Effects of photobiomodulation on interleukin-10 and nitrites in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis - Randomized clinical trial

Recent advances in light energy biotherapeutic strategies with photobiomodulation on central nervous system disorders

Transcranial photobiomodulation refers to irradiation of the brain through the skull using low-intensity red or near-infrared light, which is the most commonly studied method of light energy biotherapy for central nervous system disorders. The absorption of photons by specific chromophores within the cell elevates ATP synthesis, reduces oxidative stress damage, alleviates inflammation or mediates the activation of transcription factors and signaling mediators through secondary mediators, which in turn trigger downstream signaling pathways to cause a series of photobiological effects including upregulation of neurotrophic factors. Multiple mechanisms are simultaneously involved in the pathological process of central nervous system disorders. The pleiotropic treatment of transcranial photobiomodulation towards multiple targets plays a beneficial role in improving hemodynamics, neural repair and improving behaviors in central nervous system disorders such as ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy and depression. This review mainly introduces the mechanism and recent preclinical and clinical advances of transcranial photobiomodulation for central nervous system disorders, which will provide a reference for clinicians to understand and engage in related studies, and calls for more and larger studies to validate and develop a wider application of transcranial photobiomodulation in central nervous system.

Transcranial photobiomodulation for brain diseases: review of animal and human studies including mechanisms and emerging trends

The brain diseases account for 30% of all known diseases. Pharmacological treatment is hampered by the blood-brain barrier, limiting drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) is a promising technology for treating brain diseases, due to its effectiveness, non-invasiveness, and affordability. tPBM has been widely used in pre-clinical experiments and clinical trials for treating brain diseases, such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease. This review provides a comprehensive overview of tPBM. We summarize emerging trends and new discoveries in tPBM based on over one hundred references published in the past 20 years. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of tPBM and highlight successful experimental and clinical protocols for treating various brain diseases. A better understanding of tPBM mechanisms, the development of guidelines for clinical practice, and the study of dose-dependent and personal effects hold great promise for progress in treating brain diseases.

Mitochondrial dysfunction and neurological disorders: A narrative review and treatment overview

Mitochondria play a vital role in the nervous system, as they are responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP and regulating cellular processes such as calcium (Ca2+) signaling and apoptosis. However, mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and cell death, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders. In this article, we review the main functions of mitochondria in the nervous system and explore the mechanisms related to mitochondrial dysfunction. We discuss the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development and progression of some neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), depression, and epilepsy. Finally, we provide an overview of various current treatment strategies that target mitochondrial dysfunction, including pharmacological treatments, phototherapy, gene therapy, and mitotherapy. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding the role of mitochondria in the nervous system and highlights the potential for mitochondrial-targeted therapies in the treatment of neurological disorders. Furthermore, it highlights some limitations and challenges encountered by the current therapeutic strategies and puts them in future perspective.

Photobiomodulation at molecular, cellular, and systemic levels

Since the reporting of Endre Mester's results, researchers have investigated the biological effects induced by non-ionizing radiation emitted from low-power lasers. Recently, owing to the use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), the term photobiomodulation (PBM) has been used. However, the molecular, cellular, and systemic effects involved in PBM are still under investigation, and a better understanding of these effects could improve clinical safety and efficacy. Our aim was to review the molecular, cellular, and systemic effects involved in PBM to elucidate the levels of biological complexity. PBM occurs as a consequence of photon-photoacceptor interactions, which lead to the production of trigger molecules capable of inducing signaling, effector molecules, and transcription factors, which feature it at the molecular level. These molecules and factors are responsible for cellular effects, such as cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis, which feature PBM at the cellular level. Finally, molecular and cellular effects are responsible for systemic effects, such as modulation of the inflammatory process, promotion of tissue repair and wound healing, reduction of edema and pain, and improvement of muscle performance, which features PBM at the systemic level.

Vascular photobiomodulation in the treatment of children with temporomandibular disorders: Study protocol for a randomized, controlled, blind, clinical trial

BACKGROUND

This study aims to verify if the use of intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) influences the reduction of pain and increases the range of motion in opening and closing of the mouth in children and adolescents with temporomandibular disorders (TMD).

METHODS

This will be a blind, randomized, and controlled clinical trial, which will be carried out on children between 6 and 12 years of age who enter the Catholic University of Uruguay, Faculty of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School, for treatment. To be included, children must present temporomandibular disorders, based on the diagnostic criteria will be the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Forty-five participants will be randomized to three groups: Group 1-ILIB with 2 sessions of 20 minutes for 12 weeks (n = 15); Group 2-Placebo laser application with 2 sessions of 20 minutes for 12 weeks (n = 15); Group 3-Control with no treatment (n = 15). Irradiation will be performed by continuous and direct transcutaneous application to the radial artery, by means of a bracelet that inserts the laser beam. The laser to be used is infrared, power 100 mW ± 20%, wavelength 808 nm ± 10 nm, continuous application. RDC/TMD and pain evaluated through a visual analog scale will be the outcome measures.

DISCUSSION

Due to the low level of evidence, new studies are needed on the effect of ILIB in children with TMD.

Therapeutic Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Multiple Sclerosis by Regulating the Inflammatory Process and Controlling Immune Cell Activity: A Novel Promising Treatment Target

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the autoimmune and chronic diseases of the central nervous system; this disease occurs more frequently in young people and women and leads to neurological symptoms. Oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, and oligodendrocyte dysfunction have a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of this disease. Nowadays it is reported that photobiomodulation (PBM) as a non-invasive treatment has neuroprotective potential, but the exact mechanisms are not understood. Methods: In this study, we reviewed the effects of PBM on MS. In this regard, we used the keywords "Photobiomodulation", "Laser therapy", and "Low-level laser therapy" on MS to find related studies on this subject in PubMed, Google scholar, Elsevier, Medline, and Scopus databases. Results: PBM has positive effects on MS by regulating the inflammatory process, controlling immune cell activity and mitochondrial functions, as well as inhibiting free radicals production which finally leads to a reduction in neurological defects and an improvement in the functional status of patients. Conclusion: Overall, researchers have suggested the use of laser therapy in neurodegenerative diseases due to its numerous therapeutic effects.

IL-10 Gene Polymorphisms and IL-10 Serum Levels in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Lithuania

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with features of demyelination and axonal degeneration at a young age. Genetic factors may play an important role in the development of multiple sclerosis. (1) Objective: To investigate IL-10 rs1800871, rs1800872, rs1800896, and IL-10 serum levels in patients with multiple sclerosis. (2) Methods: Our study included patients with multiple sclerosis (n = 127) and healthy volunteers (n = 195). The subjects’ DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results were analyzed using the program “IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0”. (3) Results: The IL-10 SNPs were analyzed between the MS and control groups; however, no statistically significant results were found. The serum levels of IL-10 in the groups of MS and healthy subjects were not statistically significantly different (median (IQR): 0.828 (1.533) vs. 0.756 (0.528), p = 0.872). (4) Conclusions: IL-10 rs1800871, rs1800872, and rs1800896 and serum IL-10 levels are not likely to be associated with MS development. However, individuals carrying the rare haplotypes of rs1800871, rs1800872, and rs1800896 were associated with increased odds of MS (p = 0.006).

Effect of photobiomodulation on fatigue in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a pilot study

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation and destruction of the myelin sheath. Fatigue is one of the main symptoms of this disease, with a negative impact on quality of life and few treatment options. Photobiomodulation is used for several inflammatory conditions and may be beneficial for the treatment of fatigue in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Conduct a pilot study to analyze the effect of photobiomodulation on fatigue in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The participants were recruited from the UNINOVE Integrated Health Clinic and randomly allocated to two groups: group 1, administration of photobiomodulation (808 nm, 36 J for 360 s) under the tongue and group 2, administration of photobiomodulation over the radial artery. Fatigue was measured using the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS). No significant differences were found regarding the total MFIS score or subscale scores (p < 0.05, two-way ANOVA). Photobiomodulation with the parameters employed in the present study had no effect on fatigue in individuals with multiple sclerosis. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03360487.

The Role of Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review Study

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease. Inflammatory cells, cytokines and chemokines play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as a photobiostimulation approach could affect a wide range of cellular responses. LLLT inhibits the inflammatory signaling pathway, improves cell viability, inhibits apoptosis, modulates immune responses and induces the production of growth factors. Methods: In this review, we discuss the effect of LLLT on cellular responses and its application in the treatment of MS. Such keywords as "low-level laser therapy", "photobiomodulation" and "multiple sclerosis" were used to find studies related to laser therapy in MS in Google scholar, PubMed and Medline databases. Results: LLLT reduced the inflammatory immune cells and mediators. It also enhanced the regeneration of neurons. Conclusion: Investigations showed that besides current treatment strategies, LLLT could be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of MS.

Interleukin-10 in the Vasculature: Pathophysiological Implications

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important immunomodulatory cytokine, initially characterized as an anti-inflammatory agent released by immune cells during infectious and inflammatory processes. IL-10 exhibits biological functions that extend to the regulation of different intracellular signaling pathways directly associated with vascular function. This cytokine plays a vital role in vascular tone regulation through the change of important proteins involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Numerous investigations covered here have shown that therapeutic strategies inducing IL-10 result in anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertrophic, antihyperplastic, anti-apoptotic and antihypertensive effects. This non-systematic review summarizes the modulating effects mediated by IL-10 in vascular tissue, particularly on vascular tone, and the intracellular pathway induced by this cytokine. We also highlight the advances in IL-10 manipulation as a therapeutic target in different cardiovascular pathophysiologies, including the physiological implications in animals and humans. Finally, the review illustrates current and potential future perspectives of the potential use of IL-10 in clinical trials, based on the clinical evidence.