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Soerensen AL, Benskin JP, Faxneld S. Four Decades of Spatiotemporal Variability of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in the Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10806-10816. [PMID: 38829301 PMCID: PMC11192033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial variability of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in herring, cod, eelpout, and guillemot covering four decades and more than 1000 km in the Baltic Sea was investigated to evaluate the effect of PFAS regulations and residence times of PFASs. Overall, PFAS concentrations responded rapidly to recent regulations but with some notable basin- and homologue-specific variability. The well-ventilated Kattegat and Bothnian Bay showed a faster log-linear decrease for most PFASs than the Baltic Proper, which lacks a significant loss mechanism. PFOS and FOSA, for example, have decreased with 0-7% y-1 in the Baltic Proper and 6-16% y-1 in other basins. PFNA and partly PFOA are exceptions and continue to show stagnant or increasing concentrations. Further, we found that Bothnian Bay herring contained the highest concentrations of >C12 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), likely from rivers with high loads of dissolved organic carbon. In the Kattegat, low PFAS concentrations, but a high FOSA fraction, could be due to influence from the North Sea inflow below the halocline and possibly a local source of FOSA and/or isomer-specific biotransformation. This study represents the most comprehensive spatial and temporal investigation of PFASs in Baltic wildlife while providing new insights into cycling of PFASs within the Baltic Sea ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L. Soerensen
- Department
of Environmental Monitoring and Research, Swedish Museum of Natural History, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan P. Benskin
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suzanne Faxneld
- Department
of Environmental Monitoring and Research, Swedish Museum of Natural History, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
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Eero M, Brander K, Baranova T, Krumme U, Radtke K, Behrens JW. New insights into the recent collapse of Eastern Baltic cod from historical data on stock health. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286247. [PMID: 37228079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) stock is currently in a very poor state, with low biomass and adverse trends in several life history and demographic parameters. This raises concern over whether and to what level recovery is possible. Here, we look for new insights from a historical perspective, extending the time series of various stock health indicators back to the 1940s, i.e. to the beginning of intensive exploitation of the Eastern Baltic cod. The historical data confirm that the stock deterioration in recent years is unprecedented, as all indicators are presently in their worst states on record. Cod body condition and energy reserves were equally low in the 1940s-1950s, accompanied by high parasitic liver worm infection, comparable to that measured in recent years. However, other stock parameters (size structure, size at maturity, stock distribution) are currently in their worst states over the past 80 years. In contrast, the state of cod in the 1970s to early 1990s that is often perceived as a desirable target, was exceptional, with the most favorable indicator levels in the time series. Long-term observation data reveal concurrent or asynchronous trends in different indicators of stock health and to what extent these have coincided with changes in possible external drivers. In this way, the extended time series contribute to ongoing research on understanding the collapse of the cod and its recovery potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Eero
- National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Keith Brander
- National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tatjana Baranova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Riga, Latvia
| | - Uwe Krumme
- Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Jane W Behrens
- National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Fridolfsson E, Majaneva S, Hylander S. Limited effects of macro-nutrient ratios on thiamin content and transfer in phytoplankton and copepods. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2023; 45:360-371. [PMID: 37012974 PMCID: PMC10066808 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B1 (thiamin) is primarily produced by bacteria, phytoplankton and fungi in aquatic food webs and transferred to higher trophic levels by ingestion. However, much remains unknown regarding the dynamics this water-soluble, essential micronutrient; e.g. how it relates to macronutrients (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous). Nutrient limitation has been found to be related to periods of thiamin deficiency as well as in models. Hence, thiamin transfer to copepods from three phytoplankton species from different taxa was investigated, along with the effect of various nutrient regimes on thiamin content. Nutrient levels did not affect thiamin content of phytoplankton nor the transfer to copepods. Instead, phytoplankton displayed species-specific thiamin and macronutrient contents and whilst a higher thiamin content in the prey lead to higher levels in copepods, the transfer was lower for Skeletonema compared to Dunaliella and Rhodomonas. In all, thiamin transfer to copepods is not only dependent on thiamin content of the prey, but also the edibility and/or digestibility is of importance. Thiamin is essential for all organisms, and this study offers insights into the limited effect of macronutrients on the dynamics and transfer of thiamin in the aquatic food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel Hylander
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems – EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar SE-39182, Sweden
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Reed AN, Rowland FE, Krajcik JA, Tillitt DE. Thiamine Supplementation Improves Survival and Body Condition of Hatchery-Reared Steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Oregon. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020156. [PMID: 36851459 PMCID: PMC9959435 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Early rearing of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Oregon hatcheries is often problematic; fry can become emaciated and die during the period between hatch and first feed. Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency has caused early mortality in salmonids; however, the thiamine status of Oregon's steelhead populations is unknown, to date. Of the 26 egg samples from three Oregon hatcheries in 2019, 20 (77%) had thiamine levels < 10 nmol/g, and 13 of those samples (50%) had levels <6.5 nmol/g, suggesting the thiamine deficiency of adult, female steelhead. To investigate if thiamine deficiency was causally related to fry survival, females were injected with buffered thiamine HCl 50 mg/kg prior to spawning; additionally, a subset of eggs were supplemented via bath treatment with thiamine mononitrate (1000 ppm) at spawning. Cumulative fry mortality at 8 weeks post-hatch from thiamine-injected females was 2.9% compared to 13.8% mortality of fry without thiamine supplementation. Fry treated only with the thiamine via bath as eggs had a mortality rate of 6.9%. There were no additional improvements for the survival of fry from injected females that also received a thiamine bath. Furthermore, condition factors were greater in thiamine-supplemented fry than in those that received no thiamine. These data identify thiamine deficiency in Oregon steelhead and suggest supplementation with thiamine can mitigate early rearing mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee N. Reed
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fish Health Services, OSU 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Freya E. Rowland
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Rd., Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Krajcik
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Oregon Hatchery Research Center, 2457 E. Fall Creek Rd., Alsea, OR 97324, USA
| | - Donald E. Tillitt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Rd., Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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Pawlak J. In situ evidence of the role of Crangon crangon in infection of cod Gadus morhua with nematode parasite Hysterothylacium aduncum in the Baltic Sea. Parasitology 2021; 148:1691-1696. [PMID: 34369334 PMCID: PMC11010046 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cod was one of the most important fish species in the Baltic Sea, but its condition is deteriorating for several reasons, including an increasing parasite burden. The aim of this study was to determine the source of infection of Baltic cod with parasites by examination of invertebrates found in situ in the cod stomach. A total of 1681 cod were sampled during four research cruises in the southern Baltic Sea in 2012, 2013 and 2014 and the composition of their diet was analysed. Each prey item from cod stomach was identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level and a parasitological analysis of all invertebrates collected was performed. Crangon crangon, Saduria entomon and Mysis mixta were the most commonly represented invertebrates among food items. Hysterothylacium aduncum was found only in C. crangon. This host–parasite system is reported here for the first time in situ in the stomach of cod from the Baltic Sea, confirming the role of C. crangon in cod infection with H. aduncum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pawlak
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, Gdynia 81-332, Poland
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Thiamine deficiency in rats affects thiamine metabolism possibly through the formation of oxidized thiamine pyrophosphate. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129980. [PMID: 34390792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiamine deficiency (TD) has a number of features in common with the neurodegenerative diseases development and close relationship between TD and oxidative stress (OS) has been repeatedly reported in the literature. The aim of this study is to understand how alimentary TD, accompanied by OS, affects the expression and level of two thiamine metabolism proteins in rat brain, namely, thiamine transporter 1 (THTR1) and thiamine pyrophosphokinase (TPK1), and what factors are responsible for the observed changes. METHODS The effects of OS caused by TD on the THTR1and TPK1 expression in rat cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus were examined. The levels of active and oxidized forms of ThDP (enzymatically measured) in the blood and brain, ROS and SH-groups in the brain were also analyzed. RESULTS TD increased the expression of THTR1 and protein level in all studied regions. In contrast, expression of TPK1 was depressed. TD-induced OS led to the accumulation of ThDP oxidized inactive form (ThDPox) in the blood and brain. In vitro reduction of ThDPox by dithiothreitol regenerates active ThDP suggesting that ThDPox is in disulfide form. A single high-dose thiamine administration to TD animals had no effect on THTR1 expression, partly raised TPK1 mRNA and protein levels, but is unable to normalize TPK1 enzyme activity. Brain and blood ThDP levels were increased in these conditions, but ThDPox was not decreased. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE It is likely, that the accumulation of ThDPox in tissue could be seen as a potential marker of neurocellular dysfunction and thiamine metabolic state.
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Heimbrand Y, Limburg KE, Hüssy K, Casini M, Sjöberg R, Palmén Bratt AM, Levinsky SE, Karpushevskaia A, Radtke K, Öhlund J. Seeking the true time: Exploring otolith chemistry as an age-determination tool. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:552-565. [PMID: 32515105 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish otoliths' chronometric properties make them useful for age and growth rate estimation in fisheries management. For the Eastern Baltic Sea cod stock (Gadus morhua), unclear seasonal growth zones in otoliths have resulted in unreliable age and growth information. Here, a new age estimation method based on seasonal patterns in trace elemental otolith incorporation was tested for the first time and compared with the traditional method of visually counting growth zones, using otoliths from the Baltic and North seas. Various trace elemental ratios, linked to fish metabolic activity (higher in summer) or external environment (migration to colder, deeper habitats with higher salinity in winter), were tested for age estimation based on assessing their seasonal variations in concentration. Mg:Ca and P:Ca, both proxies for growth and metabolic activity, showed greatest seasonality and therefore have the best potential to be used as chemical clocks. Otolith image readability was significantly lower in the Baltic than in the North Sea. The chemical (novel) method had an overall greater precision and percentage agreement among readers (11.2%, 74.0%) than the visual (traditional) method (23.1%, 51.0%). Visual readers generally selected more highly contrasting zones as annuli whereas the chemical readers identified brighter regions within the first two annuli and darker zones thereafter. Visual estimates produced significantly higher, more variable ages than did the chemical ones. Based on the analyses in our study, we suggest that otolith microchemistry is a promising alternative ageing method for fish populations difficult to age, such as the Eastern Baltic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Heimbrand
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Karin E Limburg
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lysekil, Sweden
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Karin Hüssy
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Casini
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lysekil, Sweden
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rajlie Sjöberg
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Anne-Marie Palmén Bratt
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Svend-Erik Levinsky
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anastasia Karpushevskaia
- Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Atlantic branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | | | - Jill Öhlund
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
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