1
|
Cequier A, Vázquez FJ, Vitoria A, Bernad E, Fuente S, Serrano MB, Zaragoza MP, Romero A, Rodellar C, Barrachina L. The systemic cellular immune response against allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells is influenced by inflammation, differentiation and MHC compatibility: in vivo study in the horse. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1391872. [PMID: 38957800 PMCID: PMC11217187 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1391872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness and safety of allogeneic mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can be affected by patient's immune recognition. Thus, MSC immunogenicity and their immunomodulatory properties are crucial aspects for therapy. Immune responses after allogeneic MSC administration have been reported in different species, including equine. Interactions of allogenic MSCs with the recipient's immune system can be influenced by factors like matching or mismatching for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) between donor-recipient, and by the levels of MHC expression in MSCs. The latter can vary upon MSC inflammatory exposure or differentiation, such as chondrogenic induction, making both priming and differentiation interesting therapeutic strategies. This study investigated the systemic in vivo immune cellular response against allogeneic equine MSCs in these situations. Either MSCs in basal conditions (MSC-naïve), pro-inflammatory primed (MSC-primed) or chondrogenically differentiated (MSC-chondro) were repeatedly administered subcutaneously into autologous, MHC-matched or MHC-mismatched allogeneic equine recipients. At different time-points after each administration, lymphocytes were obtained from recipient horses and exposed in vitro to the same type of MSCs to assess the proliferative response of different T cell subsets (cytotoxic, helper, regulatory), B cells, and interferon gamma (IFNγ) secretion. Higher proliferative response of helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes and IFNγ secretion was observed in response to all types of MHC-mismatched MSCs over MHC-matched ones. MSC-primed produced the highest immune response, followed by MSC-naïve, and MSC-chondro. However, MSC-primed activated Treg and had a mild effect on B cells, and the response after their second administration was similar to the first one. On the other hand, both MSC-chondro and MSC-naïve barely induced Treg response but promoted B lymphocyte activation, and proportionally induced a higher cell response after the second administration. In conclusion, both the type of MSC conditioning and the MHC compatibility influenced systemic immune recognition of equine MSCs after single and repeated administrations, but the response was different. Selecting MHC-matched donors would be particularly recommended for MSC-primed and repeated MSC-naïve administrations. While MHC-mismatching in MSC-chondro would be less critical, B cell response should not be ignored. Comprehensively investigating the in vivo immune response against equine allogeneic MSCs is crucial for advancing veterinary cell therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Cequier
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Equine Surgery and Medicine Service, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco José Vázquez
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Equine Surgery and Medicine Service, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Arantza Vitoria
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Equine Surgery and Medicine Service, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elvira Bernad
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Fuente
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Equine Surgery and Medicine Service, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Belén Serrano
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Pilar Zaragoza
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Equine Surgery and Medicine Service, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Clementina Rodellar
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Barrachina
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory LAGENBIO, Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Equine Surgery and Medicine Service, Veterinary Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moellerberndt J, Niebert S, Fey K, Hagen A, Burk J. Impact of platelet lysate on immunoregulatory characteristics of equine mesenchymal stromal cells. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1385395. [PMID: 38725585 PMCID: PMC11079816 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1385395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) play an increasing role in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases and inflammatory processes. They regulate immune cells via cell-cell contacts and by secreting various anti-inflammatory molecules but are in turn influenced by many factors such as cytokines. For MSC culture, platelet lysate (PL), which contains a variety of cytokines, is a promising alternative to fetal bovine serum (FBS). We aimed to analyze if PL with its cytokines improves MSC immunoregulatory characteristics, with the perspective that PL could be useful for priming the MSC prior to therapeutic application. MSC, activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and indirect co-cultures of both were cultivated in media supplemented with either PL, FBS, FBS+INF-γ or FBS+IL-10. After incubation, cytokine concentrations were measured in supernatants and control media. MSC were analyzed regarding their expression of immunoregulatory genes and PBMC regarding their proliferation and percentage of FoxP3+ cells. Cytokines, particularly IFN-γ and IL-10, remained at high levels in PL control medium without cells but decreased in cytokine-supplemented control FBS media without cells during incubation. PBMC released IFN-γ and IL-10 in various culture conditions. MSC alone only released IFN-γ and overall, cytokine levels in media were lowest when MSC were cultured alone. Stimulation of MSC either by PBMC or by PL resulted in an altered expression of immunoregulatory genes. In co-culture with PBMC, the MSC gene expression of COX2, TNFAIP6, IDO1, CXCR4 and MHC2 was upregulated and VCAM1 was downregulated. In the presence of PL, COX2, TNFAIP6, VCAM1, CXCR4 and HIF1A were upregulated. Functionally, while no consistent changes were found regarding the percentage of FoxP3+ cells, MSC decreased PBMC proliferation in all media, with the strongest effect in FBS media supplemented with IL-10 or IFN-γ. This study provides further evidence that PL supports MSC functionality, including their immunoregulatory mechanisms. The results justify to investigate functional effects of MSC cultured in PL-supplemented medium on different types of immune cells in more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Moellerberndt
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Niebert
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin Fey
- Equine Clinic (Internal Medicine), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alina Hagen
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Janina Burk
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moellerberndt J, Hagen A, Niebert S, Büttner K, Burk J. Cytokines in equine platelet lysate and related blood products. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1117829. [PMID: 36968472 PMCID: PMC10033973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1117829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In equine medicine, the use of regenerative therapeutics has gained growing attention, but is still a new and complex field with room for improvement. Platelet lysate (PL) can be used as therapeutic agent but is also a promising supplement for the culture of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. To enable a targeted use of PL both in clinic and laboratory, it is crucial to learn more details on its effective ingredients. While so far, mainly growth factor components have been analyzed in platelet-based products such as PL, the current study focuses on the content of cytokines in serum, plasma, platelet concentrate and PL. Blood was harvested from 20 clinically healthy horses and subjected to blood count and chemistry analysis, as well as to further processing to PL. Plasma and platelet concentrate were produced by a buffy-coat-based method and PL was produced from the concentrate by freeze-thawing. Samples from each horse were analyzed regarding interleukin (IL)-1β, −4, −6 and −10, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations using sandwich ELISAs. Cytokine concentrations in serum, plasma, concentrate and PL were similar and correlated significantly. However, there was a large inter-individual variability in cytokine concentrations between the different donor horses. The samples from some donor animals had overall very high cytokine concentrations, while samples from other donors had no measurable cytokine ingredient. This pattern was observed for all cytokines. There was a noticeable link between high cytokine concentrations in the blood products and abnormal findings in blood chemistry. Cytokine concentrations in samples from horses with abnormal findings were significantly higher than in samples from the remaining horses. The interindividual differences in cytokine concentrations could be highly relevant when using PL for therapy and cell culture, as the mode of action of the PL is likely changed depending on the presence of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Blood chemistry might be useful to predict cytokine concentrations in blood products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Moellerberndt
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alina Hagen
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Niebert
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Büttner
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Janina Burk
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Janina Burk
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cequier A, Vázquez FJ, Romero A, Vitoria A, Bernad E, García-Martínez M, Gascón I, Barrachina L, Rodellar C. The immunomodulation-immunogenicity balance of equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) is differentially affected by the immune cell response depending on inflammatory licensing and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) compatibility. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:957153. [PMID: 36337202 PMCID: PMC9632425 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.957153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory properties of equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are important for their therapeutic potential and for their facilitating role in their escape from immune recognition, which may also be influenced by donor-recipient major histocompatibility complex (MHC) matching/mismatching and MHC expression level. Factors such as inflammation can modify the balance between regulatory and immunogenic profiles of equine MSCs, but little is known about how the exposure to the immune system can affect these properties in equine MSCs. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression and secretion of molecules related to the immunomodulation and immunogenicity of equine MSCs, either non-manipulated (MSC-naive) or stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines (MSC-primed), before and after their exposure to autologous or allogeneic MHC-matched/-mismatched lymphocytes, either activated or resting. Cytokine priming induced the immunomodulatory profile of MSCs at the baseline (MSCs cultured alone), and the exposure to activated lymphocytes further increased the expression of interleukin 6 (IL6), cyclooxygenase 2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and IL6 secretion. Activated lymphocytes were also able to upregulate the regulatory profile of MSC-naive to levels comparable to cytokine priming. On the contrary, resting lymphocytes did not upregulate the immunomodulatory profile of equine MSCs, but interestingly, MSC-primed exposed to MHC-mismatched lymphocytes showed the highest expression and secretion of these mediators, which may be potentially linked to the activation of lymphocytes upon recognition of foreign MHC molecules. Cytokine priming alone did not upregulate the immunogenic genes, but MSC-primed exposed to activated or resting lymphocytes increased their MHC-I and MHC-II expression, regardless of the MHC-compatibility. The upregulation of immunogenic markers including CD40 in the MHC-mismatched co-culture might have activated lymphocytes, which, at the same time, could have promoted the immune regulatory profile aforementioned. In conclusion, activated lymphocytes are able to induce the equine MSC regulatory profile, and their effects seem to be additive to the priming action. Importantly, our results suggest that the lymphocyte response against MHC-mismatched MSC-primed would promote further activation of their immunomodulatory ability, which eventually might help them evade this reaction. Further studies are needed to clarify how these findings might have clinical implications in vivo, which will help developing safer and more effective therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Cequier
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco José Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Arantza Vitoria
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elvira Bernad
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mirta García-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabel Gascón
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Barrachina
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Clementina Rodellar
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica LAGENBIO, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells Influence the Proliferative Response of Lymphocytes: Effect of Inflammation, Differentiation and MHC-Compatibility. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080984. [PMID: 35454231 PMCID: PMC9031781 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mesenchymal stem cells are investigated for therapy because of their ability to regulate the immune response to an injury. Cell therapy is increasingly important in veterinary patients such as horses, which are also valuable as a model. Therefore, what is learned in these animals can benefit both them and people. However, the patient’s immune system could recognize and destroy mesenchymal stem cells, impairing effectiveness and potentially leading to adverse effects. In this study, we analysed how equine mesenchymal stem cells interact with immune cells in different scenarios. We tested the effect of inflammation and differentiation of these cells, and how they acted depending on donor–patient compatibility. As we expected, inflammation activated the regulatory ability of equine mesenchymal stem cells, but also increased the risk of immune recognition. We anticipated that, after differentiation, these cells would lose their regulatory ability and would be more easily targeted by the immune system. However, they maintained similar features after differentiating into cartilage cells. The balance between the ability of mesenchymal stem cells to stimulate and to regulate an immune response is of the utmost importance to develop safe and effective cell therapies for animals and people. Abstract Immunomodulation and immunogenicity are pivotal aspects for the therapeutic use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Since the horse is highly valuable as both a patient and translational model, further knowledge on equine MSC immune properties is required. This study analysed how inflammation, chondrogenic differentiation and compatibility for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) influence the MSC immunomodulatory–immunogenicity balance. Equine MSCs in basal conditions, pro-inflammatory primed (MSC-primed) or chondrogenically differentiated (MSC-chondro) were co-cultured with either autologous or allogeneic MHC-matched/mismatched lymphocytes in immune-suppressive assays (immunomodulation) and in modified one-way mixed leukocyte reactions (immunogenicity). After co-culture, frequency and proliferation of T cell subsets and B cells were assessed by flow cytometry and interferon-ɣ (IFNɣ) secretion by ELISA. MSC-primed showed higher regulatory potential by decreasing proliferation of cytotoxic and helper T cells and B cells. However, MHC-mismatched MSC-primed can also activate lymphocytes (proliferative response and IFNɣ secretion), likely due to increased MHC-expression. MSC-chondro maintained their regulatory ability and did not increase their immunogenicity, but showed less capacity than MSC-primed to induce regulatory T cells and further stimulated B cells. Subsequent in vivo studies are needed to elucidate the complex interactions between MSCs and the recipient immune system, which is critical to develop safe and effective therapies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Roth SP, Burk J, Brehm W, Troillet A. MSC in Tendon and Joint Disease: The Context-Sensitive Link Between Targets and Therapeutic Mechanisms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:855095. [PMID: 35445006 PMCID: PMC9015188 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.855095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) represent a promising treatment option for tendon disorders and joint diseases, primarily osteoarthritis. Since MSC are highly context-sensitive to their microenvironment, their therapeutic efficacy is influenced by their tissue-specific pathologically altered targets. These include not only cellular components, such as resident cells and invading immunocompetent cells, but also components of the tissue-characteristic extracellular matrix. Although numerous in vitro models have already shown potential MSC-related mechanisms of action in tendon and joint diseases, only a limited number reflect the disease-specific microenvironment and allow conclusions about well-directed MSC-based therapies for injured tendon and joint-associated tissues. In both injured tissue types, inflammatory processes play a pivotal pathophysiological role. In this context, MSC-mediated macrophage modulation seems to be an important mode of action across these tissues. Additional target cells of MSC applied in tendon and joint disorders include tenocytes, synoviocytes as well as other invading and resident immune cells. It remains of critical importance whether the context-sensitive interplay between MSC and tissue- and disease-specific targets results in an overall promotion or inhibition of the desired therapeutic effects. This review presents the authors’ viewpoint on disease-related targets of MSC therapeutically applied in tendon and joint diseases, focusing on the equine patient as valid animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Pauline Roth
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department for Horses, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janina Burk
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Walter Brehm
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department for Horses, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antonia Troillet
- Clinic for Horses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Antonia Troillet,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rho/ROCK Inhibition Promotes TGF- β3-Induced Tenogenic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:8284690. [PMID: 34659420 PMCID: PMC8519677 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8284690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) represent a promising therapeutic tool for tendon regeneration. Their tenogenic differentiation is crucial for tissue engineering approaches and may support their beneficial effects after cell transplantation in vivo. The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, signalling via intracellular Smad molecules, is a potent paracrine mediator of tenogenic induction. Moreover, scaffold topography or tendon matrix components induced tenogenesis via activation of the Rho/ROCK cascade, which, however, is also involved in pathological adaptations in extracellular matrix pathologies. The aim of this study was to investigate the interplay of Rho/ROCK and TGF-β3/Smad signalling in tenogenic differentiation in both human and equine MSC. Primary equine and human MSC isolated from adipose tissue were cultured as monolayers or on tendon-derived decellularized scaffolds to evaluate the influence of the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 on TGF-β3-induced tenogenic differentiation. The MSC were incubated with and without TGF-β3 (10 ng/ml), Y-27632 (10 μM), or both. On day 1 and day 3, the signalling pathway of TGF-β and the actin cytoskeleton were visualized by Smad 2/3 and phalloidin staining, and gene expression of signalling molecules and tendon markers was assessed. ROCK inhibition was confirmed by disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. Activation of Smad 2/3 with nuclear translocation was evident upon TGF-β3 stimulation. Interestingly, this effect was most pronounced with additional ROCK inhibition in both species (p < 0.05 in equine MSC). In line with that, the tendon marker scleraxis showed the strongest upregulation when TGF-β3 and ROCK inhibition were combined (p < 0.05 in human MSC). The regulation pattern of tendon extracellular matrix components and the signalling molecules TGF-β3 and Smad 8 showed differences between human and equine MSC. The obtained results showed that ROCK inhibition promotes the TGF-β3/Smad 2/3 axis, with possible implications for future MSC priming regimes in tendon therapy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures combining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), tendon extracellular matrix scaffolds, and mechanical stimulation by a bioreactor have been used to induce tenogenic differentiation in vitro. Yet, these conditions alone do not mimic the environment of acute inflammatory tendon disease adequately, thus the results of such studies are not representatives for tendon regeneration after acute injury. In this chapter, we describe two different approaches to introduce inflammatory stimuli, comprising co-culture with leukocytes and supplementation with the cytokines IL-1 β and TNF-α. The presented in vitro model of inflammatory tendon disease could be used to study musculoskeletal pathophysiology and regeneration in more depth.
Collapse
|
9
|
Connard SS, Linardi RL, Even KM, Berglund AK, Schnabel LV, Ortved KF. Effects of continuous passage on the immunomodulatory properties of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110203. [PMID: 33636546 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been studied extensively due to their increasing clinical application for tissue regeneration and repair following culture expansion. We have studied the effect of continuous passage on the immunomodulatory capacity of equine bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). Equine BM-MSCs were isolated and culture expanded to passage three, six, and nine (P3, P6, P9). Immunomodulatory properties of each passage were assessed using a T cell proliferation assay and cytokine synthesis following stimulation with interferon gamma (IFN-γ). RESULTS Equine BM-MSCs maintained their primary cell morphology and immunophenotype throughout all passages. T cell proliferation was suppressed by all passages of BM-MSCs, compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) alone. There was no significant difference in suppression of T cell proliferation between P3, P6, and P9 BM-MSCs. All passages of BM-MSCs significantly increased cytokine synthesis in response to stimulation with IFN-γ. There were no significant differences in production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) or regulate on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) following stimulation with IFN-γ between P3, P6, and P9 BM-MSCs. P9 BM-MSCs had significantly increased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), (IL-1β), and (IL-10) compared to P3 BM-MSCs. Additionally, there was a significant increase in production of (IL-8) in P6 and P9 BM-MSCs in comparison to P3 BM-MSCs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that culture expansion affects some of the immunomodulatory properties of BM-MSCs in vitro, which may suggest that MSCs isolated from a single collection of bone marrow may be culture expanded, but only those from lower passage numbers would be ideal for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon S Connard
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Renata L Linardi
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kayla M Even
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alix K Berglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lauren V Schnabel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Kyla F Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|