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Lunn TJ, Jackson RT, Webala PW, Ogola J, Forbes KM. Kenyan Free-Tailed Bats Demonstrate Seasonal Birth Pulse Asynchrony with Implications for Virus Maintenance. ECOHEALTH 2024; 21:94-111. [PMID: 38372845 PMCID: PMC11127837 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-024-01674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Ecological information on wildlife reservoirs is fundamental for research targeting prevention of zoonotic infectious disease, yet basic information is lacking for many species in global hotspots of disease emergence. We provide the first estimates of synchronicity, magnitude, and timing of seasonal birthing in Mops condylurus, a putative ebolavirus host, and a co-roosting species, Mops pumilus (formerly Chaerephon pumilus). We show that population-level synchronicity of M. condylurus birthing is wide (~ 8.5 weeks) and even wider in M. pumilus (> 11 weeks). This is predicted to promote the likelihood of filovirus persistence under conditions of bi-annual birthing (two births per year). Ecological features underlying the magnitude of the birth pulse-relative female abundance (higher than expected for M. condylurus and lower for M. pumilus, based on literature) and reproductive rate (lower than expected)-will have countering effects on birthing magnitude. Species-specific models are needed to interpret how identified birth pulse attributes may interact with other features of molossid ebolavirus ecology to influence infection dynamics. As a common feature of wildlife species, and a key driver of infection dynamics, detailed information on seasonal birthing will be fundamental for future research on these species and will be informative for bat-borne zoonoses generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamika J Lunn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Science and Engineering Building, 850 W Dickson St, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Reilly T Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Science and Engineering Building, 850 W Dickson St, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
- Wildlife Research Branch, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ, 85086, USA
| | - Paul W Webala
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, Narok, 20500, Kenya
| | - Joseph Ogola
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 19676, Kenya
| | - Kristian M Forbes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Science and Engineering Building, 850 W Dickson St, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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Hayes S, Lushasi K, Sambo M, Changalucha J, Ferguson EA, Sikana L, Hampson K, Nouvellet P, Donnelly CA. Understanding the incidence and timing of rabies cases in domestic animals and wildlife in south-east Tanzania in the presence of widespread domestic dog vaccination campaigns. Vet Res 2022; 53:106. [PMID: 36510331 PMCID: PMC9743725 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The "Zero by 30" strategic plan aims to eliminate human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030 and domestic dog vaccination is a vital component of this strategic plan. In areas where domestic dog vaccination has been implemented, it is important to assess the impact of this intervention. Additionally, understanding temporal and seasonal trends in the incidence of animal rabies cases may assist in optimizing such interventions. Data on the incidence of probable rabies cases in domestic and wild animals were collected between January 2011 and December 2018 in thirteen districts of south-east Tanzania where jackals comprise over 40% of reported rabies cases. Vaccination coverage was estimated over this period, as five domestic dog vaccination campaigns took place in all thirteen districts between 2011 and 2016. Negative binomial generalized linear models were used to explore the impact of domestic dog vaccination on the annual incidence of animal rabies cases, whilst generalized additive models were used to investigate the presence of temporal and/or seasonal trends. Increases in domestic dog vaccination coverage were significantly associated with a decreased incidence of rabies cases in both domestic dogs and jackals. A 35% increase in vaccination coverage was associated with a reduction in the incidence of probable dog rabies cases of between 78.0 and 85.5% (95% confidence intervals ranged from 61.2 to 92.2%) and a reduction in the incidence of probable jackal rabies cases of between 75.3 and 91.2% (95% confidence intervals ranged from 53.0 to 96.1%). A statistically significant common seasonality was identified in the monthly incidence of probable rabies cases in both domestic dogs and jackals with the highest incidence from February to August and lowest incidence from September to January. These results align with evidence supporting the use of domestic dog vaccination as part of control strategies aimed at reducing animal rabies cases in both domestic dogs and jackals in this region. The presence of a common seasonal trend requires further investigation but may have implications for the timing of future vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hayes
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kennedy Lushasi
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XIfakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania ,grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XInstitute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK ,grid.451346.10000 0004 0468 1595Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Maganga Sambo
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XIfakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Joel Changalucha
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XIfakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania ,grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XInstitute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elaine A. Ferguson
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XInstitute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lwitiko Sikana
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XIfakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania ,grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XInstitute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katie Hampson
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XIfakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania ,grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XInstitute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pierre Nouvellet
- grid.12082.390000 0004 1936 7590School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Riccardi N, Giacomelli A, Antonello RM, Gobbi F, Angheben A. Rabies in Europe: An epidemiological and clinical update. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 88:15-20. [PMID: 33934971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a vaccine preventable zoonotic disease with a significant mortality burden worldwide. Several years of vaccination campaigns in wildlife animals have now achieved the control of rabies in Western Europe through a vaccination belt in front of endemic Eastern European countries. Nevertheless, rabies could be imported both by travellers from areas without an active public control of the disease or by animals coming from areas where the virus circulates in wildlife fauna. The knowledge of the current world epidemiology combined with a high index of clinical suspicion are needed to reach a diagnosis of rabies, especially in case of atypical presentation or without a history of animal exposure. The pre-travel counselling to people visiting highly endemic areas is essential to give information on how to reduce exposure to potential sources of infection and to select those subjects who could benefit from pre-travel vaccination. Rabies is almost invariably fatal, but the prompt administration of a vaccine course combined with anti-rabies immunoglobulins significantly reduces the probability to develop life-threatening consequences. In this review, we give a brief epidemiological and clinical update about rabies in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Riccardi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases & Microbiology (DITM), IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy.
| | - Andrea Giacomelli
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Maria Antonello
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University Hospital, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Federico Gobbi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases & Microbiology (DITM), IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy.
| | - Andrea Angheben
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases & Microbiology (DITM), IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy.
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Makovska IF, Krupinina TM, Nedosekov VV, Tsarenko TM, Novohatniy YA, Fahrion AS. Current issues and gaps in the implementation of rabies prevention in Ukraine in recent decades. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/022134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ukraine remains the only country in Europe where rabies is widespread among animals and humans. Annually there are about 1,600 rabies cases in animals in Ukraine and sporadic cases in humans have been registered despite the conducting of preventive measures. Therefore, the aim of the study was to inspect the failures in rabies prevention, indicate the top reasons for human cases and highlights the risk of animal attacks in view of their species and geographical distribution in Ukraine during 1996–2020. The following archival state materials were used for analysis: from the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and from the annual reports of oblast departments of the State Service of Ukraine for Food Safety and Consumer Protection. In general, more than 84,000 people (187.4 per 100,000 of the population) were affected by bites or harmful contact with animals every year, among them, 2,155 people were victims of rabid animals. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) was prescribed annually, on average, for 21,434 patients (25.5% of all victims). Most people were attacked by cats and dogs that had owners (71.5%). The frequency of the proportion of the risk of attacks by rabid dogs on humans was (1:124), from cats (1:25), wild animals (1:7), and farm animals (1:2), but the largest general proportion of animal attacks on people was from dogs – 838,635 attacks (77.7%). Thus, due to the permanently higher level of contact with people, attacks by dogs remains more dangerous. Geographically attacks on humans by domestic carnivores were observed most commonly in the east part of Ukraine due to the high urbanization of the region and the high density of the human population. A large number of attacks by foxes was observed in the west part of Ukraine due to the larger area of forests and fields. During the last 25 years, there have been 63 human rabies cases. The main sources of rabies were dogs (24 cases) and cats (22 cases). The main causes of development of rabies were: failure to receive the PEP due to the absence of a visit to a hospital after an attack of an animal (n = 38), failures in prescribing PEP (n = 15), failure of PEP (n = 10). In conclusion, the gaps in the control measures against rabies are the lack of agreed coordination of inter-sectoral links, the lack of significant efforts to raise public awareness and the lack of funding for prophylaxis programmes for humans and animals. Our future research will be aimed at modelling the transmission of rabies from the pet population to humans.
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