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Fairlie T, Shah A, Wong RK, Fang X, Ghoshal UC, Kashyap PC, Mulak A, Lee YY, Sperber AD, Koloski N, Moy N, Talley NJ, Jones MP, Holtmann G. A multifaceted ecological approach to explore links between environmental factors and the epidemiology of disorders of gut-brain interaction. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14866. [PMID: 39005136 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) are characterized by debilitating symptoms not explained by structural or biochemical abnormalities. While functional conditions present with complex, likely heterogeneous pathophysiology, we aimed to investigate if proxy measures of sociocultural and environmental factors are associated with the prevalence of various DGBI in populations across the world. METHODS We performed an ecological study utilizing peer-reviewed published datasets reporting for 26 countries prevalence rates of DGBI (Rome Foundation Global Epidemiology Study, RFGES), with six independent variables: Helicobacter pylori prevalence and household size as proxy measures for orofecal infections, gross domestic product per capita (GDP), and median age as a proxy measures for socioeconomic development, density of fast food outlets (FFO) per 100,000 population as proxy measure for processed food exposure, and suicide mortality rate per 100,000 people, and world happiness scores were used as a proxy for psychological stress. The data were retrieved from publicly accessible datasets (United Nations, CIA World Factbook, World Bank, World Happiness Report, commercial/financial reports of a global FFO chain). We used linear regression to assess variables in univariate and multivariate analysis and report standardized β coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (CI). KEY RESULTS The regression model revealed that the overall prevalence of DGBI was inversely associated with both GDP per capita (β = -0.57, 95% CI: -0.92, -0.22, p = 0.002) and happiness scores (β = -0.433 95% CI: 0.821, -0.065, p = 0.023), while being positively associated with H. pylori prevalence (β = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.008, 0.81, p = 0.046). The prevalence of functional constipation (FC) was also inversely associated with GDP per capita (β = -0.50, 95% CI: -0.86, -0.13, p = 0.01) and happiness scores (β = -0.497, 95% CI: -0.863, -0.132, p = 0.01), while being positively associated with H. pylori prevalence (β = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.91, p = 0.007). The Multivariate model analysis revealed that combining the factors of H. pylori prevalence, suicide rate, household size and happiness scores showed statistically significant association with FC (p = 0.039). Household size (β = -0.43, 95% CI: -0.82, 0.038, p = 0.033) and suicide rates (β = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.90, p = 0.004) were statistically significantly associated with functional diarrhea. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was associated with GDP per capita (β = -0.40, 95% CI: -0.79, -0.014, p = 0.043) and happiness scores (β = -0.390, 95% CI: -0.778, -0.003, p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Utilizing publicly available data, the prevalence of DGBI across diverse countries is linked to various socio-cultural and environmental factors. Collectively, the data suggests that the prevalence of DGBI is increased in less prosperous regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fairlie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ayesha Shah
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Reuben K Wong
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiucai Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Uday C Ghoshal
- Institute of Gastrosciences and Liver Transplantation, Apollo Multispeciality Hospitals, Kolkata, India
| | - Purna C Kashyap
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Agata Mulak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- GI Function & Motility Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Ami D Sperber
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Natasha Koloski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Naomi Moy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Talley
- School of Medicine and Public Health, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Michael P Jones
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gerald Holtmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Gebru H, Deyessa N, Medhin G, Kloos H. Childhood Intestinal Parasitic Reinfection, Sanitation and Hygiene Practice in Eastern Ethiopia: Case Control Study. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:1791-1802. [PMID: 38752169 PMCID: PMC11094539 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s455037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The recurrence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) can lead to different problems that can be transferred from generation to generation. Sanitation and hygienic practices have vital role in the parasitic reinfection. In poor hygienic and sanitation condition children may live in a continuous cycle of infection and reinfection. Objective To assess childhood IP reinfection and its association with sanitation and hygienic practice in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A population-based case-control design was used in this study. Data were collected from 75 reinfected cases and 147 unmatched controls. Fecal specimens were observed for parasites using direct smear and formol ether techniques. Epi-Info and SPSS (the statistical package for social science) were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify significant associations (P<0.05) between variables. Results The overall IP reinfection rate within 24 weeks after treatment was 33.8% (75/222), with a 95% CI=27.7%-40.5%. The frequency of intestinal protozoa was 18%, and for helminths was 15.8%. Children who swam in a polluted water had 3.7 times greater odds of IP reinfection than children who did not swim (P =0.01, 95% CI: 1.4-10.0). Children who regularly bathed in streams and children who bathed both at home and in streams were found to have 12.6 times and 5.8 times higher odds of IP reinfection than children who bathed regularly at home (P=0.002, 95% CI:2.5-64.8) and (P = 0.042, 95% CI:1.1-31.3), respectively. Children in households that owned domestic animals had 4.5 times higher odds of IP reinfection than the reference group (P = 0.013, 95% CI: 1.3-12.5). Conclusion IP reinfection rates were significantly associated with habits of swimming in a polluted water, places of bathing, and ownership of domestic animals. Therefore, efforts should be made considering such factors to minimize IP reinfection in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heroda Gebru
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Negussie Deyessa
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Helmut Kloos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Alelign A, Mulualem N, Tekeste Z. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among patients attending Debarq Primary Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298767. [PMID: 38451932 PMCID: PMC10919636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are major public health problems in developing countries. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of IPIs at Debarq Primary Hospital in northwest Ethiopia. A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2022 to June 2022. The study participants were recruited from patients who visited Debarq Primary Hospital during the study period. Stool samples were collected from each participant and examined for intestinal parasites using direct wet-mount and formal-ether concentration techniques. Socio-demographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Out of 422 individuals examined, 33.64% were infected with at least one intestinal parasite species. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Giardia intestinalis, Ascaris lumbricoides, and hookworm were found in 12.79%, 8.53%, 7.10%, and 1.65% of the participants, respectively. Double and triple parasite infections were found in 2.37% and 0.23% of the participants, respectively. A habit of eating unwashed vegetables (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 9.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.68-37.14) and low income (AOR = 6.66, 95% CI = 1.87-23.70) were associated with increased odds of IPIs. Participants with a habit of hand washing after using the toilet had 0.05 (95% CI = 0.13-0.22) lower odds of IPIs than those who did not. In conclusion, IPIs are common among Debarq Primary Hospital patients and are associated with factors such as low income, not washing hands after using the toilet, and eating unwashed vegetation, necessitating control and prevention efforts in the study area that include health education and the provision and use of sanitary facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Alelign
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Nigus Mulualem
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zinaye Tekeste
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Legge H, Pullan RL, Sartorius B. Improved household flooring is associated with lower odds of enteric and parasitic infections in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0002631. [PMID: 38039279 PMCID: PMC10691699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Enteric and parasitic infections such as soil-transmitted helminths cause considerable mortality and morbidity in low- and middle-income settings. Earthen household floors are common in many of these settings and could serve as a reservoir for enteric and parasitic pathogens, which can easily be transmitted to new hosts through direct or indirect contact. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to establish whether and to what extent improved household floors decrease the odds of enteric and parasitic infections among occupants compared with occupants living in households with unimproved floors. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we comprehensively searched four electronic databases for studies in low- and middle-income settings measuring household flooring as an exposure and self-reported diarrhoea or any type of enteric or intestinal-parasitic infection as an outcome. Metadata from eligible studies were extracted and transposed on to a study database before being imported into the R software platform for analysis. Study quality was assessed using an adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. In total 110 studies were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review, of which 65 were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis after applying study quality cut-offs. Random-effects meta-analysis suggested that households with improved floors had 0.75 times (95CI: 0.67-0.83) the odds of infection with any type of enteric or parasitic infection compared with household with unimproved floors. Improved floors gave a pooled protective OR of 0.68 (95CI: 0.58-0.8) for helminthic infections and 0.82 OR (95CI: 0.75-0.9) for bacterial or protozoan infections. Overall study quality was poor and there is an urgent need for high-quality experimental studies investigating this relationship. Nevertheless, this study indicates that household flooring may meaningfully contribute towards a substantial portion of the burden of disease for enteric and parasitic infections in low- and middle-income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Legge
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L. Pullan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benn Sartorius
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Metric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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High Prevalence of Hookworm Species and Associated Factors among Soil-Transmitted Helminth-Infected Household Contacts in Burie Zuria District, Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:6553913. [PMID: 36647545 PMCID: PMC9840548 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6553913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are parasitic worms that are widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions. In Ethiopia, one of the tropical countries, STH infections are high and cause a huge burden. Several STH species show a pattern of household clustering with regard to prevalence and intensity. However, there is a scarcity of data on the status of STH infection among family contacts of STH-infected individuals in Ethiopia in general and in the study area in particular. Objective This study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths and associated factors among STH-infected household contacts in Burie Zuria district, northwest Ethiopia. Method A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 study participants from March to May 2021. Study participants were traced to their residences by following STH-infected patients. A convenient sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants. The stool samples were processed using duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears and a modified Ritchie's technique. The data were entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 26 of the software package. A P value <0.05 was considered a statistically significant association. Results The overall prevalence of STHs was 36.5% (95% CI: 31.7%-41.5%). Two STHs, namely hookworm species (33.2%, 140/422) at (95% CI: 28.9%-37.8%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (4.3%, 18/422) at (95% CI: 2.7%-6.6%), were identified, with a double infection of 2.6% (4/154) at (95% CI: 1.0%-6.5%). Almost the majority (96.9%) of hookworm species and all Ascaris lumbricoides infections were categorized under a light intensity of infection. Family size >5 (AOR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.15-2.60; P = 0.008) and lack of latrine facility (AOR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.17-2.90; P = 0.02) were significantly associated with STH infections. Conclusion A high prevalence of hookworms was found in the study area, where the majority of the study participants were adults. This finding may provide a basis for revising the school-based deworming programs that exclude the adult population. Public health interventions like accessing latrines, health education, and deworming programs should be regularly implemented for all age groups in the areas.
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Bahwaireth EO, Wakid MH. Molecular, Microscopic, and Immunochromatographic Detection of Enteroparasitic Infections in Hemodialysis Patients and Related Risk Factors. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:830-838. [PMID: 36067331 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infection (IPI) is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Patients with CRF are more prone to infections due to acquired immunodeficiency caused by uremia. This study aims at determining the prevalence of parasitic intestinal infections in hemodialysis (HD) patients in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, and at comparing the techniques used for the detection of intestinal parasites. One hundred stool samples were collected from Saudi HD patients from two dialysis centers of two hospitals in Makkah City, and 50 samples were collected randomly from healthy individuals that served as control. The laboratory tests were carried out at King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. One stool sample was collected from each participant and examined with different techniques. The diagnosis was carried out using the direct wet smear with normal saline and native-Lugol's, Ritchie technique, rapid diagnostic test (ImmunoCard STAT! CGE), and molecular techniques (real-time polymerase chain reaction). The relation between age, gender, weight, and height to calculate body mass index, level of education, time of the HD, lifestyle, residence status, several gastrointestinal symptoms, blood pressure, diabetes, irritable bowel disease, and other factors was studied. Intestinal parasites were found in 38% of the HD patients and 36% of the control group. The most encountered intestinal parasites in the HD patients and control group were Blastocystis hominis (31%) and (34%), Entamoeba histolytica (3%) and (2%) respectively, Endolimax nana (4%) in the HD group, Giardia lamblia (4%) in the control group, and no positive results for Cryptosporidium or helminths in both groups. The IPIs should be suspected in all cases of immunodeficient patients, and stool samples should be ordered as routine with other tests in interval times and examined using special techniques. The physicians should be aware of the similarity between HD and intestinal parasitosis symptoms to perform diagnostic tests and determine the suitable treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtihal O Bahwaireth
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed H Wakid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Liyih M, Damtie D, Tegen D. Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Human Intestinal Helminths Parasitic Infections in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:3905963. [PMID: 36093316 PMCID: PMC9451958 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3905963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal helminth infections are still public health problems in tropical and subtropical countries including Ethiopia. This review and meta-analysis aimed to produce the pooled prevalence and associated risk factors of human intestinal helminth parasitic infections (HIHPIs) in Ethiopia. Methods Articles written in English were searched from online databases. Sixty-seven studies were included. Meta-analysis was computed using STATA version 14. Result The pooled prevalence of HIHPIs was (33.35%, 95% CI: 28.85%, 37.86%). Ascaris lumbricoides (10.84%, 95% CI: 9.34, 12.34), hookworm spp. (8.89%, 95% CI: 7.75, 10.04), Schistosoma mansoni (4.22%, 95% CI: 3.64, 4.81), Trichuris trichiura (2.51%, 95% CI: 2.17, 2.86), Hymenolepis nana (2.29%, 95% CI: 1.96, 2.63), Taenia species (1.01%, 95% CI: 0.80, 1.22), Strongyloides stercoralis (1.17%, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.41), and Enterobius vermicularis(0.71%, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.90) were recorded. Handwashing before food (OR: 5.22,95% CI: 3.49, 6.94), handwashing after toilet (OR: 3.03, 95%; CI: 1.01, 5.05), age (OR: 1.66, 95% CL. 1.09, 2.23), open defecation (OR: 2.42, 95% CI: 1.60, 3.24), eating raw and unwashed vegetables/fruits (OR: 1.98, 95%; CI: 1.30, 2.66), maternal education (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 0.91, 2.72), family income (OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 0.87, 3.31), source of drinking water (OR: 3.12, 95% CI: 1.96, 4.27), swimming/contact with river water (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.11, 2.69), barefoot (OR: 3.28, 95% CI: 1.67, 4.88), playing with soil (OR: 2.64, 95% CI: 1.40, 3.88), and family size (OR: 3.75, 95% CI: 2.03, 5.46) were factors associated with HIHPIs in Ethiopia. High heterogeneity of the prevalence of HIHPIs was observed among the studies within and among regions (I2 > 99.6% and P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion HIHPIs in Ethiopia were significantly high. Therefore, special attention should be given by all stakeholders to minimize HIHPIs in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minichil Liyih
- Abune Gorgorios Schools, Bahir Dar Branch, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Destaw Damtie
- Bahir Dar University, College of Sciences, Department of Biology, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dires Tegen
- Dera Woreda Education Office, South Gondar Zone, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Bordignon JCP, Paulino ÉT, Silva MECD, Alencar MDFL, Gomes KNF, Sotero-Martins A, Santos JAAD, Boia MN, Moraes Neto AHAD. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections versus knowledge, attitudes and practices of male residents in Brazilian urban slums: a cross-sectional study. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e41. [PMID: 35703610 PMCID: PMC9190514 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are neglected diseases caused by helminths and protozoa, with the relationships between parasite, host and environment having the potential to produce high morbidity and incapacity to work and mortality in vulnerable areas. This study assessed the prevalence of IPIs concerning socio-environmental conditions and analyzed the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to these diseases among men living in the slums of Rio de Janeiro city, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an agglomeration of urban slums between 2018 and 2019, with men aged between 20 and 59 years. A socioeconomic status questionnaire and an IPIs knowledge, attitudes and practices questionnaire (KAPQ) were applied. Coproparasitological diagnoses (n=454) were performed using four methods and samples of water for household consumption (n=392) were subjected to microbiological and physicochemical analysis. A total of 624 participants were enrolled. About 40% of the households had "water unsuitable for consumption". Only one Major Area, MA 3 was not statistically significant for IPIs (AOR=0.75; 95% CI: 0.30-1.88; p=0.55). The overall prevalence of IPIs was 23.8%. Endolimax nana (n=65, 14.3%) and hookworm (n=8, 1.7%) were the most frequently identified parasites. The analysis of the frequency of responses to the KAPQ has shown that men reported to seeking medical care if they were suspicious of IPIs, and around 35% would self-medicate. The results have shown the need to adopt integrated health education practices targeting male residents in urban slums to qualify the care with water for human consumption and promote self-care about IPIs. The household can be considered strategic for Primary Health Care activities for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar Pegado Bordignon
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Érica Tex Paulino
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milena Enderson Chagas da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fatima Leal Alencar
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Keyla Nunes Farias Gomes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Sotero-Martins
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Departamento de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Albuquerque Dos Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcio Neves Boia
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Human hookworms from Argentina: Differential diagnosis of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale in endemic populations from Buenos Aires and Misiones. Rev Argent Microbiol 2022; 54:268-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Teimouri A, Alimi R, Farsi S, Mikaeili F. Intestinal parasitic infections among patients referred to hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, southern Iran: a retrospective study in pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:36911-36919. [PMID: 35066821 PMCID: PMC8783790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18192-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are still a serious public health problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people's lifestyles and quality of life. Besides, the prevalence of IPIs is directly associated with environmental sanitation, overcrowding, and personal hygiene. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of IPIs among patients referred to hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences by reviewing the available data of hospital information system database in the pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic. The total data of 13,686 patients referred to hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, southern Iran were collected from March 2019 to March 2021. The overall prevalence of IPIs was found to be 4.4%, and Blastocystis spp. was the most common parasite. The prevalence of protozoan parasites (4.4%) was significantly higher than helminthic parasites (0.04%, P < 0.001). A significant association was observed between IPIs with age, gender, and year (P < 0.05). The prevalence of IPIs among those referred to hospitals before the COVID-19 pandemic was higher than those referred to hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic (5.8% vs 2.8%), and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The odds of infection among people investigated during the COVID-19 pandemic was about 40% lower than those investigated before the COVID-19 pandemic (AOR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.49-0.73, P < 0.001). Our results showed that the prevalence of IPIs has decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Improved sanitation, personal hygiene, and health education can be effective in reducing parasitic infections in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Teimouri
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rasoul Alimi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Samaneh Farsi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fattaneh Mikaeili
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Prevalence and Intensity of Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Associated Factors among Adolescents and Adults in Bibugn Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. J Trop Med 2022; 2021:7043881. [PMID: 34976073 PMCID: PMC8718294 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7043881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soil-transmitted helminths are a common public health problem in Ethiopia, affecting all age groups. However, epidemiological studies and interventions primarily target school-age children, despite the fact that 44.6 million adults live in endemic areas. Hence, data on the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminths infections and associated factors among adolescents and adults helps to expand interventions. Objective The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminths and associated factors among adolescents and adults in Bibugn Woreda, East Gojjam, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Bibugn Woreda from February to September 2021. Using multistage proportionate sampling technique, 641 adolescents and adults were enrolled in this study. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and factors associated with helminthic infections was collected using structured questionnaire prepared in Amharic and administered through face-to-face interview. Parasite detection in stool samples was performed using modified formol-ether concentration and Kato-Katz techniques following standard protocols. Data was entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 25. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with soil-transmitted helminths infections. P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results The overall prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths infection was 20.9% (134/641). The most detected parasite was Ascaris lumbricoides (12.5%), followed by hookworm species (7.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (1.1%). Fecal egg counts revealed that 96.5% (112/116) of the infections were with light parasite intensity, while 3.5% (4/116) were with moderate parasite intensity. Family size >5 (AOR = 1.866; 95% CI: 1.221–2.853; P=0.004), absence of latrine (AOR = 3.675; 95% CI: 1.599–8.449; P=0.002), and no habit of hand washing before meal (AOR = 2.622; 95% CI: 1.073–6.405; P=0.034) were significantly associated with soil-transmitted helminths infections. Conclusion There was moderate prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths among adolescents and adults with predominance of A. lumbricoides. Family size greater than five, absence of latrine, and no hand washing habit before meal predisposed adolescents and adults for soil-transmitted helminths. The existing school-based interventions should expand to address adolescents and adults.
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Jõgi NO, Kitaba N, Storaas T, Schlünssen V, Triebner K, Holloway JW, Horsnell WGC, Svanes C, Bertelsen RJ. Ascaris exposure and its association with lung function, asthma, and DNA methylation in Northern Europe. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:1960-1969. [PMID: 34996616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascaris infections, with a worldwide prevalence above 10%, can cause respiratory pathology. However, long-term effects on lung function in humans are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations of Ascaris exposure with lung function, asthma, and DNA methylation. METHODS Serum Ascaris IgG antibodies were measured in 671 adults aged 18 to 47 years (46% women) from Aarhus, Bergen, and Tartu RHINESSA study centers. Seropositivity was defined as IgG above the 90th percentile. Linear and logistic regressions were used to analyze Ascaris seropositivity as associated with lung function and asthma, adjusted for age, height, and smoking and clustered by center. DNA methylation in blood was profiled by a commercial methylation assay. RESULTS Ascaris seropositivity was associated with lower FEV1 (-247 mL; 95% CI, -460, -34) and higher odds for asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 5.84; 95% CI, 1.67, 20.37) among men but not women, also after further adjusting for house dust mite sensitivity, consistent across study centers. At a genome-wide level, Ascaris exposure was associated with 23 differentially methylated sites in men and 3 in women. We identified hypermethylation of the MYBPC1 gene, which can regulate airway muscle contraction. We also identified genes linked to asthma pathogenesis such as CRHR1 and GRK1, as well as a differentially methylated region in the PRSS22 gene linked to nematode infection. CONCLUSION Ascaris exposure was associated with substantially lower lung function and increased asthma risk among men. Seropositive participants had sex-specific differences in DNA methylation compared to the unexposed, thus suggesting that exposure may lead to sex-specific epigenetic changes associated with lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils O Jõgi
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Negusse Kitaba
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Torgeir Storaas
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Occupation, and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kai Triebner
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Core Facility for Metabolomics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine/Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, CNRS-University of Orléans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans, France.
| | - Cecilie Svanes
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Randi J Bertelsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway, Bergen, Norway
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da Silva RKM, Dib LV, Amendoeira MR, Class CC, Pinheiro JL, Fonseca ABM, Barbosa ADS. Balantidiasis in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop 2021; 223:106069. [PMID: 34339668 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Balantioides coli is a protozoan that infects different hosts species, including humans, with zoonotic transmission. The parasite, which lives in the large intestine and in other organs, can lead to serious infections that may culminate in death. Information about human balantidiasis is generally still very scanty. In view of the above, the purpose of this study was to analyze the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of human balantidiasis based on a systematic review and meta-analysis. The scientific articles were retrieved from various databases and were subjected to descriptive analyses, chi-squared tests, and summarized on a forest plot and the heterogeneity index (I2). A total of 103 articles were eligible and included in this review. Out of these 103 articles, 75 were clinical case reports and 28 were epidemiological studies, indicating a frequency of 997 (3.98%) people potentially infected with B. coli. The publication dates of the analyzed articles ranged from 1910 to 2020, but the majority (68.9%) were published between 1998 and 2020. A considerable number of these articles were published in South America and Asia, mostly in Brazil and India, respectively. However, in Africa, Ethiopia, was observed the higher number of infected people (47.5%). A significant association (p < 0.05) was identified between proximity to pigs and positivity for B. coli, since more than 16% infected people were in proximity with pigs and/or their excreta. Infection by the protozoan was classified mainly as intestinal, and the predominant symptom was dysentery. Extraintestinal infections were found in 27 individuals, with colonization of the genitourinary tract frequently highlighted. Direct examination (17.2%), followed by an association of direct examination and sedimentation (45.7%), were the most commonly performed parasitological techniques, and the most frequently diagnosed form was trophozoites, corresponding to 22.5% of cases. The most common treatment for parasitized individuals (11.8%) was an association of tetracycline drugs with nitroimidazole derivatives. The articles retrieved, mainly epidemiological ones, used in meta-analysis showed high heterogeneity (I2> 50%, p < 0.05), impairing the retrieval and comparison of results. Some articles were found to provide incomplete information, making it difficult to retrieve and analyze variables. However, this review enabled us to compile and restate factors that appear to be associated with cases of human balantidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayana Katylin Mendes da Silva
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Professor Hernani de Mello Street, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Laís Verdan Dib
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Professor Hernani de Mello Street, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210-130, Brazil; Toxoplasmosis and other Protozoosis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foudation, Brazil Avenue, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Amendoeira
- Toxoplasmosis and other Protozoosis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foudation, Brazil Avenue, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Carvalho Class
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Professor Hernani de Mello Street, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Jessica Lima Pinheiro
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Professor Hernani de Mello Street, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Monteiro Fonseca
- Department of Statistics, Federal Fluminense University, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Professor Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis Street s / n, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24210-200, Brazil.
| | - Alynne da Silva Barbosa
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Professor Hernani de Mello Street, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210-130, Brazil; Toxoplasmosis and other Protozoosis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foudation, Brazil Avenue, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
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Chen D, Mechlowitz K, Li X, Schaefer N, Havelaar AH, McKune SL. Benefits and Risks of Smallholder Livestock Production on Child Nutrition in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Front Nutr 2021; 8:751686. [PMID: 34778344 PMCID: PMC8579112 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.751686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock production may improve nutritional outcomes of pregnant women and children by increasing household income, availability of nutrient-dense foods, and women's empowerment. Nevertheless, the relationship is complex, and the nutritional status of children may be impaired by presence of or proximity to livestock and their pathogens. In this paper, we review the benefits and risks of livestock production on child nutrition. Evidence supports the nutritional benefits of livestock farming through income, production, and women's empowerment. Increasing animal source food consumption requires a combination of efforts, including improved animal management so that herd size is adequate to meet household income needs and consumption and addressing sociocultural and gendered norms. Evidence supports the inclusion of behavior change communication strategies into livestock production interventions to facilitate the sustainability of nutritional benefits over time, particularly interventions that engage women and foster dimensions of women's empowerment. In evaluating the risks of livestock production, evidence indicates that a broad range of enteric pathogens may chronically infect the intestines of children and, in combination with dietary deficits, may cause environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a chronic inflammation of the gut. Some of the most important pathogens associated with EED are zoonotic in nature with livestock as their main reservoir. Very few studies have aimed to understand which livestock species contribute most to colonization with these pathogens, or how to reduce transmission. Control at the point of exposure has been investigated in a few studies, but much less effort has been spent on improving animal husbandry practices, which may have additional benefits. There is an urgent need for dedicated and long-term research to understand which livestock species contribute most to exposure of young children to zoonotic enteric pathogens, to test the potential of a wide range of intervention methods, to assess their effectiveness in randomized trials, and to assure their broad adaptation and sustainability. This review highlights the benefits and risks of livestock production on child nutrition. In addition to identifying research gaps, findings support inclusion of poor gut health as an immediate determinant of child undernutrition, expanding the established UNICEF framework which includes only inadequate diet and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehao Chen
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Karah Mechlowitz
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nancy Schaefer
- Health Science Center Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Arie H. Havelaar
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sarah L. McKune
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for African Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Ulhaq Z, Khan W, Khan MF, Kabir M, Ujjan AA, Ullah W, Masood Z, Khan S, De Los Ríos Escalante P. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic diseases in school children of rural areas of district Lower Dir, Pakistan. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e243150. [PMID: 34644727 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.243150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Present study was conducted among school children to recognize the prevalence of IPIs in rural communities of district Dir Lower, Pakistan. A sum of 324 samples of stool were collected (210 boys and 114 girls). Used direct smear method and formol ether sedimentation concentration technique for processing the samples. The result shows that 82% (n=266) were found infected comprised 64.8% male and 35.1% females. Children of the age group 10 to 12 years were found extremely infected 94.2% while 4-6 year age group were having minimum ratio of infection 72%. Current study shows mono parasitism in 50.6% of the students while 22.2% were infected with 2 species and 7.40% were infected with three species of parasites. Seven species of intestinal parasites were reported include Ascaris lumbricoid in male (n=122) 58.0% and in female (n=65) 57.0% followed by Hook worm (n=88) 41.9% and (n=44) 38.5%; Tania saginata (n=44) 20.9% and (n=24) 21.0%; Entrobius vermicularis (n=32) 15.2% and (n=16) 14.0%; Trichuris trichura (n=25) 11.9% and (n=22) 19.2%; Hymenolepis nana (n=24) 11.4% and (n=18) 15.7% and Entameoba histolytica (n=16) 7.61% and (n=14) 12.2% in male and females respectively. The study indicates that most occurring intestinal parasite in the current study were Ascaris lumbricoides 58.0% (n=122) followed by hookworms 41.9% (n=88). Male students were more infected than females in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ulhaq
- Hazara University, Department of Zoology, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - W Khan
- University of Malakand, Department of Zoology, Malakand, Pakistan
| | - M F Khan
- Hazara University, Department of Zoology, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - M Kabir
- University of Sargodha, Department of Biological Sciences, Sub campus Bhakkar, Bhakkar-30000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - A A Ujjan
- University of Sindh, Institute of Plant Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - W Ullah
- Hazara University, Department of Zoology, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Z Masood
- Department of Zoology, SBK Women University Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan
| | - S Khan
- Hazara University, Department of Zoology, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - P De Los Ríos Escalante
- Universidad Católica de Temuco, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Casilla 15-D, Temuco, Chile.,Núcleo de Estudios Ambientales UC Temuco, Casilla, Temuco, Chile
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Alemayehu T, Asnake S, Tadesse B, Azerefegn E, Mitiku E, Agegnehu A, Nigussie N, H/Mariam T, Desta M. Phenotypic Detection of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli from a Clinical Specimen in Sidama, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:369-380. [PMID: 33564245 PMCID: PMC7866937 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s289763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria are an emergent source of both community-acquired and healthcare-associated infection that poses a substantial hazard to public health. This study aimed to conclude the magnitude of carbapenem resistance gram-negative bacteria from a clinical specimen at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional study was accompanied from February 13 to June 7, 2020, in which consecutive patients with 103 gram-negative bacteria were encompassed. The isolates included were 54 urine, 17 blood, 17 pusses, 4 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 3 aspirates, 3 effusions, 2 stools, 2 ear discharges, and 1 nasal swab. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather socio-demographic data from the attendant and clinical data from the patient's chart. Patients admitted in any wards and visited outpatients department were included for the study if gram-negative bacteria was identified for those who accepted the consent. A routine manual culture, Gram's staining and biochemical tests used to identify the bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined for twelve antibiotics including cotrimoxazole, ceftazidime, meropenem, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, nitrofurantoin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and amikacin using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Modified carbapenem inactivation (mCIM) method was used to determine carbapenem resistance using meropenem disk as per the recommendation of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guideline. Statistical package for social science software version 21 was used for data entry and analysis. The odds ratio at 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value <0.05 were taken as a statistically significant association. RESULTS Generally, 111 gram-negative bacteria were identified from 103 patients. Of 111 isolates, thirteen isolates (nine resistance and four intermediates) were identified in disk diffusion testing for meropenem. Of this, 10 isolates were carbapenemases producer with the overall rates of 9% in the Modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM). Pseudomonas spp. 3 (30.0%), E. coli, K. pneumonia, Acinetobacter spp. each two (20.0%), and K. oxytoca 1 (10.0%) were identified as carbapenemases positive. The rates of the multidrug, extensive, pan drug were 86.5, 43.3, and 1.8, respectively. Ampicillin 94 (97.9%), followed by cefuroxime 52 (91.2%), cefotaxime 94 (88.7%), cotrimoxazole 58 (88.1%), ceftazidime 40 (83.3%), ciprofloxacin 47 (77.1%), nitrofurantoin 35 (70.0%), gentamycin 71 (65.7%), with high level of resistance. However, piperacillin-tazobactam 41 (48.8%), chloramphenicol 25 (47.2%), meropenem 13 (11.7%), and amikacin 9 (8.5%) were with low rates of resistance. In this study, there were no variables statically associated with carbapenem resistance that is p > 0.05. CONCLUSION Our study showed that carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli are 9% in the study area. Our finding signposts that ampicillin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cotrimoxazole, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamycin with a high rate of resistance >50%. However, piperacillin-tazobactam, chloramphenicol, meropenem, and amikacin were at low rates of resistance. Therefore, a measure should be taken to contain carbapenem resistance gram-negative bacteria in the study area. Further, study with better method needs to be conducted to conclude the real scenario of carbapenem resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsegaye Alemayehu
- Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Asnake
- Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Tadesse
- Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Microbiology Laboratory, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Elshaday Azerefegn
- Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Microbiology Laboratory, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Enkosilassie Mitiku
- Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Microbiology Laboratory, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Asnakech Agegnehu
- Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Microbiology Laboratory, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Netsanet Nigussie
- Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Microbiology Laboratory, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Techilo H/Mariam
- Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Microbiology Laboratory, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Moges Desta
- Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Huang C, Li R, Chen J, Liabsuetrakul T, Shi W. Preliminary investigation of demographic signatures of intestinal parasitic infection in rural residents of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:1185-1189. [PMID: 32509093 PMCID: PMC7270683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our present study was designed to initially unveil the epidemiological characteristics and underlying etiology of intestinal parasitic infection (IPI) in rural residents of Guangxi province in China through conducting a community-based cross-sectional survey. MATERIAL AND METHODS By use of an epidemiological questionnaire survey and morphologic examination, a total 700 residents from dissimilar regions around rural areas in Guangxi province were recruited for fecal samples to explore ethnic differences in IPI. The fecal specimen was collected and used for microscopic inspection of visible signs of parasitic eggs. In addition, parasitic egg samples were screened and identified to characterize the parasite-bearing IPI cases. RESULTS The statistical epidemiologic data exhibited that the early pathologic signs of ethnicity-sorted IPI-based rural residents occurred in a two-week period, such as headache and itchy skin. Following further one-year tracing, some potential pathological symptoms of rural locales with IPI were screened and identified, including diarrhea and anemia. Insufficient education seemed to be an underlying cause of IPI in rural residents. In addition, further morphologic signs of parasitic eggs and protozoa in IPI-based residents with pathologic symptoms were validated. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these preliminary epidemiologic findings demonstrate that detectable pathologic signs of IPI-based rural residents in Guangxi province were associated with poor education, thus local government needs a strategy for reducing IPI and improving quality of life in locals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla UniversityHat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Health Management Unit, Faculty of Humanities and Management, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, China
| | - Tippawan Liabsuetrakul
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla UniversityHat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Wuxiang Shi
- Health Management Unit, Faculty of Humanities and Management, Guilin Medical UniversityGuilin, China
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