than nonspecific patients. Increasing age, presence of co-morbidity, and an increasing number of drugs were the commonly identified contributing factors of MRPs. The review showed that more than two-thirds of the study participants developed MRPs. Hence, an integrated approach should be designed to improve the optimal use of pharmacotherapy to reduce the burden of MRPs. Further, future research should be undertaken to prepare cost-effective and efficient prevention mechanisms to reduce or halt the development of MRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belayneh Kefale
- Clinical Pharmacy Unit and Research teamDepartment of PharmacyCollege of Health SciencesDebre Tabor UniversityDebre TaborAmharaEthiopia
| | - Amsalu Degu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy PracticeSchool of Pharmacy and Health SciencesUnited States International University‐AfricaNairobiKenya
| | - Gobezie T. Tegegne
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical PharmacySchool of PharmacyCollege of Health SciencesAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
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Kassahun H, Ayfokru T. Antimicrobial Drug Therapy Problems Among Patients in the Outpatient Department of Ataye Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:2717-2722. [PMID: 32821134 PMCID: PMC7417642 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s257086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial drug therapy problems refer to incorrect and inappropriate utilization of antimicrobials which affect patient’s health outcomes and results in bacterial resistance. Incorrect use of antimicrobial agents is a key driver for the spread of antimicrobial drug resistance. Improving drug therapy problems has an important effect on the patients’ health, treatment costs, and enhancing patients’ quality of life. Hence, the aim of the present study was to assess antimicrobial drug therapy problems among patients in the Outpatient Department of Ataye hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study design was used to assess antimicrobial drug therapy problems among patients in Ataye hospital from September 2018 to February 2019. Data were collected by trained graduating pharmacy students by reviewing medical records of patients using checklists and questionnaires. Results A total of 248 patient cards were included in this study. At least one antimicrobial drug therapy problem had occurred among 96 (38.7%) of the study participants. The most common drug therapy problem was the need for additional drug therapy which was incurred by 38 (15.3%) of the study participants and ineffective antimicrobial therapy was experienced by 22 (8.9%) of the patients. Tetracyclines 25 (26%), fluoroquinolones 19 (19.8%), and penicillins 18 (18.8%) were the most common classes of antimicrobials prone to drug therapy problems. Conclusion The current study revealed that nearly two-fifths of the study participants had experienced at least one form of antimicrobial drug therapy problem. The most common drug therapy problem was the need for additional drug therapy and the use of ineffective antimicrobial therapy. Tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and penicillins were the main classes of antimicrobials involved in the drug therapy problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haile Kassahun
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Tefera Ayfokru
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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15
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Tefera GM, Feyisa BB, Umeta GT, Kebede TM. Predictors of prolonged length of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality among adult patients admitted at the surgical ward of Jimma University medical center, Ethiopia: prospective observational study. J Pharm Policy Pract 2020; 13:24. [PMID: 32549990 PMCID: PMC7296702 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-020-00230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data regarding prolonged length of hospital stay (PLOS) and in-hospital mortality are paramount to evaluate efficiency and quality of surgical care as well as for rational resource utilization, allocation, and administration. Thus, PLOS and in-hospital mortality have been used as a surrogate indicator of satisfactory treatment outcome and efficient utilization of resources for a given health institution. However, there was a scarcity of data regarding these issues in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess treatment outcome, length of hospital stay, in-hospital mortality, and their determinants. Methods Health facility-based prospective observational study was used for three consecutive months among adult patients hospitalized for the surgical case. Socio-demographic, clinical history, medication history, in-hospital complications, and overall treatment outcomes were collected from the medical charts' of the patients, using a checklist from the day of admission to discharge. PLOS is defined as hospital stay > 75th percentile (≥33 days for the current study). To identify predictor variables for both PLOS and in-hospital mortality, multivariate logistic regression was performed at p-value < 0.05 using SPSS version 20. Written informed consent was sought and secured. Results Of 269 study participants, 91.8% were improved and discharged. PLOS was recorded in 25.3%; at least 33 days of hospital stay. Overall in-hospital mortality was 4.8%; which is equal to an incidence rate of 0.00193 per person-days, 5.2% in-hospital sepsis, and 2.6% of Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), during their hospital stay. After adjusting for other factors; female gender (p = 0.003), emergency admission (p = 0.015), presence of Poly-pharmacy (p = 0.017), and presence of sepsis (p = 0.006) were found to be independent predictors for in-hospital mortality. On top of this, female gender (p = 0.026), patients who was paid by government (p = 0.007), burn-related surgery (p = 0.049), presence of cancer (p = 0.027), > 2 antibiotic exposure (p < 0.0001), and waiting for surgery for > 7 days (p < 0.0001) were independent predictors for PLOS. Conclusion In-hospital mortality rate was almost comparable to reports from developing countries, though it was higher than the developed countries. However, the length of hospital stay was extremely higher than that of reports from other parts of the world. Besides, different socio-demographic, health facility's and patients' clinical conditions (baseline and in-hospital complications) were identified as independent predictors for both in-hospital mortality and PLOS. Therefore, the clinician and stakeholders have to emphasize to avoid the modifiable factors to reduce in-hospital mortality and PLOS in the study area; to improve the quality of surgical care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gurmu Tesfaye Umeta
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Melaku Kebede
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Bekele NA, Hirbu JT. Drug Therapy Problems and Predictors Among Patients Admitted to Medical Wards of Dilla University Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia: A Case of Antimicrobials. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1743-1750. [PMID: 32606824 PMCID: PMC7297345 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s247587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess antimicrobial use-related problems and associated factors among patients admitted to medical wards of Dilla University Referral Hospital. Patients and Methods A hospital-based prospective observational study design was employed to assess the antimicrobial use-related problems among adult patients admitted to Dilla University Referral Hospital from 5 March to 4 September 2018. The antimicrobial therapy was reviewed to assure compliance with the recommendations of the national guidelines or evidence-based international clinical guidelines and drug therapy problem was identified. The logistic regression model was fit to determine the association between the different factors and the occurrence of drug therapy problems. Odds ratio was used to show a comparison of factors contributing to drug therapy problems. Statistical significance was considered at p-value <0.05. Results In this follow-up to 229 participants, the prevalence of antimicrobial therapy-related problem was 70.74%. “Noncompliance to therapy” was the most frequent DTP experienced by 68 (29.69%) of the patients followed by “needs additional drug therapy” seen among 31 (13.54%) patients. “Adverse drug reaction” was the least and experienced by 7 (3.06%) patients. Others include: dosage too low among 22 (9.61%), dose too high among 17 (8.30%), unnecessarily prescribed antimicrobials among 17 (7.42%) and ineffective antimicrobials among 8 (3.49%) patients. Compared with those who used less than four drugs, the use of four to six (AOR: 4.024) and seven and above (AOR: 13.516) drugs were determinants for antimicrobial use problems. Additionally, infectious cases not addressed by the national guideline (AOR: 3.328) and the unavailability of appropriate lab values results within 48 hours of hospital admission (AOR: 1.285) were determinants for antimicrobial use problems. Conclusion Antimicrobial use problem was prevalent with 0.94-problems-per-patient. Polypharmacy, coverage of national guidelines and availing laboratory values within 48 hours of hospital admission were independent determinants of antimicrobial use problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigatu Addisu Bekele
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Jarsso Tadesse Hirbu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
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Tefera GM, Zeleke AZ, Jima YM, Kebede TM. Drug Therapy Problems and the Role of Clinical Pharmacist in Surgery Ward: Prospective Observational and Interventional Study. Drug Healthc Patient Saf 2020; 12:71-83. [PMID: 32440225 PMCID: PMC7210033 DOI: 10.2147/dhps.s251200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug therapy problems (DTPs) are of major concern in health care because of the associated increased cost of treatment, morbidity, and mortality. Thus, clinical practice should constitute the mainstream practice of clinical pharmacy in every ward. However, nothing is known about DTPs and the role of clinical pharmacist in the surgical ward of Ethiopia (the neglected ward). OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of DTP among patients hospitalized at the surgical ward and the role of clinical pharmacists in their identification and resolution. METHODS Hospital-based prospective observational and interventional study design was used with daily patients' chart review using a semi-structured questionnaire among hospitalized adult patients at the surgical ward. After identification of DTP, verbal communication was used as a means of intervention with the treating physician. Acceptance of clinical pharmacist's intervention was considered only if a change was made to the patients' medication order. To identify determinants of DTPs, multiple stepwise forward logistic regression analysis was done by SPSS version 20.0. Statistical significance was considered at p-value < 0.05. Written informed consent was sought and the data were secured. RESULTS The response rate was 97.1% (300) for the final analysis. The mean (±SD = standard deviation) age of the participants was 42.62 ±18.29 with male (67%) predominance. DTP was identified in 76% of study participants. A total of 449 DTPs were identified, which equates with an average of 1.97 per patient. Dose too low 124/449 (27.6%) and dose too high 81/449 (18.0%) were found to be the most common types of DTPs. The intervention rate was 86.0% (196/228 per patients) and 86.2% (387/449 DTPs), with the acceptance rate of 85.2% (167/196 per patients) and 78% (302/387 per DTP) which mean (67.3%) 302/449 of the problems were fully resolved by the clinical pharmacist. Poly-pharmacy [AOR, 7.23; 95% CI, 2.29-22.13: P-value < 0.001] and hospital stay > 20 days [AOR, 5.42; 95% CI, 2.74-10.70; p < 0.001] were the only independent predictors for DTPs. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION This study identified a high prevalence of DTP which was independently predicted by the presence of poly-pharmacy and >20 days of hospital stay. The rate of intervention provided and acceptance from the physician was high, which is one indicator that the role of clinical pharmacists in the identification and resolution of DTP was paramount in the surgery ward and should be implemented as a must not as optional.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tsegaye Melaku Kebede
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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