Development of UV spectrophotometry methods for concurrent quantification of amlodipine and celecoxib by manipulation of ratio spectra in pure and pharmaceutical formulation

Fabrication of Celecoxib PVP Microparticles Stabilized by Gelucire 48/16 via Electrospraying for Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Action

Electrospraying (ES) technology is considered an efficient micro/nanoparticle fabrication technique with controlled dimensions and diverse morphology. Gelurice® 48/16 (GLR) has been employed to stabilize the aqueous dispersion of Celecoxib (CXB) for enhancing its solubility and oral bioavailability. Our formula is composed of CXB loaded in polyvinylpyllodine (PVP) stabilized with GLR to formulate microparticles (MPs) (CXB-GLR-PVP MPs). CXB-GLR-PVP MPs display excellent in vitro properties regarding particle size (548 ± 10.23 nm), zeta potential (−20.21 ± 2.45 mV), and drug loading (DL, 1.98 ± 0.059 mg per 10 mg MPs). CXB-GLR-PVP MPs showed a significant (p < 0.05) higher % cumulative release after ten minutes (50.31 ± 4.36) compared to free CXB (10.63 ± 2.89). CXB exhibited good dispersibility, proved by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), adequate compatibility of all components, confirmed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and spherical geometry as revealed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Concerning our anti-inflammatory study, there was a significant decrease in the scores of the inflammatory markers’ immunostaining in the CXB-GLR-PVP MPs treated group. Also, the amounts of the oxidative stress biomarkers, as well as mRNA expression of interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6), considerably declined (p < 0.05) in CXB-GLR-PVP MPs treated group alongside an enhancement in the histological features was revealed. CXB-GLR-PVP MPs is an up-and-coming delivery system that could be elucidated in future clinical investigations.

Different Approaches in Manipulating Ratio Spectra for Analyzing Amlodipine Besylate and Irbesartan Combination

Background

Hypertension is a key risk factor for ischemic heart disease and atherosclerosis. Most patients require a combination of antihypertensive medications to accomplish their therapeutic goals. Antihypertensive medicines such as calcium channel blockers and angiotensin receptor blockers are indicated for patients whose high blood pressure cannot be controlled with monotherapy. The combination of amlodipine besylate (AML) with irbesartan (IRB) is an example of this synergistic activity in lowering blood pressure.

Objective

In this regard, the goal of the research is to develop sensitive spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate and irbesartan.

Methods

Three simple ratio spectra-manipulating spectrophotometric methods namely, ratio difference, mean centering of ratio spectra, and derivative ratio, were developed for the simultaneous assay of the cited mixture.

Results

Linear correlations were attained over the concentration range of 1–35 μg/mL and 2–35 μg/mL for amlodipine besylate and irbesartan, respectively. The methods were validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines with good results.

Conclusion

The methods developed were successfully applied for the assay of the cited drugs in their marketed formulation. They could be efficiently used for routine analysis of the mentioned drugs in QC laboratories.

Highlights

The proposed approaches do not require expensive solvents or complex instruments. They could be used in routine laboratory tests where time and cost are crucial.

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of drug components from their dosage formulations

Spectrophotometry is a quick and reliable method for determining the composition of a variety of complex drug mixtures. Several mathematical models are available for the resolution of complex multicomponent UV spectra. UV spectrophotometric methods have the inherent capacity to resolve the interlaced spectra of complex mixtures quickly and appropriately, particularly for quantitative determination of components of mixture where several costly tools are not available. These methods also have the benefit of lower operational costs as they are operated using lesser amounts of analytical grade solvents and generate less waste. In this review, we discussed the theoretical background of different UV spectrometric methods for quantitative analysis of drug mixtures. The main focus of this review is to describe and report applications of extended Beer's law-based multicomponent analysis and to highlight the recent developments in the simultaneous determination of drug components from their complex mixtures.

Formulation and Evaluation of Enteric Coated Elementary Osmotic Tablets of Aceclofenac

Objectives

This study aimed to develop a controlled drug delivery device for aceclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Therefore, the agent was projected to develop an osmotic pump with enteric coating. The strength of the semipermeable membrane was improved by optimizing the formulation of the device, which can control the drug release over a prolonged period of time.

Materials and Methods

The formulations were designed and optimized by using the statistical design of experiment followed by 32 factorial design to discover the best formulation. Several evaluation tests were performed to assess the physical parameters of the formulations. The percentage drug release of the formulations was observed for up to 9 h.

Results

The model 3D graph analysis indicated that as an osmogen, a higher percentage of potassium chloride was utilized more effectively than mannitol for the rapid dissolution of osmotic tablets. The optimized formulation can release 88.60±0.02% up to 9 h. The accelerated stability study confirmed that the optimized formulation was stable.

Conclusion

The formulated osmotic tablets of aceclofenac were therapeutically safe and effective and did not release any drug content in the simulated gastric medium for a predetermined time.

A Simple Bioanalytical Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Amlodipine and Celecoxib in Rat Plasma by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A simple, precise, rapid and accurate UFLC method has been developed with due validation for the simultaneous estimation of Amlodipine besylate and Celecoxib in rat plasma. The separation has been taken place by C18 Eclipse plus column at 1ml/min flow rate. The mobile phase comprises of 20 mM sodium acetate buffer of pH 4.5 adjusted with glacial acetic acid and methanol (30:70% v/v). The effluents were monitored at 228 nm with a total run time of 15min. The retention time of Amlodipine besylate and celecoxib were found to be 7.69 min and 10.69 min respectively. The extraction of drugs have been achieved by protein precipitation technique with methanol as a solvent. The detection concentration was linear over 60-420 ng/ml for Amlodipine besylate and 600-4200 ng/ml for Celecoxib. Regression equation of Amlodipine besylate and Celecoxib were found to be y = 30.996x + 520.29 & y = 39.722x + 23706 with regression coefficient 0.9944 & 0.9941 respectively using unweighted and weighted linear regression with a weighting factor of 1/x0, 1/x, 1/✓x and 1/x2. The percentage recoveries were found to be 88.52±1.276 to 93.06±2.872 for Amlodipine & 89.40±0.728 to 94.05±0.221 for Celecoxib. This liquid chromatography method was extensively validated for linearity, accuracy precision, and stability studies.

A Rapid HPLC Method for the Concurrent Determination of Several Antihypertensive Drugs from Binary and Ternary Formulations

A rapid, synchronized liquid chromatographic method was established for the estimation of hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ), amlodipine (AMD), olmesartan (OLM), telmisartan (TEL), and irbesartan (IRB) in binary and ternary coformulations using the same chromatographic conditions. Five analytes were separated on a Zorbax C18 column using isocratic elution with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, methanol, and 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.5) in a ratio of 45:20:35% v/v. The analytes were detected at a wavelength of 230 nm at ambient temperature. Furthermore, the proposed liquid chromatographic procedure was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, and robustness using an experimental design. Analytes were separated with good resolution within 3.5 min. Analytes showed good linearity in a concentration satisfactory to analyze the different ratios of these analytes in the formulations. Pareto charts showed that the flow rate and mobile phase composition have a significant effect on the peak area of analytes and hence need to be carefully controlled, however, the method is robust. Finally, the different formulations consisting of HCZ, AMD, OLM, TEL, and IRB in different ratios were analyzed with high accuracy using an optimized HPLC method and compared with reported methods. Furthermore, the reported HPLC procedure is simple, rapid, and accurate and therefore can used for regular quality control of binary and ternary formulations using the same stationary and mobile phase.

Validated green chromatographic methods for determination of amlodipine and celecoxib in presence of methylacetophenone

Aim: Green, accurate and rapid methods, namely LC-MS/MS and thin layer chromatography-densitometric methods, were developed for determination of amlodipine besylate and celecoxib in presence of its process-related impurities, 4-methylacetophenone in pure and formulated tablets. Results: LC-MS/MS was achieved on ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column using methanol:aqueous solution of 5 mM formic acid (95:5 v/v). High sensitivity with low limit of detection values 0.00028, 0.00027 and 0.0003 for amlodipine, celecoxib and 4-methylacetophenone, respectively were obtained. While, thin layer chromatography-densitometric was established using methanol:water:ammonia (70:25:1.5, by volume). Good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.1-10 μg/band, 1-150 μg/band and 0.01-2 μg/band for amlodipine, celecoxib and 4-methylacetophenone, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed method validation was achieved according to ICH guidelines. Those methods possess advantages of being ecofriendly methods which permit their application in quality control laboratories.