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Kerner RA, Cohen AV, Xu Z, Kirmani AR, Park SY, Harvey SP, Murphy JP, Cawthorn RC, Giebink NC, Luther JM, Zhu K, Berry JJ, Kronik L, Rand BP. Electrochemical Doping of Halide Perovskites by Noble Metal Interstitial Cations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2302206. [PMID: 37052234 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites are an attractive class of semiconductors, but it has proven difficult to control their electronic doping by conventional strategies due to screening and compensation by mobile ions or ionic defects. Noble-metal interstitials represent an under-studied class of extrinsic defects that plausibly influence many perovskite-based devices. In this work, doping of metal halide perovskites is studied by electrochemically formed Au+ interstitial ions, combining experimental data on devices with a computational analysis of Au+ interstitial defects based on density functional theory (DFT). Analysis suggests that Au+ cations can be easily formed and migrate through the perovskite bulk via the same sites as iodine interstitials (Ii + ). However, whereas Ii + compensates n-type doping by electron capture, the noble-metal interstitials act as quasi-stable n-dopants. Experimentally, voltage-dependent, dynamic doping by current density-time (J-t), electrochemical impedance, and photoluminescence measurements are characterized. These results provide deeper insight into the potential beneficial and detrimental impacts of metal electrode reactions on long-term performance of perovskite photovoltaic and light-emitting diodes, as well as offer an alternative doping explanation for the valence switching mechanism of halide-perovskite-based neuromorphic and memristive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Kerner
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Ayala V Cohen
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Zhaojian Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Ahmad R Kirmani
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - So Yeon Park
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Steven P Harvey
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - John P Murphy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Robert C Cawthorn
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Noel C Giebink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joseph M Luther
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Kai Zhu
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Joseph J Berry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Barry P Rand
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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Huang Q, Li Z, Chen X, Xia Y, Zheng Z, Mei A, Zhu K, Hu Y, Wang T, Rong Y, Han H. Investigating the iodide and bromide ion exchange in metal halide perovskite single crystals and thin films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6125-6128. [PMID: 34075950 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01543e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anion exchange between MAPbX3 (X = I- or Br-) and MAX salts in a solution environment is investigated. We find that I- can enter MAPbBr3 single crystals (SC) in millimeter scale, while Br- can only penetrate the surface of MAPbI3 SC in a micrometer scale. Due to the lattice variation, the reaction is partially reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Huang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Physics and Technology and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nanostructures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiayan Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Yongkang Xia
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Ziwei Zheng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Anyi Mei
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Zhu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Nanjing University Jinling College, No. 8 Xuefu Road, Nanjing 210089, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yue Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Ti Wang
- School of Physics and Technology and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nanostructures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yaoguang Rong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Hongwei Han
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China.
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