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Kiełbowski K, Stańska W, Bakinowska E, Rusiński M, Pawlik A. The Role of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, and Psoriasis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3640-3675. [PMID: 38666958 PMCID: PMC11049642 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alarmins are immune-activating factors released after cellular injury or death. By secreting alarmins, cells can interact with immune cells and induce a variety of inflammatory responses. The broad family of alarmins involves several members, such as high-mobility group box 1, S100 proteins, interleukin-33, and heat shock proteins, among others. Studies have found that the concentrations and expression profiles of alarmins are altered in immune-mediated diseases. Furthermore, they are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions. The aim of this narrative review is to present the current evidence on the role of alarmins in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and psoriasis. We discuss their potential involvement in mechanisms underlying the progression of these diseases and whether they could become therapeutic targets. Moreover, we summarize the impact of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of these diseases on the expression of alarmins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajetan Kiełbowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Wiktoria Stańska
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Estera Bakinowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Marcin Rusiński
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
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Wang Y, Xiao M, Cai F, Li Y, Shi T, Zhou X, Tian S, Huang D. Roxadustat ameliorates vascular calcification in CKD rats by regulating HIF-2α/HIF-1α. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:2363-2373. [PMID: 38156404 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). VC is a gene-regulated process similar to osteogenic differentiation. There are still no convincing schemes to prevent and reduce the development of VC. It has been reported that hypoxia-inducing factor 1α (HIF-1α) and endothelin-1(ET-1) are related to VC. In this study, we found that the expression of ET-1 and HIF-1α was enhanced after VC, the interaction between HIF-1α and ET-1 was confirmed by CO-IP and luciferase experiments. We found that ET-1 was an upregulated differential gene of calcified vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through gene sequencing. However, hypoxia-inducing factor 2α (HIF-2α) and HIF-1α have antagonistic effects on each other. HIF-1α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and HIF-2α can improve inflammation and fibrosis. Roxadustat, as a selective PHD3 inhibitor, preferentially activates HIF-2α. It is still unclear whether roxadustat improves VC in CKD by regulating the expression of HIF-2α/HIF-1α. Alizarin red staining and western blot as well as immunohistochemical results showed that roxadustat could significantly reduce the degree of vascular and VSMCs calcification in CKD rats. Serum HIF-1α and ET-1 were significantly decreased after roxadustat treatment. In addition, western blot results showed that roxadustat could decrease the expression of HIF-1α and ET-1 in vascular tissues and calcified VSMC, but HIF-2α expression significantly increased. Interestingly, our study confirmed that activation of HIF-1α or inhibition of HIF-2α reversed the ameliorating effect of roxadustat on VC, proving that the effect mediated by roxadustat is HIF-2α/HIF-1α dependent. We have demonstrated for the first time that roxadustat improves VC in CKD rats by regulating HIF-2α/HIF-1α, thus providing a new idea for the application of roxadustat in VC of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Wang
- Department of Hemodialysis, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cai
- Department of Scientific Research, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, China
| | - Tianli Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Hemodialysis, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, China
| | - Shuhong Tian
- Research Center for Drug Safety Evaluation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Denggao Huang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, China
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Patel VJ, Joharapurkar A, Jain MR. The Perspective of Using Flow Cytometry for Unpuzzling Hypoxia-Inducible Factors Signalling. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2024; 74:113-122. [PMID: 38350634 DOI: 10.1055/a-2248-9180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that are responsible for adapting to the changes in oxygen levels in the cellular environment. HIF activity determines the expression of cellular proteins that control the development and physiology of the cells and pathophysiology of a disease. Understanding the role of specific HIF (HIF-1-3) in cellular function is essential for development of the HIF-targeted therapies. In this review, we have discussed the use of flow cytometry in analysing HIF function in cells. Proper understanding of HIF-signalling will help to design pharmacological interventions HIF-mediated therapy. We have discussed the role of HIF-signalling in various diseases such as cancer, renal and liver diseases, ulcerative colitis, arthritis, diabetes and diabetic complications, psoriasis, and wound healing. We have also discussed protocols that help to decipher the role of HIFs in these diseases that would eventually help to design promising therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal J Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Amit Joharapurkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mukul R Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, India
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Gupta A, Song MH, Youn DH, Ku D, Sasidharan Nair V, Oh K. Prolyl hydroxylase inhibition protects against murine MC903-induced skin inflammation by downregulating TSLP. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1330011. [PMID: 38495889 PMCID: PMC10940402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported an anti-inflammatory effect of mTORC1 in a mouse model of type 2 skin inflammation. TSLP, one of the epithelial cell-derived cytokines, was upregulated by Raptor deficiency or rapamycin treatment, which was inhibited by dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG). However, it remains unclear how DMOG regulates TSLP expression and type 2 skin inflammation. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of DMOG on MC903 (calcipotriol)-induced type 2 skin inflammation. Morphological and immunological changes were assessed by H-E staining, flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. DMOG treatment attenuated MC903-induced skin inflammation in a T cell-independent manner. The anti-inflammatory effect of DMOG was accompanied by downregulation of TSLP and IL-33, and supplementation with recombinant TSLP and IL-33 abolished the effect of DMOG. MC903 increased ROS levels in skin tissue, which was prevented by DMOG. Furthermore, the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) downregulated TSLP and ameliorated MC903-induced skin inflammation, as did DMOG. Finally, the effect of DMOG on ROS and TSLP was reduced by HIF knockdown. These results suggest that DMOG downregulates TSLP and ROS through the HIF pathway, which reduces MC903-induced skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hye Song
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyuk Youn
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyeon Ku
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Varun Sasidharan Nair
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kwonik Oh
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical Science, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Zhang B, Yan G, Li F, Tang Y, Xu G, Zhang Y, Ze K. Qingxiong Ointment and its Active Ingredient, Shikonin Treat Psoriasis through HIF-1 Signaling Pathway. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:1927-1938. [PMID: 38835124 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128287142240529120346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder. Qingxiong ointment (QX) is a natural medicinal combination frequently employed in clinical treatment of psoriasis. However, the active ingredients of QX and its precise mechanisms of improving psoriasis remain unclear. This study elucidated the effects of QX on an Imiquimod (IMQ)-induced mouse model of psoriasis while also exploring the regulation of the active ingredient of QX, shikonin, on the HIF-1 signaling pathway in HaCaT cells. METHODS A mouse model of psoriasis was established through topical application of IMQ, and the local therapeutic effect of QX was evaluated using dorsal skin tissue with mouse psoriatic lesion and Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) scores, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and immunohistochemical staining. Elisa and qPCR were employed to identify changes in the expression of inflammation-related factors in the mouse dorsal skin. Immunofluorescence was used to assess changes in the expression of T cell subsets before and after treatment with various doses of QX. HPLC was used to analyze the content of shikonin, and network pharmacology was employed to analyze the main targets of shikonin. Immunofluorescence was used to identify the effects of shikonin on the HIF-1 signaling pathway in IL6-induced psoriasis HaCaT cells. Finally, qPCR was used to identify the differential expression of the HIF-1 signaling pathway in skin tissues. RESULTS QX significantly reduces PASI scores on the backs of IMQ-induced psoriasis mice. HE staining reveals alleviated epidermal thickness in the QX group. Immunohistochemical analysis shows a significant reduction in ICAM, KI67, and IL17 expression levels in the QX group. Immunofluorescence results indicate that QX can notably decrease the proportions of CD4+ T cells, γδ T cells, and CD8+ T cells while increasing the proportion of Treg cells. Network pharmacology analysis demonstrates that the main targets of shikonin are concentrated in the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Molecular docking results show favorable binding affinity between shikonin and key genes of the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Immunofluorescence results reveal that shikonin significantly reduces p-STAT3, SLC2A1, HIF1α, and NOS2 expression levels. qPCR results show significant downregulation of the HIF-1 signaling pathway at cellular and tissue levels. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that QX can significantly reduce the dorsal inflammatory response in the IMQ-induced psoriasis mouse model. Furthermore, we discovered that its main component, shikonin, exerts its therapeutic effect by diminishing the HIF-1 signaling pathway in HaCaT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Derpartment of Surgery VIII (Dermatology and Sores), Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Ge Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Fei Li
- Bozhou City Food and Drug Inspection Center, Bozhou 236800, China
| | - Ye Tang
- Derpartment of Surgery VIII (Dermatology and Sores), Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Guangyao Xu
- Derpartment of Surgery VIII (Dermatology and Sores), Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Derpartment of Surgery VIII (Dermatology and Sores), Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Kan Ze
- Derpartment of Surgery VIII (Dermatology and Sores), Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
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Zhao Y, Xiong W, Li C, Zhao R, Lu H, Song S, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Shi B, Ge J. Hypoxia-induced signaling in the cardiovascular system: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:431. [PMID: 37981648 PMCID: PMC10658171 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, characterized by reduced oxygen concentration, is a significant stressor that affects the survival of aerobic species and plays a prominent role in cardiovascular diseases. From the research history and milestone events related to hypoxia in cardiovascular development and diseases, The "hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) switch" can be observed from both temporal and spatial perspectives, encompassing the occurrence and progression of hypoxia (gradual decline in oxygen concentration), the acute and chronic manifestations of hypoxia, and the geographical characteristics of hypoxia (natural selection at high altitudes). Furthermore, hypoxia signaling pathways are associated with natural rhythms, such as diurnal and hibernation processes. In addition to innate factors and natural selection, it has been found that epigenetics, as a postnatal factor, profoundly influences the hypoxic response and progression within the cardiovascular system. Within this intricate process, interactions between different tissues and organs within the cardiovascular system and other systems in the context of hypoxia signaling pathways have been established. Thus, it is the time to summarize and to construct a multi-level regulatory framework of hypoxia signaling and mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases for developing more therapeutic targets and make reasonable advancements in clinical research, including FDA-approved drugs and ongoing clinical trials, to guide future clinical practice in the field of hypoxia signaling in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weidong Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chaofu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ranzun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuai Song
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiqing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Bei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Kim J, Jung E, Yang W, Kim CK, Durnaoglu S, Oh IR, Kim CW, Sinskey AJ, Mihm MC, Lee JH. A Novel Multi-Component Formulation Reduces Inflammation In Vitro and Clinically Lessens the Symptoms of Chronic Eczematous Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12979. [PMID: 37629159 PMCID: PMC10454735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term treatments for inflammatory skin diseases like atopic dermatitis or eczema can cause adverse effects. Super Protein Multifunction (SPM) was investigated as a potential treatment for managing skin inflammation by monitoring the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced using LPS and poly(I:C)/TNFα in HaCaT keratinocytes and Hs27 fibroblasts as measured via RT-PCR. SPM solution was also assessed for its effect on cytokine release, measured using ELISA, in a UVB-irradiated 3D human skin model. To evaluate the efficiency of SPM, 20 patients with mild eczematous skin were randomized to receive SPM or vehicle twice a day for three weeks in a double-blind controlled trial. In vitro studies showed SPM inhibited inflammation-induced IL-1β, IL-6, IL-33, IL-1α, TSLP, and TNFα expression or release. In the clinical study, the SPM group showed significant improvements in the IGA, PA, and DLQI scores compared to the vehicle group. Neither group showed significant differences in VAS (pruritus). Histological analysis showed reduced stratum corneum thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration. The results suggest that SPM may reduce inflammation in individuals with chronic eczematous skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Kim
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Scar Laser and Plastic Surgery Center, Yonsei Cancer Hospital, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoong Jung
- Biocoz Global Korea, R & D Center, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (E.J.); (W.Y.); (C.-K.K.); (S.D.); (I.-R.O.); (C.-W.K.)
| | - Wonmi Yang
- Biocoz Global Korea, R & D Center, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (E.J.); (W.Y.); (C.-K.K.); (S.D.); (I.-R.O.); (C.-W.K.)
| | - Chun-Kang Kim
- Biocoz Global Korea, R & D Center, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (E.J.); (W.Y.); (C.-K.K.); (S.D.); (I.-R.O.); (C.-W.K.)
| | - Serpen Durnaoglu
- Biocoz Global Korea, R & D Center, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (E.J.); (W.Y.); (C.-K.K.); (S.D.); (I.-R.O.); (C.-W.K.)
| | - In-Rok Oh
- Biocoz Global Korea, R & D Center, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (E.J.); (W.Y.); (C.-K.K.); (S.D.); (I.-R.O.); (C.-W.K.)
| | - Chan-Wha Kim
- Biocoz Global Korea, R & D Center, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (E.J.); (W.Y.); (C.-K.K.); (S.D.); (I.-R.O.); (C.-W.K.)
| | - Anthony J. Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin C. Mihm
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Scar Laser and Plastic Surgery Center, Yonsei Cancer Hospital, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Segawa R, Kyoda T, Yagisawa M, Muramatsu T, Hiratsuka M, Hirasawa N. Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors suppressed thymic stromal lymphopoietin production and allergic responses in a mouse air-pouch-type ovalbumin sensitization model. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110127. [PMID: 37030118 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an allergic skin disease, triggered by excessive type 2 immune reactions. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial-derived cytokine that induces type 2 immune response through dendritic cell activation. Therefore, TSLP inhibitors may serve as novel antiallergic drugs. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activation in the epithelia contributes to several homeostatic phenomena, such as re-epithelialization. However, the effects of HIF activation on TSLP production and immune activation in the skin remain unclear. In this study, we found that selective HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (PHD inhibitors), which induce HIF activation, suppressed TSLP production in a mouse ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization model. PHD inhibitors also suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which is a major inducer of TSLP production, in this mouse model and in a macrophage cell line. Consistent with these findings, PHD inhibitors suppressed OVA-specific IgE levels in the serum and OVA-induced allergic responses. Furthermore, we found a direct suppressive effect on TSLP expression in a human keratinocyte cell line mediated by HIF activation. Taken together, our findings suggest that PHD inhibitors exert antiallergic effects by suppressing TSLP production. Controlling the HIF activation system has therapeutic potential in AD.
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Wang N, Hua J, Fu Y, An J, Chen X, Wang C, Zheng Y, Wang F, Ji Y, Li Q. Updated perspective of EPAS1 and the role in pulmonary hypertension. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1125723. [PMID: 36923253 PMCID: PMC10008962 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1125723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a group of syndromes characterized by irreversible vascular remodeling and persistent elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure, leading to ultimately right heart failure and even death. Current therapeutic strategies mainly focus on symptoms alleviation by stimulating pulmonary vessel dilation. Unfortunately, the mechanism and interventional management of vascular remodeling are still yet unrevealed. Hypoxia plays a central role in the pathogenesis of PH and numerous studies have shown the relationship between PH and hypoxia-inducible factors family. EPAS1, known as hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α), functions as a transcription factor participating in various cellular pathways. However, the detailed mechanism of EPAS1 has not been fully and systematically described. This article exhibited a comprehensive summary of EPAS1 including the molecular structure, biological function and regulatory network in PH and other relevant cardiovascular diseases, and furthermore, provided theoretical reference for the potential novel target for future PH intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated by Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Hua
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated by Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhua Fu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Central Hospital of Jiading District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun An
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated by Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuancui Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanghong Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated by Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feilong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated by Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqun Ji
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated by Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated by Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Iacobini C, Vitale M, Haxhi J, Pesce C, Pugliese G, Menini S. Mutual Regulation between Redox and Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Cardiovascular and Renal Complications of Diabetes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2183. [PMID: 36358555 PMCID: PMC9686572 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiovascular and renal diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate physiological and pathophysiological processes, being involved in the modulation of cell signaling, differentiation, and survival, but also in cyto- and genotoxic damage. As master regulators of glycolytic metabolism and oxygen homeostasis, HIFs have been largely studied for their role in cell survival in hypoxic conditions. However, in addition to hypoxia, other stimuli can regulate HIFs stability and transcriptional activity, even in normoxic conditions. Among these, a regulatory role of ROS and their byproducts on HIFs, particularly the HIF-1α isoform, has received growing attention in recent years. On the other hand, HIF-1α and HIF-2α exert mutually antagonistic effects on oxidative damage. In diabetes, redox-mediated HIF-1α deregulation contributes to the onset and progression of cardiovascular and renal complications, and recent findings suggest that deranged HIF signaling induced by hyperglycemia and other cellular stressors associated with metabolic disorders may cause mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Understanding the mechanisms of mutual regulation between HIFs and redox factors and the specific contribution of the two main isoforms of HIF-α is fundamental to identify new therapeutic targets for vascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Iacobini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “La Sapienza” University, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Vitale
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “La Sapienza” University, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Jonida Haxhi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “La Sapienza” University, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Pesce
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), Department of Excellence of MIUR, University of Genoa Medical School, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pugliese
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “La Sapienza” University, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Menini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “La Sapienza” University, 00189 Rome, Italy
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11
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Winning S, Fandrey J. Oxygen Sensing in Innate Immune Cells: How Inflammation Broadens Classical Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Regulation in Myeloid Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:956-971. [PMID: 35088604 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) is a common feature at sites of inflammation. Immune cells and all other cells present at the inflamed site have to adapt to these conditions. They do so by stabilization and activation of hypoxia-inducible factor subunit α (HIF-1α and HIF-2α, respectively), enabling constant generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) under these austere conditions by the induction of, for example, glycolytic pathways. Recent Advances: During recent years, it has become evident that HIFs play a far more important role than initially believed because they shape the inflammatory phenotype of immune cells. They are indispensable for migration, phagocytosis, and the induction of inflammatory cytokines by innate immune cells and thereby enable a crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity. In short, they ensure the survival and function of immune cells under critical conditions. Critical Issues: Up to now, there are still open questions regarding the individual roles of HIF-1 and HIF-2 for the different cell types. In particular, the loss of both HIF-1 and HIF-2 in myeloid cells led to unexpected and contradictory results in the mouse models analyzed so far. Similarly, the role of HIF-1 in dendritic cell maturation is unclear due to inconsistent results from in vitro experiments. Future Directions: The HIFs are indispensable for immune cell survival and action under inflammatory conditions, but they might also trigger over-activation of immune cells. Therefore, they might be excellent setscrews to adjust the inflammatory response by pharmaceuticals. China and Japan and very recently (August 2021) Europe have approved prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (PHIs) to stabilize HIF such as roxadustat for clinical use to treat anemia by increasing the production of erythropoietin, the classical HIF target gene. Nonetheless, we need further work regarding the use of PHIs under inflammatory conditions, because HIFs show specific activation and distinct expression patterns in innate immune cells. The extent to which HIF-1 or HIF-2 as a transcription factor regulates the adaptation of immune cells to inflammatory hypoxia differs not only by the cell type but also with the inflammatory challenge and the surrounding tissue. Therefore, we urgently need isoform- and cell type-specific modulators of the HIF pathway. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 956-971.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Winning
- Institut für Physiologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Joachim Fandrey
- Institut für Physiologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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12
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Indriawati R, Risdiana N, Wibowo T. An Increase in TNF-α Levels in Fetus due to Prenatal Ischemic Hypoxia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prenatal ischemic hypoxia can increase mortality and morbidity and affect the immune system. One of the immune responses is tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels. However, the cellular mechanism of immune response abnormalities due to prenatal hypoxia remains unclear. An 11–17-day-old fetus is a sensitive period of neural development. Brain ischemia will cause cell dysfunction and can even affect TNF-α levels. Thus, how prenatal ischemic hypoxia increases TNF-α levels in the fetus remains unclear.
AIM: This study aims to examine the effect of the onset and duration of prenatal ischemic hypoxia on TNF-α levels.
METHODOLOGY: An experimental study with a post-test control design was conducted. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were induced with prenatal ischemic hypoxia (embryos aged 7, 12, and 17 days). The independent variable was prenatal ischemic hypoxia, while the dependent variable was TNF-α levels. TNF-α was measured using the ELISA technique and was carried out when the fetus was 19 days old (E19). The TNF-α was analyzed using ANOVA, and the limit of significance was set at p < 0.05.
RESULTS: The TNF-α levels in the prenatal ischemic hypoxia group were statistically higher than in the control group (p < 0.05). The more the onset and the longer the ischemic hypoxia is, the higher the TNF-level (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The prenatal ischemic hypoxia increased TNF-α levels in the fetus.
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13
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Role of Epithelium-Derived Cytokines in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis: Evidence and Therapeutic Perspectives. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121843. [PMID: 34944487 PMCID: PMC8699296 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are two of the most common chronic skin conditions. Current target therapies represent viable and safe solutions for the most severe cases of these two dermatoses but, presently, several limitations exist in terms of efficacy and side effects. A new class of products, epithelium-derived cytokines (TSLP, IL-25, IL-33), show an increasing potential for use in target therapy for these patients, and demonstrate a direct link between a generalized inflammatory and oxidative stress status and the human skin. A review was conducted to better understand their role in the aforementioned conditions. Of these three molecules, TSLP led has been most often considered in studies regarding target therapies, and most of the results in the literature are related to this cytokine. These three cytokines share common stimuli and are linked to each other in both acute and chronic phases of these diseases, and have been challenged as target therapies or biomarkers of disease activity. The results lead to the conclusion that epithelium-derived cytokines could represent a therapeutic opportunity for these patients, especially in itch control. Furthermore, they might work better when paired together with currently available therapies or in combination with in-development treatments. Further studies are needed in order to verify the efficacy and safety of the biologic treatments currently under development.
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14
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Segawa R. [Search for Compounds Regulating TSLP Production]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:1129-1135. [PMID: 34602509 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial cell-derived immunostimulatory factor, which activates several immune cells such as dendritic cells, T cells, and mast cells. Recently, epithelial cell-derived TSLP has gained immense attention as a cytokine that induces allergic immune responses. Therefore, understanding the regulation of TSLP production is an important step in uncovering the pathophysiology of allergic diseases. Moreover, the compounds that regulate TSLP production can be used as therapeutic drugs for the treatment of allergic diseases. We aim to elucidate the detailed regulation of TSLP production from epithelial cells, and in doing so discovered new regulating factors and an inhibitor of TSLP production. This review article explains the role of TSLP in allergic diseases, its regulation, and our research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Segawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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15
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Meng J, Li Y, Fischer MJM, Steinhoff M, Chen W, Wang J. Th2 Modulation of Transient Receptor Potential Channels: An Unmet Therapeutic Intervention for Atopic Dermatitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696784. [PMID: 34276687 PMCID: PMC8278285 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifaceted, chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease that affects people of all ages. It is characterized by chronic eczema, constant pruritus, and severe discomfort. AD often progresses from mild annoyance to intractable pruritic inflammatory lesions associated with exacerbated skin sensitivity. The T helper-2 (Th2) response is mainly linked to the acute and subacute phase, whereas Th1 response has been associated in addition with the chronic phase. IL-17, IL-22, TSLP, and IL-31 also play a role in AD. Transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels play a significant role in neuroinflammation, itch and pain, indicating neuroimmune circuits in AD. However, the Th2-driven cutaneous sensitization of TRP channels is underappreciated. Emerging findings suggest that critical Th2-related cytokines cause potentiation of TRP channels, thereby exaggerating inflammation and itch sensation. Evidence involves the following: (i) IL-13 enhances TRPV1 and TRPA1 transcription levels; (ii) IL-31 sensitizes TRPV1 via transcriptional and channel modulation, and indirectly modulates TRPV3 in keratinocytes; (iii) The Th2-cytokine TSLP increases TRPA1 synthesis in sensory neurons. These changes could be further enhanced by other Th2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-25, and IL-33, which are inducers for IL-13, IL-31, or TSLP in skin. Taken together, this review highlights that Th2 cytokines potentiate TRP channels through diverse mechanisms under different inflammatory and pruritic conditions, and link this effect to distinct signaling cascades in AD. This review strengthens the notion that interrupting Th2-driven modulation of TRP channels will inhibit transition from acute to chronic AD, thereby aiding the development of effective therapeutics and treatment optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yanqing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Michael J M Fischer
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Qatar University, College of Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Weiwei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiafu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Jafarzadeh A, Nair A, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M, Sharifi I, Saha B. Immunological role of keratinocytes in leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12870. [PMID: 34028815 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Following inoculation of Leishmania, a protozoan parasite, into the skin of a mammal, the epidermal keratinocytes recognize the parasite and influence the local immune response that can give rise to different outcomes of leishmaniasis. The early keratinocyte-derived cytokines and keratinocytes-T cells interactions shape the anti-leishmanial immune responses that contribute to the resistance or susceptibility to leishmaniasis. The keratinocyte-derived cytokines can directly potentiate the leishmanicidal activity of monocytes and macrophages. As keratinocytes express MHC-II and enhance the expression of costimulatory molecules, these cells act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Depending on the epidermal microenvironment, the keratinocytes induce various types of effector CD4+ T cells. Keratinocyte apoptosis and necrosis have been also implicated in ulceration in CL. Further, keratinocytes contribute to the healing of Leishmania-related cutaneous wounds. However, keratinocyte-derived IL-10 may play a key role in the development of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). In this review, a comprehensive discussion regarding the multiple roles played by keratinocytes during leishmaniasis was provided, while highlighting novel insights concerning the immunological and pathological roles of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Arathi Nair
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sara Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.,National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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17
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Packer M. Mutual Antagonism of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Isoforms in Cardiac, Vascular, and Renal Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:961-968. [PMID: 33015417 PMCID: PMC7524787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-2α promote cellular adaptation to acute hypoxia, but during prolonged activation, these isoforms exert mutually antagonistic effects on the redox state and on proinflammatory pathways. Sustained HIF-1α signaling can increase oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, actions that are opposed by HIF-2α. Imbalances in the interplay between HIF-1α and HIF-2α may contribute to the progression of chronic heart failure, atherosclerotic and hypertensive vascular disorders, and chronic kidney disease. These disorders are characterized by activation of HIF-1α and suppression of HIF-2α, which are potentially related to mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunction and suppression of the redox sensor, sirtuin-1. Hypoxia mimetics can potentiate HIF-1α and/or HIF-2α; ideally, such agents should act preferentially to promote HIF-2α while exerting little effect on or acting to suppress HIF-1α. Selective activation of HIF-2α can be achieved with drugs that: 1) inhibit isoform-selective prolyl hydroxylases (e.g., cobalt chloride and roxadustat); or 2) promote the actions of the redox sensor, sirtuin-1 (e.g., sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors). Selective HIF-2α signaling through sirtuin-1 activation may explain the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors to simultaneously promote erythrocytosis and ameliorate the development of cardiomyopathy and nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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