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Feyer SP, Pinaud B, Klein K, Lein E, Schreiber F. Exploring animal behaviour multilayer networks in immersive environments - a conceptual framework. J Integr Bioinform 2024; 0:jib-2024-0022. [PMID: 39054747 DOI: 10.1515/jib-2024-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal behaviour is often modelled as networks, where, for example, the nodes are individuals of a group and the edges represent behaviour within this group. Different types of behaviours or behavioural categories are then modelled as different yet connected networks which form a multilayer network. Recent developments show the potential and benefit of multilayer networks for animal behaviour research as well as the potential benefit of stereoscopic 3D immersive environments for the interactive visualisation, exploration and analysis of animal behaviour multilayer networks. However, so far animal behaviour research is mainly supported by libraries or software on 2D desktops. Here, we explore the domain-specific requirements for (stereoscopic) 3D environments. Based on those requirements, we provide a proof of concept to visualise, explore and analyse animal behaviour multilayer networks in immersive environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Paul Feyer
- Department of Computer and Information Science, 26567 University of Konstanz , Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bruno Pinaud
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LaBRI, UMR 5800, Bordeaux, France
| | - Karsten Klein
- Department of Computer and Information Science, 26567 University of Konstanz , Konstanz, Germany
| | - Etienne Lein
- Behavioural Evolution Lab, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Falk Schreiber
- Department of Computer and Information Science, 26567 University of Konstanz , Konstanz, Germany
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Dragić N, Keynan O, Ilany A. Protocol to record multiple interaction types in small social groups of birds. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Lee PC. Groups, grouping and networks: dynamic unanswered questions for primatologists. Primates 2022; 63:187-193. [PMID: 35412094 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-00988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis C Lee
- Behaviour and Evolution Research Group and Scottish Primate Research Group, Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
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Gazes RP, Schrock AE, Leard CN, Lutz MC. Dominance and social interaction patterns in brown capuchin monkey (Cebus [Sapajus] apella) social networks. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23365. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Paxton Gazes
- Program in Animal Behavior Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Psychology Bucknell University Lewisburg Lewisburg USA
| | - Allie E. Schrock
- Program in Animal Behavior Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Corinne N. Leard
- Program in Animal Behavior Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
| | - Meredith C. Lutz
- Program in Animal Behavior Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Mathematics Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group University of California Davis California USA
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Dragić N, Keynan O, Ilany A. Multilayer social networks reveal the social complexity of a cooperatively breeding bird. iScience 2021; 24:103336. [PMID: 34820604 PMCID: PMC8602051 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The social environment of individuals affects various evolutionary and ecological processes. Their social environment is affected by individual and environmental traits. We assessed the effects of these traits on nodes and dyads in six layers of networks of Arabian babblers, representing different interaction types. Additionally, we tested how traits affect social niches in the multilayer networks using the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) dimensionality reduction algorithm. The effect of group size and season was similar across network layers, but individual traits had different effects on different layers. Additionally, we documented assortativity with respect to individual traits in the dominance display and allopreening networks. The joint analysis of all six layers revealed that most traits did not affect individuals' social niches. However, older individuals occupied fewer social niches than younger ones. Our results suggest that multilayer social networks are an important tool for understanding the complex social systems of cooperative breeders and intragroup interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Dragić
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Oded Keynan
- Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Central Arava Branch, Hatzeva 86815, Israel
| | - Amiyaal Ilany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
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van der Marel A, Prasher S, Carminito C, O'Connell CL, Phillips A, Kluever BM, Hobson EA. A framework to evaluate whether to pool or separate behaviors in a multilayer network. Curr Zool 2021; 67:101-111. [PMID: 33654494 PMCID: PMC7901760 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A multilayer network approach combines different network layers, which are connected by interlayer edges, to create a single mathematical object. These networks can contain a variety of information types and represent different aspects of a system. However, the process for selecting which information to include is not always straightforward. Using data on 2 agonistic behaviors in a captive population of monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus), we developed a framework for investigating how pooling or splitting behaviors at the scale of dyadic relationships (between 2 individuals) affects individual- and group-level social properties. We designed 2 reference models to test whether randomizing the number of interactions across behavior types results in similar structural patterns as the observed data. Although the behaviors were correlated, the first reference model suggests that the 2 behaviors convey different information about some social properties and should therefore not be pooled. However, once we controlled for data sparsity, we found that the observed measures corresponded with those from the second reference model. Hence, our initial result may have been due to the unequal frequencies of each behavior. Overall, our findings support pooling the 2 behaviors. Awareness of how selected measurements can be affected by data properties is warranted, but nonetheless our framework disentangles these efforts and as a result can be used for myriad types of behaviors and questions. This framework will help researchers make informed and data-driven decisions about which behaviors to pool or separate, prior to using the data in subsequent multilayer network analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjay Prasher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Chelsea Carminito
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Claire L O'Connell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Alexa Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Bryan M Kluever
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, Gainesville, FL, 32641, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Hobson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
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Finn KR. Multilayer network analyses as a toolkit for measuring social structure. Curr Zool 2021; 67:81-99. [PMID: 33654493 PMCID: PMC7901753 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The formalization of multilayer networks allows for new ways to measure sociality in complex social systems, including groups of animals. The same mathematical representation and methods are widely applicable across fields and study systems, and a network can represent drastically different types of data. As such, in order to apply analyses and interpret the results in a meaningful way the researcher must have a deep understanding of what their network is representing and what parts of it are being measured by a given analysis. Multilayer social networks can represent social structure with more detail than is often present in single layer networks, including multiple "types" of individuals, interactions, or relationships, and the extent to which these types are interdependent. Multilayer networks can also encompass a wider range of social scales, which can help overcome complications that are inherent to measuring sociality. In this paper, I dissect multilayer networks into the parts that correspond to different components of social structures. I then discuss common pitfalls to avoid across different stages of multilayer network analyses-some novel and some that always exist in social network analysis but are magnified in multi-layer representations. This paper serves as a primer for building a customized toolkit of multilayer network analyses, to probe components of social structure in animal social systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Finn
- Neukom Institute, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Robitaille AL, Webber QMR, Turner JW, Vander Wal E. The problem and promise of scale in multilayer animal social networks. Curr Zool 2021; 67:113-123. [PMID: 33654495 PMCID: PMC7901766 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scale remains a foundational concept in ecology. Spatial scale, for instance, has become a central consideration in the way we understand landscape ecology and animal space use. Meanwhile, scale-dependent social processes can range from fine-scale interactions to co-occurrence and overlapping home ranges. Furthermore, sociality can vary within and across seasons. Multilayer networks promise the explicit integration of the social, spatial, and temporal contexts. Given the complex interplay of sociality and animal space use in heterogeneous landscapes, there remains an important gap in our understanding of the influence of scale on animal social networks. Using an empirical case study, we discuss ways of considering social, spatial, and temporal scale in the context of multilayer caribou social networks. Effective integration of social and spatial processes, including biologically meaningful scales, within the context of animal social networks is an emerging area of research. We incorporate perspectives that link the social environment to spatial processes across scales in a multilayer context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec L Robitaille
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Quinn M R Webber
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Interdisciplinary Program, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Julie W Turner
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Eric Vander Wal
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Interdisciplinary Program, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
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Crailsheim D, Romani T, Llorente M, Kalcher-Sommersguter E. Assessing the sociability of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees by using multiplex networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20969. [PMID: 33262388 PMCID: PMC7708499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the field of social network analysis facilitate the creation of multiplex networks where several interaction types can be analysed simultaneously. In order to test the potential benefits of this approach, we investigated the sociability of atypically raised chimpanzees by constructing and analysing 4-layered multiplex networks of two groups of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). These networks are based on four social interaction types (stationary vicinity, affiliative behaviour, allogrooming, passive close proximity) representing low- to high-level interaction types in terms of sociability. Using the tools provided by the MuxViz software, we could assess and compare the similarity and information gain of each these social interaction types. We found some social interaction types to be more similar than other ones. However, each social interaction type imparted different information. We also tested for a possible impact of the chimpanzees’ biographical background on the social interaction types and found affiliative behaviour as well as allogrooming to be affected by adverse early life experiences. We conclude that this multiplex approach provides a more realistic framework giving detailed insight into the sociability of these chimpanzees and can function as a tool to support captive care management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Crailsheim
- Unitat de Recerca i Etologia, Fundació MONA, Riudellots de La Selva, Spain. .,Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - Toni Romani
- Faculty of Artes Liberales, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miquel Llorente
- Unitat de Recerca i Etologia, Fundació MONA, Riudellots de La Selva, Spain.,Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca i Estudis en Primatologia - IPRIM, Girona, Spain
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