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Lim JY, Ong SYK, Ng CYH, Chan KLE, Wu SYEA, So WZ, Tey GJC, Lam YX, Gao NLX, Lim YX, Tay RYK, Leong ITY, Rahman NDA, Chiam M, Lim C, Phua GLG, Murugam V, Ong EK, Krishna LKR. A systematic scoping review of reflective writing in medical education. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:12. [PMID: 36624494 PMCID: PMC9830881 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reflective writing (RW) allows physicians to step back, review their thoughts, goals and actions and recognise how their perspectives, motives and emotions impact their conduct. RW also helps physicians consolidate their learning and boosts their professional and personal development. In the absence of a consistent approach and amidst growing threats to RW's place in medical training, a review of theories of RW in medical education and a review to map regnant practices, programs and assessment methods are proposed. METHODS A Systematic Evidence-Based Approach guided Systematic Scoping Review (SSR in SEBA) was adopted to guide and structure the two concurrent reviews. Independent searches were carried out on publications featured between 1st January 2000 and 30th June 2022 in PubMed, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL, ERIC, ASSIA, Scopus, Google Scholar, OpenGrey, GreyLit and ProQuest. The Split Approach saw the included articles analysed separately using thematic and content analysis. Like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, the Jigsaw Perspective combined the themes and categories identified from both reviews. The Funnelling Process saw the themes/categories created compared with the tabulated summaries. The final domains which emerged structured the discussion that followed. RESULTS A total of 33,076 abstracts were reviewed, 1826 full-text articles were appraised and 199 articles were included and analysed. The domains identified were theories and models, current methods, benefits and shortcomings, and recommendations. CONCLUSIONS This SSR in SEBA suggests that a structured approach to RW shapes the physician's belief system, guides their practice and nurtures their professional identity formation. In advancing a theoretical concept of RW, this SSR in SEBA proffers new insight into the process of RW, and the need for longitudinal, personalised feedback and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yin Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Simon Yew Kuang Ong
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Chester Yan Hao Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Karis Li En Chan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Song Yi Elizabeth Anne Wu
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Wei Zheng So
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Glenn Jin Chong Tey
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Yun Xiu Lam
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Lu Xin Gao
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Yun Xue Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Ryan Yong Kiat Tay
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Ian Tze Yong Leong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Nur Diana Abdul Rahman
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Min Chiam
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Crystal Lim
- Medical Social Services, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Rd, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
| | - Gillian Li Gek Phua
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Vengadasalam Murugam
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Eng Koon Ong
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Assisi Hospice, 832 Thomson Rd, Singapore, 574627, Singapore
| | - Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
- Division of Supportive and Palliative Care, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
- Division of Cancer Education, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
- Palliative Care Institute Liverpool, Academic Palliative & End of Life Care Centre, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK.
- PalC, The Palliative Care Centre for Excellence in Research and Education, PalC c/o Dover Park Hospice, 10 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308436, Singapore.
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Chinen T, Sasabuchi Y, Kotani K, Yamaguchi H. Gap between desired and self-determined roles of general practitioners: a multicentre questionnaire study in Japan. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2021; 22:162. [PMID: 34330213 PMCID: PMC8325324 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-021-01512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary care physicians have diverse responsibilities. To collaborate with cancer specialists efficiently, they should prioritise roles desired by other collaborators rather than roles based on their own beliefs. No previous studies have reported the priority of roles such clinic-based general practitioners are expected to fulfil across the cancer care continuum. This study clarified the desired roles of clinic-based general practitioners to maximise person-centred cancer care. METHODS A web-based multicentre questionnaire in Japan was distributed to physicians in 2019. Physician roles within the cancer care continuum were divided into 12 categories, including prevention, diagnosis, surgery, follow-up with cancer survivors, chemotherapy, and palliative care. Responses were evaluated by the proportion of three high-priority items to determine the expected roles of clinic-based general practitioners according to responding physicians in similarly designated roles. RESULTS Seventy-eight departments (25% of those recruited) from 49 institutions returned questionnaires. Results revealed that some physicians had lower expectations for clinic-based general practitioners to diagnose cancer, and instead expected them to provide palliative care. However, some physicians expected clinic-based general practitioners to be involved in some treatment and survivorship care, though the clinic-based general practitioners did not report the same priority. CONCLUSION Clinic-based general practitioners prioritised involvement in prevention, diagnoses, and palliative care across the cancer continuum, although lower expectations were placed on them than they thought. Some additional expectations of their involvement in cancer treatment and survivorship care were unanticipated by them. These gaps represent issues that should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Chinen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-Shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Sasabuchi
- Data Science Center, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-Shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Department of Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-Shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hironori Yamaguchi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-Shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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Nagata C, Tsutsumi M, Kiyonaga A, Nogaki H. Evaluation of a training program for community-based end-of-life care of older people toward aging in place: A mixed methods study. Nurse Educ Pract 2021; 54:103091. [PMID: 34087577 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate a training program that supports community-based service staff in implementing aging-in-place and end-of-life care programs. BACKGROUND Globally, as the population ages, the need for end-of-life care has never been greater. Since Japan is facing the issues of a super-aged population sooner than most countries, there is a particularly urgent need to enhance end-of-life care for older people. Most Japan's older people wish to spend their final days at home, however, only 11-13% end their lives at home, while 73% die in hospitals. As part of care system, small-scale community-based service for aging-in-place established across Japan in 2006 managed locally. These are flexible services using home or facility care or both for the individual to live long term at their preferred place. We developed the end-of-life care educational training program to encourage behavioral changes in community-based service staff of various readiness levels. DESIGN Mixed methods study design. METHODS A pre-post evaluation of knowledge, confidence and attitude toward end-of-life care, combining quantitative and qualitative data from 53 community-based service staff members who participated in the training program from September 2017 to September 2019. Participants were informed of the end-of-life care process using focus group discussions about end-of-life care and completed surveys evaluating the program before, immediately following and three months after the training. We used the four-level Kirkpatrick model as the evaluation indicator. RESULTS Quantitative analysis results indicated that participants were satisfied with the training program. Their knowledge scores regarding end-of-life care significantly improved; they also experienced confidence gains and changes in attitudes, becoming more approving of end-of-life care. Qualitative data revealed details of participants' satisfaction and what was learned. Through the focus group discussions, they created action plans for implementing end-of-life care programs, which some had accomplished in their local centers by the three-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the training program is effective for promoting end-of-life care through community-based services in Japan. Conducting follow-up training could effectively strengthen participants' commitment to end-of-life care at community-based services. Use of the training program is expected to promote services to support aging-in-place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuru Nagata
- Division of Community/Gerontological Nursing, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Masae Tsutsumi
- Division of Community/Gerontological Nursing, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Asako Kiyonaga
- Division of Community/Gerontological Nursing, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nogaki
- Division of Community/Gerontological Nursing, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
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