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Rasmussen P, Barkema HW, Osei PP, Taylor J, Shaw AP, Conrady B, Chaters G, Muñoz V, Hall DC, Apenteng OO, Rushton J, Torgerson PR. Global losses due to dairy cattle diseases: A comorbidity-adjusted economic analysis. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:6945-6970. [PMID: 38788837 PMCID: PMC11382338 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
An economic simulation was carried out over 183 milk-producing countries to estimate the global economic impacts of 12 dairy cattle diseases and health conditions: mastitis (subclinical and clinical), lameness, paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), displaced abomasum, dystocia, metritis, milk fever, ovarian cysts, retained placenta, and ketosis (subclinical and clinical). Estimates of disease impacts on milk yield, fertility, and culling were collected from the literature, standardized, meta-analyzed using a variety of methods ranging from simple averaging to random-effects models, and adjusted for comorbidities to prevent overestimation. These comorbidity-adjusted disease impacts were then combined with a set of country-level estimates for lactational incidence or prevalence or both, herd characteristics, and price estimates within a series of Monte Carlo simulations that estimated and valued the economic losses due to these diseases. It was estimated that total annual global losses are US$65 billion (B). Subclinical ketosis, clinical mastitis, and subclinical mastitis were the costliest diseases modeled, resulting in mean annual global losses of approximately US$18B, US$13B, and US$9B, respectively. Estimated global annual losses due to clinical ketosis, displaced abomasum, dystocia, lameness, metritis, milk fever, ovarian cysts, paratuberculosis, and retained placenta were estimated to be US$0.2B, US$0.6B, US$0.6B, US$6B, US$5B, US$0.6B, US$4B, US$4B, and US$3B, respectively. Without adjustment for comorbidities, when statistical associations between diseases were disregarded, mean aggregate global losses would have been overestimated by 45%. Although annual losses were greatest in India (US$12B), the United States (US$8B), and China (US$5B), depending on the measure of losses used (losses as a percentage of gross domestic product, losses per capita, losses as a percentage of gross milk revenue), the relative economic burden of these dairy cattle diseases across countries varied markedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Rasmussen
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-1870, Denmark; Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich CH 0857, Switzerland; Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs), Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Prince P Osei
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - James Taylor
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast BT9 5PX, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra P Shaw
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom; Infection Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Conrady
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Gemma Chaters
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs), Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom; Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Violeta Muñoz
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich CH 0857, Switzerland; Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs), Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - David C Hall
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Ofosuhene O Apenteng
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs), Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom; Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich CH 0857, Switzerland; Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs), Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
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Chin W, Steeneveld W, Nielen M, Christensen J, Klaas IC, Lam TJGM. The association between time-series milk β-hydroxybutyrate dynamics and early reproductive performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:6025-6034. [PMID: 38554827 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The DeLaval Herd Navigator is an on-farm sensor system that measures on a frequent basis milk progesterone (P4) and BHB in individual cows to closely monitor reproductive performance and energy balance. This information provides the opportunity to investigate the dynamics of BHB measured in milk (mBHB) and study the association between mBHB and early reproductive performance. The objectives of the study were (1) to describe mBHB dynamics within the first 20 DIM, and (2) to evaluate the association between mBHB dynamics and early reproductive performance at cow level. Two-year time-series data from 4,133 dairy cows in 38 Dutch dairy farms were available for analysis. Data included information on mBHB, daily milk yield, and the indicators of early reproductive performance, days from calving to resumption of cyclicity, days from calving to first estrus, and days from calving to first insemination. The following mBHB dynamic parameters were defined based on the first 20 DIM for each individual cow: average mBHB (AvgBHB), DIM when mBHB was for the first time ≥80 μmol/L (OnsetKeto), the total number of consecutive days a cow had mBHB concentration ≥80 μmol/L, and the number of measurements mBHB concentration was ≥80 μmol/L. Three Cox proportional hazard regression models with random herd effect were developed to evaluate the association between cow-level mBHB dynamics and days from calving to resumption of cyclicity, first estrus, and first insemination. Results showed that the mean AvgBHB within 20 DIM among all cows was 73 μmol/L. The mean OnsetKeto within 20 DIM, was 8 DIM. Among all cows having hyperketolactia, 55.8% (1,350/2,419) had OnsetKeto in the first week of lactation. In total, 41.5% (1,714/4,133) of the cows did not have OnsetKeto in the first 20 DIM. An early onset of hyperketolactia was associated with delayed fertility events. Cows with higher AvgBHB have a prolonged time interval from calving to resumption of cyclicity and first estrus. Information on mBHB dynamics and the association with early reproductive performance provides insights that might be helpful to improve reproductive performance of individual dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chin
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - W Steeneveld
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - M Nielen
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Christensen
- Lattec I/S, Slangerupgade 69, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark
| | - I C Klaas
- DeLaval International AB, 14721 Tumba, Sweden
| | - T J G M Lam
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Liu W, Xie S, Ren X, Yan L, Liang D, Gao T, Fu T, Zhang Z, Huang H. Genetic Background of Blood β-Hydroxybutyrate Acid Concentrations in Early-Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows Based on Genome-Wide Association Analyses. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:412. [PMID: 38674346 PMCID: PMC11049649 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ketosis is a common metabolic disorder in the early lactation of dairy cows. It is typically diagnosed by measuring the concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the blood. This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters of blood BHB and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on the estimated breeding value. Phenotypic data were collected from December 2019 to August 2023, comprising blood BHB concentrations in 45,617 Holstein cows during the three weeks post-calving across seven dairy farms. Genotypic data were obtained using the Neogen Geneseek Genomic Profiler (GGP) Bovine 100 K SNP Chip and GGP Bovine SNP50 v3 (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) for genotyping. The estimated heritability and repeatability values for blood BHB levels were 0.167 and 0.175, respectively. The GWAS result detected a total of ten genome-wide significant associations with blood BHB. Significant SNPs were distributed in Bos taurus autosomes (BTA) 2, 6, 9, 11, 13, and 23, with 48 annotated candidate genes. These potential genes included those associated with insulin regulation, such as INSIG2, and those linked to fatty acid metabolism, such as HADHB, HADHA, and PANK2. Enrichment analysis of the candidate genes for blood BHB revealed the molecular functions and biological processes involved in fatty acid and lipid metabolism in dairy cattle. The identification of novel genomic regions in this study contributes to the characterization of key genes and pathways that elucidate susceptibility to ketosis in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shuoqi Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- Henan Dairy Herd Improvement Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lei Yan
- Henan Dairy Herd Improvement Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Tengyun Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Tong Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Henan Dairy Herd Improvement Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Hetian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (S.X.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (T.G.); (T.F.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Ali MA, Abu Damir H, Adem MA, Ali OM, Amir N, Shah AAM, Al Muhairi SSM, Al Abdouli KOS, Khawaja JR, Fagieri TA, Adam A, Elkhouly AA, Al Marri ZJ, Jamali M, Murphy D, Adem A. Effects of long-term dehydration on stress markers, blood parameters, and tissue morphology in the dromedary camel ( Camelus dromedarius). Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1236425. [PMID: 38116506 PMCID: PMC10728728 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1236425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dromedary camels robustly withstand dehydration, and the rough desert environment but the adaptation mechanisms are not well understood. One of these mechanisms is that the dromedary camel increases its body temperature to reduce the process of evaporative cooling during the hot weather. Stress in general, has deleterious effects in the body. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of dehydration and rehydration on stress parameters in the dromedary camels and how it pacifies these effects. Methods Nineteen male camels were randomly divided into control, dehydrated and rehydrated groups, and fed alfalfa hay ad-libitum. The dehydrated and rehydrated groups were water-restricted for 20 days after which the rehydrated camels were provided with water for 72 h. The control and dehydrated camels were slaughtered at day 20 from the start of experiment whereas the rehydrated group was killed 72 h later. Many biochemical, hematological histopathological parameters and gene analysis were performed in relevant tissues collected including blood, plasma, and tissues. Results and discussion It was observed that severely dehydrated camels lost body weight, passed very hard feces, few drops of concentrated urine, and were slightly stressed as reflected behaviorally by loss of appetite. Physiologically, the stress of dehydration elicited modulation of plasma stress hormones for water preservation and energy supply. Our results showed significant increase in cortisol, norepinephrine and dopamine, and significant decrease in epinephrine and serotonin. The significant increase in malondialdehyde was accompanied with significant increase in antioxidants (glutathione, retinol, thiamin, tocopherol) to provide tissue protection from oxidative stress. The physiological blood changes observed during dehydration serve different purposes and were quickly restored to normality by rehydration. The dehydrated/rehydrated camels showed reduced hump size and serous atrophy of perirenal and epicardial fat. The latter changes were accompanied by significantly increased expression of genes encoding proteins for energy production (ANGPTL4, ACSBG1) from fat and significantly decreased expression of genes (THRSP; FADS 1&2) encoding proteins enhancing energy expenditure. This process is vital for camel survival in the desert. Dehydration induced no major effects in the vital organs. Only minor degenerative changes were observed in hepatic and renal cells, physiological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in heart and follicular hyperplasia in splenic but lipidosis was not depicted in liver hepatocytes. Ketone bodies were not smelled in urine, sweat and breathing of dehydrated animals supporting the previous finding that the ß hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in ketone body formation, is low in the camel liver and rumen. Rehydration restored most of blood and tissues to normal or near normal. In conclusion, camels are adapted to combat dehydration stress and anorexia by increasing anti-stressors and modulating genes involved in fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassan Abu Damir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muna A Adem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Osman M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naheed Amir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma A M Shah
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salama S M Al Muhairi
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled O S Al Abdouli
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Javed R Khawaja
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tareq A Fagieri
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelnasir Adam
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aboubakr A Elkhouly
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zhaya J Al Marri
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Jamali
- Department of Biochemistry, Khawarizmi College, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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De Jong E, Rijpert-Duvivier A, Veldman H, Steeneveld W, Jorritsma R. Milk β-hydroxybutyrate metrics and its consequences for surveillance of hyperketonaemia on commercial dairy farms. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1272162. [PMID: 38026643 PMCID: PMC10663411 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1272162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy cows that are unable to adapt to a change in their metabolic status are at risk for hyperketonaemia (HK). Reported HK herd level prevalences range a lot and we hypothesized that this is partly due to differences in used tests and monitoring protocols. Insights in milk β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) metrics can potentially explain why the reported incidences or prevalences vary between test strategies. Automated collection and repeated analyses of individual milk samples with the DeLaval Herd Navigator™ (HN) provides real-time data on milk BHB concentrations. We aimed to use that information to gain insight in BHB metrics measured in milk from 3 to 60 days in milk (DIM). Using different cut-offs (0.08, 0.10 and 0.15 mmol/L), 5 BHB metrics were determined. Furthermore, the impact of 4 arbitrary test protocols on the detected incidence of HK was assessed. We used HN data of 3,133 cows from 35 herds. The cumulative incidence of HK between 3 and 60 DIM varied between 30.5 and 76.7% for different cut-off values. We found a higher HK incidence for higher parity cows. The first elevated BHB concentrations were roughly found between one and two weeks after calving. For higher parity cows the maximum BHB concentrations were higher, the onset of HK was earlier after calving, and the number of episodes of HK was higher. It appeared that the sensitivity of a HK test protocol can be increased by increasing the testing frequency from once to twice a week. Also extending the number of days of the test window from 4-14 to 4-21 days enhances the chance to find cows experiencing HK. In conclusion, HN data provided useful insights in milk BHB metrics. The chosen cut-off value had a large effect on the reported metrics which explains why earlier reported incidences or prevalences vary such a lot. Differences in test period and sample selection also had a large impact on the observed HK incidence. We suggest to take this in consideration while evaluating whether HK is an issue on farm level and use a uniform protocol for benchmarking of HK between farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise De Jong
- Northern Country Animal Care, Cobram, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Wilma Steeneveld
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ruurd Jorritsma
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Af Sandeberg A, Båge R, Nyman AK, Agenäs S, Hansson H. Review: Linking animal health measures in dairy cows to farm-level economic outcomes: a systematic literature mapping. Animal 2023; 17:100971. [PMID: 37734363 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Farm animal health is an area of increasing interest to both the public and industry stakeholders. There is an ongoing debate on whether improving animal health, and thereby increasing welfare, is profitable or not. Improving animal health often requires investments in the farm or increases labour costs. As a result, the impact of animal health on farm economy is particularly interesting. This study systematically maps and assesses the available evidence in the published scientific literature regarding the link between farms' economic outcomes on dairy cow health, with the aim of identifying knowledge gaps in this field of research. In total, 59 peer-reviewed articles were included using a broad range of animal health variables and economic outcomes. We found a heterogeneous body of evidence in terms of both methods, animal health measures (AHMs) and economic outcome measures used. None of the included studies makes explicit causal claims between AHMs and economic outcomes. The results suggest that common production diseases such as clinical mastitis and lameness, which are painful and affect cow health and welfare, are costly for farmers. We found a knowledge gap and lack of evidence on the impact of animal health interventions on farms' economic outcomes, as well as the long-term effects of such interventions. Future research should aim to investigate the causal links between animal health and economic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Af Sandeberg
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7013, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - R Båge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A-K Nyman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Växa, SE-10425 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Agenäs
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Hansson
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7013, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Kappes A, Tozooneyi T, Shakil G, Railey AF, McIntyre KM, Mayberry DE, Rushton J, Pendell DL, Marsh TL. Livestock health and disease economics: a scoping review of selected literature. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1168649. [PMID: 37795016 PMCID: PMC10546065 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1168649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal diseases in production and subsistence environments have the potential to negatively affect consumers, producers, and economies as a whole. A growing global demand for animal sourced food requires safe and efficient production systems. Understanding the burden of animal disease and the distribution of burden throughout a value chain informs policy that promotes safe consumption and efficient markets, as well as providing more effective pathways for investment. This paper surveys existing knowledge on the burden of animal disease across economic categories of production, prevention and treatment, animal welfare, and trade and regulation. Our scoping review covers 192 papers across peer-reviewed journals and reports published by organizations. We find there exists a gap in knowledge in evaluating what the global burdens of animal diseases are and how these burdens are distributed in value chains. We also point to a need for creating an analytical framework based on established methods that guides future evaluation of animal disease burden, which will provide improved access to information on animal health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kappes
- The Lewin Group, Falls Church, VA, United States
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Takesure Tozooneyi
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Golam Shakil
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Ashley F. Railey
- Department of Sociology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - K. Marie McIntyre
- Modelling, Evidence and Policy Group, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institution of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dustin L. Pendell
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Thomas L. Marsh
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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8
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Ning M, Zhao Y, Dai D, Yao C, Liu H, Fang L, Wang B, Zhang Y, Cao J. Gene co-expression network and differential expression analyses of subcutaneous white adipose tissue reveal novel insights into the pathological mechanisms underlying ketosis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00303-X. [PMID: 37268588 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ketosis is a common nutritional metabolic disease during the perinatal period in dairy cows. Although various risk factors have been identified, the molecular mechanism underlying ketosis remains elusive. In this study, subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) was biopsied for transcriptome sequencing on 10 Holstein cows with type II ketosis [blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) >1.4 mmol/L; Ket group] and another 10 cows without type II ketosis (BHB ≤1.4 mmol/L; Nket group) at d 10 after calving. Serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and BHB, as indicators of excessive fat mobilization and circulating ketone bodies, respectively, were significantly higher in the Ket group than in the Nket group. Aspartate transaminase (AST) and total bilirubin (TBIL), as indicators of liver damage, were higher in the Ket group than in the Nket group. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of the sWAT transcriptome revealed modules significantly correlated with serum BHB, NEFA, AST, TBIL, and total cholesterol. The genes in these modules were enriched in the regulation of the lipid biosynthesis process. Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 (NTRK2) was identified as the key hub gene by intramodular connectivity, gene significance, and module membership. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses for these samples, as well as a set of independent samples, validated the downregulation of NTRK2 expression in the sWAT of dairy cows with type II ketosis. NTRK2 encodes tyrosine protein kinase receptor B (TrkB), which is a high-affinity receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, suggesting that abnormal lipid mobilization in cows with type II ketosis might be associated with impaired central nervous system regulation of adipose tissue metabolism, providing a novel insight into the pathogenesis underlying type II ketosis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yihan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongmei Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chang Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huatao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- The Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics (QGG), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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9
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Treatment of Inactive Ovaries of Holstein Dairy Cows by Epidural Injection of GnRH Analogue (Receptal) and Its Impact on the Reproductive Hormones, Oxidant/Antioxidant Profile and Micro and Macro-Elements Profile. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040653. [PMID: 36830440 PMCID: PMC9951676 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate a new therapeutic approach for inactive ovaries based on the epidural administration of a GnRH agonist (Receptal) and an investigation of the impact of this treatment on the hormonal, oxidant/antioxidant and micro- and macro-element profiles. Sixty cows with postpartum anestrus were divided into two groups: the first group (group Repid, n = 30) was administered an epidural injection of Receptal, while the second group (group Cepid, n = 30) received saline and was considered the control group. Evaluation of hormonal (progesterone, FSH, LH, testosterone, and cortisol), oxidant/antioxidant (MDA, SOD, GPx and TAC) as well as micro- and macroelement (calcium, phosphorus, manganese and magnesium) profiles was done in serum. The results showed that the epidural injection of Receptal has the potential to induce estrus response and conception incidence in treated cows. Compared to the control group, progesterone, FSH, and LH concentrations were significantly increased in the treated group, whereas testosterone and cortisol decreased (p < 0.05) following treatment. In addition, the treated group had greater TAC and GPx concentrations than the control group. Serum concentrations of magnesium increased (p < 0.05) following receptal treatment, but differences in other minerals were not detected. This research suggests a novel, effective method of treating inactive ovaries with epidural infusion of a GnRH agonist.
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Barca J, Schukken YH, Meikle A, Chilibroste P, Bouman M, Hogeveen H. Pegbovigrastim treatment resulted in an economic benefit in a large randomized clinical trial in grazing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1233-1245. [PMID: 36460504 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial on 4 commercial grazing dairy farms investigated whether pegbovigrastim (PEG) treatment affected partial net return as calculated from milk revenues and costs for feed, medical treatments [clinical mastitis, uterine disease, and other diseases (i.e., any medical treatment that was not intended for clinical mastitis or uterine disease)], inseminations, and culling during a full lactation in grazing dairy cows. We also explored the effect of potential interactions of PEG treatment with parity, prepartum body condition score, and prepartum nonesterified fatty acids concentration on partial net return, milk revenues, and the costs mentioned above. Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 following trial arms: a first PEG dose 9.4 ± 0.3 (mean ± standard error) days before the calving date and a second dose within 24 hours after calving (PEG: primiparous = 342; multiparous = 697) compared with untreated controls (control: primiparous = 391; multiparous = 723). The effect of PEG treatment on the outcomes of interest expressed per year was tested using general linear mixed models. Results are presented as least squares means ± standard error. Overall, PEG treatment increased the partial net return, resulting in an economic benefit per cow per year of $210 ± 100. The cost of treatment of clinical mastitis was lower for PEG treated cows compared with control cows ($9 ± 3). The largest nonsignificant difference was seen for the cost of culling; additionally, PEG treatment numerically reduced the cost of culling by $145 ± 77.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Barca
- Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, 12100, Montevideo, Uruguay; Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, 12100, Montevideo, Uruguay; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Royal GD, Deventer, 7400 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Meikle
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 12100, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Chilibroste
- Animal Production and Pasture, Agronomy Faculty, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, 60000, Uruguay
| | - Mette Bouman
- Veterinary Practitioner, Colonia, 70400, Uruguay
| | - H Hogeveen
- Business Economics group, Wageningen University & Research, 6706 KN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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11
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Schmidtmann C, Segelke D, Bennewitz J, Tetens J, Thaller G. Genetic analysis of production traits and body size measurements and their relationships with metabolic diseases in German Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:421-438. [PMID: 36424319 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study sheds light on the genetic complexity and interplay of production, body size, and metabolic health in dairy cattle. Phenotypes for body size-related traits from conformation classification (130,166 animals) and production (101,562 animals) of primiparous German Holstein cows were available. Additionally, 21,992, 16,641, and 7,096 animals were from herds with recordings of the metabolic diseases ketosis, displaced abomasum, and milk fever in first, second, and third lactation. Moreover, all animals were genotyped. Heritabilities of traits and genetic correlations between all traits were estimated and GWAS were performed. Heritability was between 0.240 and 0.333 for production and between 0.149 and 0.368 for body size traits. Metabolic diseases were lowly heritable, with estimates ranging from 0.011 to 0.029 in primiparous cows, from 0.008 to 0.031 in second lactation, and from 0.037 to 0.052 in third lactation. Production was found to have negative genetic correlations with body condition score (BCS; -0.279 to -0.343) and udder depth (-0.348 to -0.419). Positive correlations were observed for production and body depth (0.138-0.228), dairy character (DCH) (0.334-0.422), and stature (STAT) (0.084-0.158). In first parity cows, metabolic disease traits were unfavorably correlated with production, with genetic correlations varying from 0.111 to 0.224, implying that higher yielding cows have more metabolic problems. Genetic correlations of disease traits in second and third lactation with production in primiparous cows were low to moderate and in most cases unfavorable. While BCS was negatively correlated with metabolic diseases (-0.255 to -0.470), positive correlations were found between disease traits and DCH (0.269-0.469) as well as STAT (0.172-0.242). Thus, the results indicate that larger and sharper animals with low BCS are more susceptible to metabolic disorders. Genome-wide association studies revealed several significantly associated SNPs for production and conformation traits, confirming previous findings from literature. Moreover, for production and conformation traits, shared significant signals on Bos taurus autosome (BTA) 5 (88.36 Mb) and BTA 6 (86.40 to 87.27 Mb) were found, implying pleiotropy. Additionally, significant SNPs were observed for metabolic diseases on BTA 3, 10, 14, 17, and 26 in first lactation and on BTA 2, 6, 8, 17, and 23 in third lactation. Overall, this study provides important insights into the genetic basis and interrelations of relevant traits in today's Holstein cattle breeding programs, and findings may help to improve selection decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Schmidtmann
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Dierck Segelke
- Vereinigte Informationssysteme Tierhaltung w.V. (vit), Heinrich-Schröder-Weg 1, 27283 Verden, Germany
| | - Jörn Bennewitz
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Tetens
- Georg-August-University Göttingen, Division of Functional Breeding, Department of Animal Sciences, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Georg Thaller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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12
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Whatley EG, Truong TT, Harvey AJ, Gardner DK. Acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate reduce mouse embryo viability via differential metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms. Reprod Biomed Online 2023; 46:20-33. [PMID: 36283935 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does the ketone acetoacetate (AcAc) alone, or combined with β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB), impact mouse embryo development, metabolism, histone acetylation and viability? DESIGN Pronucleate mouse oocytes were cultured in vitro in G1/G2 media supplemented with ketones (AcAc or AcAc + βOHB) at concentrations representing those in maternal serum during pregnancy (0.04 mmol/l AcAc, 0.1 mmol/l βOHB), standard diet consumption (0.1 mmol/l AcAc, 0.25 mmol/l βOHB), ketogenic diet consumption (0.8 mmol/l AcAc, 2 mmol/l βOHB) and diabetic ketoacidosis (2 mmol/l AcAc, 4 mmol/l βOHB). Day 5 blastocysts were assessed for cell allocation, glucose metabolism and histone acetylation. Day 4 blastocysts exposed to 0.8 mmol/l AcAc + 2 mmol/l βOHB were transferred to standard-fed recipient females, and E14.5 fetal and placental development assessed. RESULTS Exposure to 2 mmol/l AcAc or 0.8 mmol/l AcAc + 2 mmol/l βOHB did not impair blastocyst development, but significantly increased glucose consumption (P = 0.001 each), lowered glycolytic flux (P = 0.01, P < 0.001) and elevated trophectoderm (TE) histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac; P < 0.001 each) compared with unexposed controls. Preimplantation AcAc + βOHB exposure reduced post-implantation fetal development by 25% (P = 0.037), and delayed female-specific fetal limb development (P = 0.019) and estimated fetal age (P = 0.019) compared with controls. CONCLUSION Preimplantation exposure to ketones affects underlying metabolism and histone acetylation in blastocysts that are associated with persistent, female-specific perturbations in fetal development. A periconceptional diet that elevates ketone concentrations may impair human embryonic viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma G Whatley
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, Australia
| | - Thi T Truong
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Harvey
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, Australia.
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13
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Bonestroo J, Fall N, Hogeveen H, Emanuelson U, Klaas IC, van der Voort M. The costs of chronic mastitis: A simulation study of an automatic milking system farm. Prev Vet Med 2023; 210:105799. [PMID: 36436383 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a production disease in dairy farming that causes economic losses. Especially chronic mastitis (i.e., mastitis cases continuing longer than 28 days) can substantially affect the risk of transmission of intramammary infections (IMI) and total milk production losses. Insights into the impact of chronic mastitis on production and farm economics are needed to guide chronic mastitis decision-making. We aimed to estimate the costs of chronic mastitis with a Monte Carlo simulation model in which the costs of chronic mastitis were estimated as part of the total mastitis costs. The model simulated milk yields, IMI dynamics, somatic cell count (SCC), and pregnancy status on an average Dutch dairy farm with 100 cow places over 9 years. The model was parameterized using information from the literature and actual sensor data from automatic milking system (AMS) farms. The daily subclinical milk production losses were modeled using a generalized additive model and sensor data. Transmission of IMI was modeled as well. The model results indicated median total costs of mastitis of € 230 per generic IMI case (i.e., a weighted average of all pathogens). The most substantial cost factors were the extra mastitis cases due to transmission, culling, and milk production losses. Other significant costs originated from dry cow treatments and diverted milk. The model also indicated median total costs due to chronic mastitis of € 118 (51 % of the total mastitis costs). The share of chronic mastitis relative to the total mastitis costs was substantial. Transmission of contagious bacteria had the largest share among the chronic mastitis costs (51 % of the costs of chronic cases). The large share of chronic mastitis costs in the total mastitis costs indicates the economic importance of these mastitis cases. The results of the study point to the need for future research to focus on chronic mastitis and reducing its presence on the AMS dairy farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bonestroo
- DeLaval International AB, Gustaf De Lavals väg 15, 147 21 Tumba, Sweden; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dep't Clinical Sciences, POB 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Wageningen University and Research, Business Economics Group, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Nils Fall
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dep't Clinical Sciences, POB 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Wageningen University and Research, Business Economics Group, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ulf Emanuelson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dep't Clinical Sciences, POB 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Mariska van der Voort
- Wageningen University and Research, Business Economics Group, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, the Netherlands
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14
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Ha S, Kang S, Jeong M, Han M, Lee J, Chung H, Park J. Characteristics of Holstein cows predisposed to ketosis during the post-partum transition period. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:307-314. [PMID: 36399368 PMCID: PMC9857124 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketosis is a common metabolic disorder during the post-partum transition period of dairy cattle. How the method of reproduction, parturition time, and calf birth weight affect the occurrence of ketosis on dairy herds remains elusive. OBJECTIVES This study investigated factors associated with the severity of ketosis. METHODS We divided 186 Holstein cows into three classifications based on the highest β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentration during the post-partum transition period, namely non-ketosis (<1.2 mmol/L, n = 94), subclinical ketosis (1.2-2.9 mmol/L, n = 58), and clinical ketosis (≥3.0 mmol/L, n = 34). We evaluated characteristics of cows associated with the severity of ketosis. RESULTS Ketosis was not associated with the method of reproduction, parturition time, pregnancy wastage, premature delivery, retained placenta, and type of calf. Cows calving in spring and especially summer were at higher risk of severe ketosis (p < 0.01). Cows with increased body condition score (BCS) at parturition, age, lactation number, and calving interval were more likely to develop severe ketosis (p < 0.05). Cows with clinical ketosis produced most milk (29.9 ± 1.0 kg) from days four to six, whereas cows without ketosis produced the least (21.3 ± 0.8 kg) (p < 0.001). Heavier calf birth weight resulted in high risk of severe ketosis (p < 0.01), due to increased milk yield during the early lactation. CONCLUSIONS The severity of ketosis is associated with the calving season, BCS at parturition, age, lactation number, calving interval, milk yield in the early lactation period, and calf birth weight. Nonetheless, it was not associated with the method of reproduction, parturition time, pregnancy wastage, premature delivery, retained placenta, and type of calf. This study is the first to investigate the associations between ketosis and calf birth weight. Our findings could help predict cows at risk of ketosis and take precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Ha
- Department of Animal Resource DevelopmentDairy Science DivisionNational Institute of Animal ScienceRural Development AdministrationCheonanKorea
| | - Seogjin Kang
- Department of Animal Resource DevelopmentDairy Science DivisionNational Institute of Animal ScienceRural Development AdministrationCheonanKorea
| | - Mooyoung Jeong
- Department of Animal Resource DevelopmentDairy Science DivisionNational Institute of Animal ScienceRural Development AdministrationCheonanKorea
| | - Manhye Han
- Department of Animal Resource DevelopmentDairy Science DivisionNational Institute of Animal ScienceRural Development AdministrationCheonanKorea
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Department of Animal Resource DevelopmentDairy Science DivisionNational Institute of Animal ScienceRural Development AdministrationCheonanKorea
| | - Hakjae Chung
- Department of Animal Resource DevelopmentDairy Science DivisionNational Institute of Animal ScienceRural Development AdministrationCheonanKorea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary MedicineJeonbuk National UniversityIksanRepublic of Korea
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15
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Poppe M, Veerkamp RF, Mulder HA, Hogeveen H. Observational study on associations between resilience indicators based on daily milk yield in first lactation and lifetime profitability. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8158-8176. [PMID: 36028351 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resilience is the ability of cows to be minimally affected by disturbances, such as pathogens, heat waves, and changes in feed quality, or to quickly recover. Obvious advantages of resilience are good animal welfare and easy and pleasant management for farmers. Furthermore, economic effects are also expected, but these remain to be determined. The goal of this study was to investigate the association between resilience and lifetime gross margin, using indicators of resilience calculated from fluctuations in daily milk yield using an observational study. Resilience indicators and lifetime gross margin were calculated for 1,325 cows from 21 herds. These cows were not alive anymore and, therefore, had complete lifetime data available for many traits. The resilience indicators were the natural log-transformed variance (LnVar) and the lag-1 autocorrelation (rauto) of daily milk yield deviations from cow-specific lactation curves in parity 1. Good resilience is indicated by low LnVar (small yield response to disturbances) and low rauto (quick yield recovery to baseline). Lifetime gross margin was calculated as the sum of all revenues minus the sum of all costs throughout life. Included revenues were from milk, calf value, and slaughter of the cow. Included costs were from feed, rearing, insemination, management around calving, disease treatments, and destruction in case of death on farm. Feed intake was unknown and, therefore, lifetime feed costs had to be estimated based on milk yield records. The association of each resilience indicator with lifetime gross margin, and also with the underlying revenues and costs, was investigated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models. Mean daily milk yield in first lactation, herd, and year of birth were included as covariates and factors. Natural log-transformed variance had a significantly negative association with lifetime gross margin, which means that cows with stable milk yield (low LnVar, good resilience) in parity 1 generated on average a higher lifetime gross margin than cows that had the same milk yield level but with more fluctuations. The association with lifetime gross margin could be mainly attributed to higher lifetime milk revenues for cows with low LnVar, due to a longer lifespan. Unlike LnVar, rauto was not significantly associated with lifetime gross margin or any of the underlying lifetime costs and revenues. However, it was significantly associated with yearly treatment costs, which is important for ease of management. In conclusion, the importance of resilience for total profit generated by a cow at the end of life was confirmed by the significant association of LnVar with lifetime gross margin, although effects of differences in feed efficiency between resilient and less resilient cows remain to be studied. The economic advantage can be mainly ascribed to benefits of long lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Poppe
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - R F Veerkamp
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H A Mulder
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H Hogeveen
- Business Economics, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 8130, 6700 EW Wageningen, the Netherlands
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16
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Cascone G, Licitra F, Stamilla A, Amore S, Dipasquale M, Salonia R, Antoci F, Zecconi A. Subclinical Ketosis in Dairy Herds: Impact of Early Diagnosis and Treatment. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:895468. [PMID: 35832327 PMCID: PMC9272741 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.895468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and subclinical ketosis (SCK) in dairy cows occurs during the lactation period frequently in many herds, causing a reduction in milk yield and alterations in milk quality with significant economic losses for farmers. SCK is defined as a preclinical stage of ketosis characterized by an elevated ketone body level without clinical signs. Often many cows develop an elevated ketone body level during the first weeks of lactation even though it never goes up to a critical point causing clinical signs. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of SCK in Sicily and assess the effect of a treatment with propylene glycol (PG) to control the SCK, thus, reducing the negative effect on milk quality yield. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 22 farms located south-east of Sicily and 1,588 cows in lactation. A total of 3,989 individual milk samples were collected from calving to 80 subsequently days to check the β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) values in order to establish the SCK status by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Moreover, the contents of fat, protein, lactose, casein, urea, somatic cell count and acetone were evaluated to identify a correlation between SCK and milk quality. A total of 1,100 cows showed BHB values higher than 0.10 mmol/L. These cows were considered SCK positive, were separated from the rest of the herd, and treated with PG (400 g/head per day), all SCK cows were treated with PG and cows without SCK were not treated. The results showed a prevalence of 41.5% of SCK-positive cows during the first 9 days of lactation. The comparison among the cure rate of treated cows shows that the treatment was most effective in the first 7 days of lactation (76.5% of treated cows) than in the following days. PG positively influenced the milk quality parameters, except for the fat proportion. Moreover, the animals treated with PG showed also an increase in milk yield, supporting the economical sustainability of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandro Stamilla
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Science (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandro Stamilla
| | | | | | - Rosario Salonia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Alfonso Zecconi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Science, One Health Unit, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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17
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Cainzos JM, Andreu-Vazquez C, Guadagnini M, Rijpert-Duvivier A, Duffield T. A systematic review of the cost of ketosis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6175-6195. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Medeiros I, Fernandez-Novo A, Astiz S, Simões J. Historical Evolution of Cattle Management and Herd Health of Dairy Farms in OECD Countries. Vet Sci 2022; 9:125. [PMID: 35324853 PMCID: PMC8954633 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to review the important aspects of the dairy industry evolution at herd level, interrelating production with health management systems. Since the beginning of the industrialization of the dairy cattle sector (1950s), driven by the need to feed the rapidly growing urban areas, this industry has experienced several improvements, evolving in management and technology. These changes have been felt above all in the terms of milking, rearing, nutrition, reproductive management, and design of facilities. Shortage of labor, emphasis on increasing farm efficiency, and quality of life of the farmers were the driving factors for these changes. To achieve it, in many areas of the world, pasture production has been abandoned, moving to indoor production, which allows for greater nutritional and reproductive control of the animals. To keep pace with this paradigm in milk production, animal health management has also been improved. Prevention and biosecurity have become essential to control and prevent pathologies that cause great economic losses. As such, veterinary herd health management programs were created, allowing the management of health of the herd as a whole, through the common work of veterinarians and farmers. These programs address the farms holistically, from breeding to nutrition, from prevention to consultancy. In addition, farmers are now faced with a consumer more concerned on animal production, valuing certified products that respect animal health and welfare, as well as environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Medeiros
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Aitor Fernandez-Novo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Susana Astiz
- Animal Reproduction Department, National Institute of Agronomic Research (INIA), Puerta De Hierro Avenue s/n, CP, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - João Simões
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
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19
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Song Y, Cheng J, Yu H, Wang Z, Bai Y, Xia C, Xu C. Early Warning for Ovarian Diseases Based on Plasma Non-esterified Fatty Acid and Calcium Concentrations in Dairy Cows. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:792498. [PMID: 34957286 PMCID: PMC8692658 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.792498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactive ovaries (IO) and ovarian (follicular or luteal) cysts (FC or LC) are two common ovarian diseases leading to infertility in dairy cattle. Both disorders are associated with altered metabolites and hormones. There are currently no known effective biomarkers that can be used for early diagnosis of ovarian diseases. The purpose of this study was to identify the plasma biomarkers of ovarian diseases in Holstein dairy cows that facilitate an early diagnosis of the diseases and control its progression. The experiment was performed from 3 weeks postpartum and last for 7 weeks. Seventy-six multiparous Holstein cows (mean age, 4.36 years; weight, 635.63 kg) were divided into healthy control group (HC, n = 22), FC group (n = 18), LC group (n = 18) and IO group (n = 18) by rectal palpation or ultrasonography during the last 2 weeks before trial end. Blood was collected via tail vein for measurement of plasma energy metabolites, liver function indicators, minerals, and hormones at 3 and 8 weeks postpartum. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman correlation, binary logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic analysis, where applicable. At 8 weeks postpartum, FC cows had a more severe body condition score loss and these had greater levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and estradiol, and lesser levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), progesterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels than HC cows (P < 0.05). LC cows had a lower milk yield, higher NEFA and progesterone levels, and lower calcium, phosphorus and magnesium levels than HC cows (P < 0.05). IO cows had a lower body condition score, higher NEFA levels, and lower ALT, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, estradiol, progesterone and IGF-1 levels than HC cows (P < 0.05). At 3 weeks postpartum, cows with ovarian diseases had greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of NEFA, and lesser concentrations of ALT, calcium, phosphorus and IGF-1 than HC cows. Early warning values for ovarian diseases were plasma NEFA concentrations >0.50 mmol/L, or calcium concentrations <2.02 mmol/L. Therefore, plasma NEFA and calcium could be used as early-warning indicators for ovarian diseases in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Song
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jiaxin Cheng
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Cheng Xia
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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20
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Amuta PO, Okolocha EC, Kudi CA, Gates MC. Assessing the perceptions and practices of peri-urban dairy farmers regarding bovine mastitis management in North-Western Nigeria. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105442. [PMID: 34371250 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peri-urban dairy farming is an emerging industry in sub-Saharan Africa that risks being undermined by diseases like bovine mastitis (BM) if farmers do not implement appropriate management programmes. However, little is currently known about farmer perceptions and practices towards BM due to challenges with accessing these herds for research. In this study, 49 intensive and 53 extensive peri-urban dairy farmers having ≥10 milking cows in Kaduna and Zaria metropolises, North-Western Nigeria were recruited through snowball sampling and on-farm interviews were conducted to collect information on herd demographics, milking procedures, and mastitis management. Descriptive statistics were provided for all study variables and statistical comparisons were made between intensive and extensive herds. The mean herd size was 33 milking cows (range: 11-62). A greater proportion of extensive herds contained only indigenous breeds of cattle (36/53; 68 %) compared with intensive herds (6/49; 12 %). Hand milking was the most common milking method across both herd types (93/102; 92 %). Intensive herds had better hand washing and udder cleaning practices, but there was no statistical difference between management systems with regards to floor, udder, and tail cleanliness. Only a small number of farms performed on-farm diagnosis of BM via strip cup test (4/102; 4%) or rapid mastitis test (3/102; 3%). Treatment of clinical mastitis was typically by intramuscular antibiotic injection (71/102; 70 %) or topically applied herbal preparations (14/102; 14 %). Dry cow intramammary therapy was only used by 6/46 intensive farms (13 %) and 1/53 extensive farms (2%). Most extensive herds (40/53; 76 %) reported milking cows with clinical mastitis after apparently healthy cows, however this practice was less common among intensive herds (5/49; 10 %). Extensive herds were less likely to request veterinary assistance for mastitis than intensive herds (17/53; 32 % versus 28/49; 57 %) and had higher perceived costs for treating BM cases. Intensive farmers reportedly received higher prices for milk than extensive farmers and perceived that BM was causing significantly more production losses in their herds. Only a small number of farmers (20/102; 20 %) kept mastitis treatment records for their herds. Overall, the study findings indicate that peri-urban dairy farmers may be lacking in awareness of BM impacts and access to basic resources to implement good practices such as hand washing between milking cows and antibiotic intramammary infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O Amuta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Nigeria.
| | | | - Caleb A Kudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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21
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Soares RAN, Vargas G, Duffield T, Schenkel F, Squires EJ. Genome-wide association study and functional analyses for clinical and subclinical ketosis in Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10076-10089. [PMID: 34099305 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ketosis is one of the most frequent metabolic diseases in high-yielding dairy cows and is characterized by high concentrations of ketone bodies in blood, urine, and milk, causing high economic losses. The search for polymorphic genes, whose alleles have different effects on resistance to developing the disease, is of extreme importance to help select less susceptible animals. The aims of this study were to identify genomic regions associated with clinical and subclinical ketosis (β-hydroxybutyrate concentration) in North American Holstein dairy cattle and to investigate these regions to identify candidate genes and metabolic pathways associated with these traits. To achieve this, a GWAS was performed for 4 traits: clinical ketosis lactation 1, clinical ketosis lactation 2 to 5, subclinical ketosis lactation 1, and subclinical ketosis lactation 2 to 5. The estimated breeding values from 77,277 cows and 7,704 bulls were deregressed and used as pseudophenotypes in the GWAS. The top-20 genomic regions explaining the largest proportion of the genetic variance were investigated for putative genes associated with the traits through functional analyses. Regions of interest were identified on chromosomes 2, 5, and 6 for clinical ketosis lactation 1; 3, 6, and 7 for clinical ketosis lactation 2 to 5; 1, 2, and 12 for subclinical ketosis lactation 1; and 20, 11, and 25 for subclinical ketosis lactation 2 to 5. The highlighted genes potentially related to clinical and subclinical ketosis included ACAT2 and IGF1. Enrichment analysis of the list of candidate genes for clinical and subclinical ketosis showed molecular functions and biological processes involved in fatty acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory response in dairy cattle. Several genomic regions and SNPs related to susceptibility to ketosis in dairy cattle that were previously described in other studies were confirmed. The novel genomic regions identified in this study aid to characterize the most important genes and pathways that explain the susceptibility to clinical and subclinical ketosis in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A N Soares
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - G Vargas
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - T Duffield
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - F Schenkel
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - E J Squires
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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22
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Guliński P. Ketone bodies - causes and effects of their increased presence in cows' body fluids: A review. Vet World 2021; 14:1492-1503. [PMID: 34316197 PMCID: PMC8304442 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1492-1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketosis is the most common metabolic disease in high-performance dairy cows during the first 6-8 weeks of lactation. Its main symptoms include an excessive amount of so-called ketone bodies in a cow's body fluids. Ketone bodies consist of β-hydroxybutyric acid (βHBA), acetoacetic acid, and acetone. βHBA is the main component with its share of the total volume of ketone bodies in the blood of about 70%. Clinical symptoms of ketosis in cows include loss of appetite, preference for forage to concentrated feed, and acetone odor in their mouth and urine. Those symptoms are accompanied by a production drop, an increase of concurrent illness (mastitis, metritis, and displaced abomasum), and poor reproductive performance. One of the ketosis characteristic effects is an increase in the level of fat in milk (>5%), while protein levels decrease (<2.9%). In the case of subclinical ketosis (SCK), the fat-protein ratio in milk is increased to above 1.4:1. The current consensus for SCK is to consider a cutoff point of βHBA to be at least 1.2 mmol/L in blood plasma. Ketosis prevention is based on keeping perinatal cows in good condition, that is, with around 3.5 points in the five-point body condition scoring, carefully balancing food doses during the first 2 months of lactation with the correct energy-protein ratio. Glucose precursor products should be administered orally, in particular to at-risk herds. Ketosis occurs in 7-14% on average of the total number of cows in a herd. In general, data on the prevalence of SCK vary considerably, depending on their source. Moreover, the problem is mostly observed in poorly-fed animals with high milk production potential. The objectives of this review are to reveal the current situation of ketosis prevalence, the possibility of diagnosis, consequences in dairy cows and to provide some recommendations for ketosis treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Guliński
- Institute of Animal Production and Fisheries, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, ul. Prusa 14, Poland
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Orellana Rivas RM, Gutierrez-Oviedo FA, Komori GH, Beihling VV, Marins TN, Azzone J, Bernard JK, Tao S. Effect of supplementation of a mixture of gluconeogenic precursors during the transition period on performance, blood metabolites and insulin concentrations and hepatic gene expression of dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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An Estimate of the Effects from Precision Livestock Farming on a Productivity Index at Farm Level. Some Evidences from a Dairy Farms' Sample of Lombardy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101781. [PMID: 33019580 PMCID: PMC7601240 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed at verifying if and to what extent the use of information technologies for dairy farming positively affects productivity of farmed herd. To do this we estimated the effects of precision farming on a productivity index at herd level, utilizing individual farms data of about 500 livestock farms. Farms are specialized in bovine milk production and are localized in Lombardy, that is one of the most important areas of Italian dairy farming. Using a two-stage treatment regression model, to solve the selection bias due to both observed and un-observed individual heterogeneity in the technology adoption, the study found a positive relationship between adopter status and the proxy of herd productivity.
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25
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Kaewlamun W, Grimard B, Duvaux-Ponter C, Ponter AA. Kick-starting ovarian cyclicity by using dietary glucogenic precursors in post-partum dairy cows: a review. Int J Vet Sci Med 2020; 8:39-48. [PMID: 32953874 PMCID: PMC7476532 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2020.1773188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to describe how dietary glucogenic precursors could stimulate ovarian activity in post-partum dairy cows and improve reproductive success. Although the nutrient requirements for the early resumption of ovarian cycles, and for follicle and embryo development are quantitatively small, reproductive success is deteriorated by post-partum negative energy balance. Since very little glucose is absorbed directly from the digestive tract of ruminants one of the targets for nutritional manipulation could be the glucogenic potential of the diet. This could be achieved by giving rumen-resistant starch or mono-propylene glycol. Both these adaptations increase glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 plasma concentrations and stimulate ovarian follicle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kaewlamun
- School of Agricultural Resources, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - B Grimard
- BREED, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.,UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Duvaux-Ponter
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée Aux Ruminants, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - A A Ponter
- BREED, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.,UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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