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Robin S, Legeai F, Jouan V, Ogliastro M, Darboux I. Genome-wide identification of lncRNAs associated with viral infection in Spodoptera frugiperda. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 36757871 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of lncRNAs in immune defence has been demonstrated in many multicellular and unicellular organisms. However, investigation of the identification and characterization of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in the insect immune response is still limited. In this study, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in response to virus infection. To assess the tissue- and virus-specificity of lncRNAs, we analysed and compared their expression profiles in haemocytes and fat body of larvae infected with two entomopathogenic viruses with different lifestyles, i.e. the polydnavirus HdIV (Hyposoter didymator IchnoVirus) and the densovirus JcDV (Junonia coenia densovirus). We identified 1883 candidate lncRNAs, of which 529 showed differential expression following viral infection. Expression profiles differed considerably between samples, indicating that many differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs showed virus- and tissue-specific expression patterns. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment and target prediction analyses indicated that DE-LncRNAs were mainly enriched in metabolic process, DNA replication and repair, immune response, metabolism of insect hormone and cell adhesion. In addition, we identified three DE-lncRNAs potentially acting as microRNA host genes, suggesting that they participate in gene regulation by producing miRNAs in response to virus infection. This study provides a catalogue of lncRNAs expressed in two important immune tissues and potential insight into their roles in the antiviral defence in S. frugiperda. The results may help future in-depth functional studies to better understand the biological function of lncRNAs in interaction between viruses and the fall armyworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Robin
- BIPAA, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,University of Rennes, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- BIPAA, IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,University of Rennes, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Jouan
- INRAE, University of Montpellier, UMR Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
| | - Mylène Ogliastro
- INRAE, University of Montpellier, UMR Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Darboux
- INRAE, University of Montpellier, UMR Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
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2
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Niinuma SA, Lubbad L, Lubbad W, Moin ASM, Butler AE. The Role of Heat Shock Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031838. [PMID: 36768170 PMCID: PMC9915177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age and post-menopausal women. PCOS is a multifactorial heterogeneous disorder associated with a variety of etiologies, outcomes, and clinical manifestations. However, the pathophysiology of PCOS is still unclear. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have recently been investigated for their role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. HSPs are a class of proteins that act as molecular chaperones and maintain cellular proteostasis. More recently, their actions beyond that of molecular chaperones have highlighted their pathogenic role in several diseases. In PCOS, different HSP family members show abnormal expression that affects the proliferation and apoptotic rates of ovarian cells as well as immunological processes. HSP dysregulation in the ovaries of PCOS subjects leads to a proliferation/apoptosis imbalance that mechanistically impacts follicle stage development, resulting in polycystic ovaries. Moreover, HSPs may play a role in the pathogenesis of PCOS-associated conditions. Recent studies on HSP activity during therapeutic interventions for PCOS suggest that modulating HSP activity may lead to novel treatment strategies. In this review, we summarize what is currently known regarding the role of HSPs in the pathogenesis of PCOS and their potential role in the treatment of PCOS, and we outline areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Anjum Niinuma
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Bahrain
| | - Laila Lubbad
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Bahrain
| | - Walaa Lubbad
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Bahrain
| | - Abu Saleh Md Moin
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Bahrain
| | - Alexandra E. Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Bahrain
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +973-66760313
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Huang S, Jing D, Xu L, Luo G, Hu Y, Wu T, Hu Y, Li F, He K, Qin W, Sun Y, Liu H. Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of long non-coding RNAs in Chilo suppressalis reveal their potential roles in chlorantraniliprole resistance. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1091232. [PMID: 36699669 PMCID: PMC9868556 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1091232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs, referred to as lncRNAs, perform essential functions in some biological processes, including reproduction, metamorphosis, and other critical life functions. Yet, lncRNAs are poorly understood in pesticide resistance, and no reports to date have characterized which lncRNAs are associated with chlorantraniliprole resistance in Chilo suppressalis. Here, RNA-seq was performed on two strains of C. suppressalis exposed to chlorantraniliprole: one is a susceptible strain (S), and the other is a resistant strain (R). In total, 3,470 lncRNAs were identified from 40,573 merged transcripts in six libraries, including 1,879 lincRNAs, 245 intronic lncRNAs, 853 sense lncRNAs, and 493 antisense lncRNAs. Moreover, differential expression analysis revealed 297 and 335 lncRNAs upregulated in S and R strains, respectively. Differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs are usually assumed to be involved in the chlorantraniliprole resistance in C. suppressalis. As potential targets, adjacent protein-coding genes (within <1000 kb range upstream or downstream of DE lncRNAs), especially detoxification enzyme genes (cytochrome P450s, carboxyl/cholinesterases/esterases, and ATP-binding cassette transporter), were analyzed. Furthermore, the strand-specific RT-PCR was conducted to confirm the transcript orientation of randomly selected 20 DE lincRNAs, and qRT-PCR was carried out to verify the expression status of 8 out of them. MSTRG.25315.3, MSTRG.25315.6, and MSTRG.7482.1 were upregulated in the R strain. Lastly, RNA interference and bioassay analyses indicated overexpressed lincRNA MSTRG.7482.1 was involved in chlorantraniliprole resistance. In conclusion, we represent, for the first time, the genome-wide identification of chlorantraniliprole-resistance-related lncRNAs in C. suppressalis. It elaborates the views underlying the mechanism conferring chlorantraniliprole resistance in lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuijin Huang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Dong Jing
- Institute of Insect Sciences/Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyue Hu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Yao Hu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang City, China
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Insect Sciences/Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang He
- Institute of Insect Sciences/Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Qin
- Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environmental Resource, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Yang Sun, ; Hui Liu,
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Red Soil and Germplasm Resources in Jiangxi, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Yang Sun, ; Hui Liu,
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Ebner JN, Wyss MK, Ritz D, von Fumetti S. Effects of thermal acclimation on the proteome of the planarian Crenobia alpina from an alpine freshwater spring. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276068. [PMID: 35875852 PMCID: PMC9440759 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Species' acclimation capacity and their ability to maintain molecular homeostasis outside ideal temperature ranges will partly predict their success following climate change-induced thermal regime shifts. Theory predicts that ectothermic organisms from thermally stable environments have muted plasticity, and that these species may be particularly vulnerable to temperature increases. Whether such species retained or lost acclimation capacity remains largely unknown. We studied proteome changes in the planarian Crenobia alpina, a prominent member of cold-stable alpine habitats that is considered to be a cold-adapted stenotherm. We found that the species' critical thermal maximum (CTmax) is above its experienced habitat temperatures and that different populations exhibit differential CTmax acclimation capacity, whereby an alpine population showed reduced plasticity. In a separate experiment, we acclimated C. alpina individuals from the alpine population to 8, 11, 14 or 17°C over the course of 168 h and compared their comprehensively annotated proteomes. Network analyses of 3399 proteins and protein set enrichment showed that while the species' proteome is overall stable across these temperatures, protein sets functioning in oxidative stress response, mitochondria, protein synthesis and turnover are lower in abundance following warm acclimation. Proteins associated with an unfolded protein response, ciliogenesis, tissue damage repair, development and the innate immune system were higher in abundance following warm acclimation. Our findings suggest that this species has not suffered DNA decay (e.g. loss of heat-shock proteins) during evolution in a cold-stable environment and has retained plasticity in response to elevated temperatures, challenging the notion that stable environments necessarily result in muted plasticity. Summary: The proteome of an alpine Crenobia alpina population shows plasticity in response to acclimation to warmer temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Niklas Ebner
- 1 Spring Ecology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Kathrin Wyss
- 1 Spring Ecology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danilo Ritz
- 2 Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie von Fumetti
- 1 Spring Ecology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Berka M, Kopecká R, Berková V, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. Regulation of heat shock proteins 70 and their role in plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1894-1909. [PMID: 35022724 PMCID: PMC8982422 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70s) are steadily gaining more attention in the field of plant biotic interactions. Though their regulation and activity in plants are much less well characterized than are those of their counterparts in mammals, accumulating evidence indicates that the role of HSP70-mediated defense mechanisms in plant cells is indispensable. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of HSP70 post-translational control in plants. We comment on the phytohormonal regulation of HSP70 expression and protein abundance, and identify a prominent role for cytokinin in HSP70 control. We outline HSP70s' subcellular localizations, chaperone activity, and chaperone-mediated protein degradation. We focus on the role of HSP70s in plant pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity, and discuss the contribution of different HSP70 subfamilies to plant defense against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Kopecká
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Berková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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Trenti F, Sandron T, Guella G, Lencioni V. Insect cold-tolerance and lipidome: Membrane lipid composition of two chironomid species differently adapted to cold. Cryobiology 2022; 106:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zooming in on protein-RNA interactions: a multi-level workflow to identify interaction partners. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1529-1543. [PMID: 32820806 PMCID: PMC7458403 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between proteins and RNA are at the base of numerous cellular regulatory and functional phenomena. The investigation of the biological relevance of non-coding RNAs has led to the identification of numerous novel RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). However, defining the RNA sequences and structures that are selectively recognised by an RBP remains challenging, since these interactions can be transient and highly dynamic, and may be mediated by unstructured regions in the protein, as in the case of many non-canonical RBPs. Numerous experimental and computational methodologies have been developed to predict, identify and verify the binding between a given RBP and potential RNA partners, but navigating across the vast ocean of data can be frustrating and misleading. In this mini-review, we propose a workflow for the identification of the RNA binding partners of putative, newly identified RBPs. The large pool of potential binders selected by in-cell experiments can be enriched by in silico tools such as catRAPID, which is able to predict the RNA sequences more likely to interact with specific RBP regions with high accuracy. The RNA candidates with the highest potential can then be analysed in vitro to determine the binding strength and to precisely identify the binding sites. The results thus obtained can furthermore validate the computational predictions, offering an all-round solution to the issue of finding the most likely RNA binding partners for a newly identified potential RBP.
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Hu K, He C, Sun X, Li L, Xu Y, Zhang K, Liu X, Liang M. Integrated study of circRNA, lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA networks in mediating the effects of testicular heat exposure. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:127-143. [PMID: 34014398 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization has recognized that testicular function is temperature dependent. Testicular heat exposure caused by occupational factors, lifestyle, and clinical diseases can lead to different degrees of reproductive problems. The aim of this study was to reveal the transcriptional regulatory network and its potential crucial roles in mediating the effects of testicular heat exposure. Testicular tissue was collected from a group of mice subjected to scrotal heat exposure as well as a control group. RNA was isolated from both groups and used for high-throughput sequencing. Using differential transcriptome expression analysis, 172 circRNAs, 279 miRNAs, 465 lncRNAs, and 2721 mRNAs were identified as significantly differentially expressed in mouse testicular tissue after heat exposure compared with the control group. Through Gene Ontology (GO) term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were found to have potentially important functions in meiotic cell cycle (GO:0051321), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), membrane raft (GO:0045121), MAPK signaling (mmu04010), purine metabolism (mmu00230), and homologous recombination (mmu03440). Some of the most upregulated and downregulated lncRNAs and circRNAs were predicted to be associated with numerous miRNAs and mRNAs through competing endogenous RNA regulatory network analysis, which were validated with molecular biology experiments. This research provides high-throughput sequencing data of a testicular heat exposure model and lays the foundation for further study on circRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs that are involved in male reproductive diseases related to elevated testicular temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Hu
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Chaofan He
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xunying Sun
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Longhui Li
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Kejia Zhang
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics (Family Planning Research Institute of Guangdong Province), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
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Dou J, Schenkel F, Hu L, Khan A, Khan MZ, Yu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Genome-wide identification and functional prediction of long non-coding RNAs in Sprague-Dawley rats during heat stress. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:122. [PMID: 33596828 PMCID: PMC7891137 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heat stress (HS) is a major stress event in the life of an animal, with detrimental upshots in production and health. Long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in many biological processes by transcriptional regulation. However, no research has been reported on the characterization and functionality of lncRNAs in heat-stressed rats. Results We studied expression levels of lncRNAs in rats during HS, using strand-specific RNA sequencing. Six rats, three in each of Control (22 ± 1 °C) and H120 (42 °C for 120 min) experimental groups, were used to screen for lncRNAs in their liver and adrenal glands. Totally, 4498 and 7627 putative lncRNAs were identified in liver and adrenal glands of the Control and H120 groups, respectively. The majority of lncRNAs were relatively shorter and contained fewer exons than protein-coding transcripts. In total, 482 (174 up-regulated and 308 down-regulated) and 271 (126 up-regulated and 145 down-regulated) differentially-expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs, P < 0.05) were identified in the liver and adrenal glands of the Control and H120 groups, respectively. Furthermore, 1274, 121, and 73 target differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in the liver were predicted to interact with DElncRNAs based on trans−/cis- and sequence similarity regulatory modes. Functional annotation analyses indicated that these DEGs were mostly significantly enriched in insulin signalling, myeloid leukaemia, and glucagon signalling pathways. Similarly, 437, 73 and 41 target DEGs in the adrenal glands were mostly significantly enriched in the cell cycle (trans-prediction) and lysosome pathways (cis-prediction). The DElncRNAs interacting with DEGs that encode heat shock proteins (HSPs) may play an important role in HS response, which include Hsf4, Dnaja1, Dnajb4, Hsph1 and Hspb1 in the liver, and Dnajb13 and Hspb8 in the adrenal glands. The strand-specific RNA sequencing findings were also further verified through RT-qPCR. Conclusions This study is the first to provide a detailed characterization and functional analysis of expression levels of lncRNAs in liver and adrenal glands of heat-stressed rats, which provides basis for further studies on the biological functions of lncRNAs under heat stress in rats and other mammalian species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07421-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhuan Dou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Flavio Schenkel
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lirong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Adnan Khan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yachun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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