1
|
Sripad P, Pinchoff J, Dadi C, Dougherty L. Measuring social norms related to child marriage among married women and men in Niger. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307595. [PMID: 39058690 PMCID: PMC11280256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child marriage remains prevalent in the Sahel region. Pervasive norms regarding child marriage, and sexual behavior persist. We explored norms from multiple perspectives to strengthen interventions aimed at delaying age at marriage. METHODS This study analyzed a cross-sectional household survey conducted in Niger in 2022 with women aged 15-49 (n = 2,726) and a subset of their male household members aged 15-59 (n = 1,136). Separate logistic regression models assessed factors associated with three descriptive (e.g., perception of what others do) and injunctive (e.g., perception of a group's approval or disapproval) normative outcomes related to practices that support marriage as soon as a girl reaches puberty and beliefs related to premarital sex. RESULTS Our study found a greater proportion of men described early marriage as protective from the fear of socially induced ruined marital prospects for women (70% vs. 64%), while women expressed its protection from being harassed (62% compared to 42%). The injunctive norm outcome that "my neighbors think that one should marry off one's daughter as soon as she reaches puberty" was significantly associated with the belief that child marriage was protective for females among women (OR = 4.49; 95% CI 3.13. 5.50) and men (OR = 8.21; 95% CI 5.88, 11.45). CONCLUSIONS Programs addressing child marriage should consider both male and female perspectives to address differences and foster an environment where communities and families shift norms to delay early marriage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sripad
- Population Council, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jessie Pinchoff
- Population Council, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Chaibou Dadi
- Conception Etudes Suivi Evaluation Appuis Formation, Niamey, Niger
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thomas HL, Bell SO, Karp C, Omoluabi E, Kibira SP, Makumbi F, Galadanci H, Shiferaw S, Seme A, Moreau C, Wood SN. A qualitative exploration of reproductive coercion experiences and perceptions in four geo-culturally diverse sub-Saharan African settings. SSM. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN HEALTH 2024; 5:100383. [PMID: 38911288 PMCID: PMC11190838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive coercion (RC) is any intentional behavior that interferes with another's reproductive decision-making or pregnancy outcome. This study aims to qualitatively examine RC experiences and perceptions among women and men in Ethiopia, Nigeria (Kano and Anambra States), and Uganda. This is a secondary analysis utilizing qualitative data from the Women's and Girls' Empowerment in Sexual and Reproductive Health study. Across sites, focus group discussions (38 groups; n=320 participants) and in-depth interviews (n=120) were conducted, recorded, and transcribed. Transcripts were loaded into Atlas.ti, and quotes describing experiences of reproductive control or abuse were coded as "reproductive coercion." RC quotes were input into a matrix for thematic analysis. Emergent RC themes included indirect reproductive pressures, direct family planning interference, concurrent experiences of violence, and responses to RC. Indirect reproductive pressures included tactics to both promote and prevent pregnancy, while direct interference centered on pregnancy promotion. Women who were not compliant with their partners' reproductive demands were often subjected to violence from multiple actors (i.e., parents, in-laws, community members) in addition to their partners. Despite concurrent forms of violence, women across sites resisted RC by using contraceptives covertly, choosing to abort, or leaving their abusive partnerships. Women and men across sites indicated that men were highly influential in fertility. RC behaviors were a mechanism of control over desired reproductive outcomes, which were often rooted in perceptions of childbearing as social status. Findings indicate a need for more nuanced community interventions targeting social norms, as well as improved RC screening and response within health services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haley L. Thomas
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Suzanne O. Bell
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Celia Karp
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hadiza Galadanci
- Center for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Shiferaw
- Department of Reproductive Health and Health Service Management, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Assefa Seme
- Department of Reproductive Health and Health Service Management, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Soins Primaires et Prévention, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Shannon N. Wood
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wood SN, Thomas HL, Guiella G, Bazié F, Mosso R, Fassassi R, Akilimali PZ, Thiongo M, Gichangi P, Oumarou S, OlaOlorun FM, Omoluabi E, Khanna A, Kibira SPS, Makumbi F, Decker MR. Prevalence and correlates of reproductive coercion across ten sites: commonalities and divergence. Reprod Health 2023; 20:22. [PMID: 36707833 PMCID: PMC9881347 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-023-01568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive coercion (RC) is a type of abuse where a partner asserts control over a woman's reproductive health trajectories. Recent research emphasizes that RC experiences may differ within and across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), as compared to higher income contexts, given social pressures surrounding childbearing. To date, nationally representative surveys have lacked comprehensive measures for RC, leading to gaps in understanding its prevalence and risk factors. Across eight LMICs (10 sites), we aimed to (1) validate the RC Scale; (2) calculate prevalence of RC and specific behaviors; and (3) assess correlates of RC. METHODS This analysis leverages cross-sectional Performance Monitoring for Action (PMA) data collected from November 2020 to May 2022. Analyses were limited to women in need of contraception (Burkina Faso n = 2767; Côte d'Ivoire n = 1561; Kongo Central, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) n = 830; Kinshasa, DRC n = 846; Kenya n = 4588; Kano, Nigeria n = 535; Lagos, Nigeria n = 612; Niger n = 1525; Rajasthan, India n = 3017; Uganda n = 2020). Past-year RC was assessed via five items adapted from the original RC Scale and previously tested in LMICs. Confirmatory factor analysis examined fit statistics by site. Per-item and overall prevalence were calculated. Site-specific bivariate and multivariable logistic regression examined RC correlates across the socioecological framework. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed goodness of fit across all sites, with moderate internal consistency (alpha range: 0.66 Cote d'Ivoire-0.89 Kinshasa, DRC/Lagos, Nigeria). Past-year reported prevalence of RC was highest in Kongo Central, DRC (20.3%) and lowest in Niger (3.1%). Prevalence of individual items varied substantially by geography. Polygyny was the most common RC risk factor across six sites (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) range: 1.59-10.76). Increased partner education levels were protective in Kenya and Kano, Nigeria (aOR range: 0.23-0.67). Other assessed correlates differed by site. CONCLUSIONS Understanding RC prevalence and behaviors is central to providing woman-centered reproductive care. RC was most strongly correlated with factors at the partner dyad level; future research is needed to unpack the relative contributions of relationship power dynamics versus cultural norms surrounding childbearing. Family planning services must recognize and respond to women's immediate needs to ensure RC does not alter reproductive trajectories, including vulnerability to unintended pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N. Wood
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, E4009, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Haley L. Thomas
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, E4009, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Georges Guiella
- grid.463389.30000 0000 9980 0286Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population (ISSP/University of Ouagadougou), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Fiacre Bazié
- grid.463389.30000 0000 9980 0286Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population (ISSP/University of Ouagadougou), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Rosine Mosso
- grid.508476.80000 0001 2107 3477Ecole Nationale Superieure de Statistique et Appliquee d’Abidjan (ENSEA), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Raimi Fassassi
- grid.508476.80000 0001 2107 3477Ecole Nationale Superieure de Statistique et Appliquee d’Abidjan (ENSEA), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Pierre Z. Akilimali
- grid.9783.50000 0000 9927 0991Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Mary Thiongo
- International Centre for Reproductive Health-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter Gichangi
- International Centre for Reproductive Health-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya ,grid.449703.d0000 0004 1762 6835Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sani Oumarou
- Institut National de la Statistique du Niger, Niamey, Niger
| | - Funmilola M. OlaOlorun
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth Omoluabi
- grid.8974.20000 0001 2156 8226University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anoop Khanna
- grid.464858.30000 0001 0495 1821Indian Institute of Health Management Research, Sanganer, Jaipur, India
| | - Simon Peter Sebina Kibira
- grid.464858.30000 0001 0495 1821Indian Institute of Health Management Research, Sanganer, Jaipur, India
| | - Fredrick Makumbi
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michele R. Decker
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, E4009, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wood SN, Dozier JL, Karp C, Desta S, Decker MR, Shiferaw S, Seme A, Yirgu R, Zimmerman LA. Pregnancy coercion, correlates, and associated modern contraceptive use within a nationally representative sample of Ethiopian women. Sex Reprod Health Matters 2022; 30:2139891. [PMID: 36469634 PMCID: PMC9728127 DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2022.2139891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Partner-perpetrated pregnancy coercion inhibits women's reproductive autonomy. However, few studies have quantified pregnancy coercion and its effects on women's health within low- and middle-income countries. Among a national sample of Ethiopian women, this study aimed to: (1) assess the prevalence of past-year pregnancy coercion and explore regional differences; (2) identify correlates; (3) examine the relationship between pregnancy coercion and modern contraceptive use. Analyses utilise cross-sectional data from Performance Monitoring for Action (PMA)-Ethiopia, a nationally representative sample of females aged 15-49 conducted from October to November 2019. Past-year pregnancy coercion was assessed via five items and analysed dichotomously and categorically for severity. Among women in need of contraception, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression examined associations between variables of interest, per aim, accounting for sampling weights and clustering by enumeration area. Approximately 20% of Ethiopian women reported past-year pregnancy coercion (11.4% less severe; 8.6% more severe), ranging from 16% in Benishangul-Gumuz to 35% in Dire Dawa. Increasing parity was associated with decreased odds of pregnancy coercion. Among women in need of contraception, experience of pregnancy coercion was associated with a 32% decrease in odds of modern contraceptive use (aOR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.53-0.89); when disaggregated by severity, odds decreased for most severe pregnancy coercion (aOR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.41-0.83). Results indicate that partner-perpetrated pregnancy coercion is prevalent across diverse regions of Ethiopia, and most severe forms could interrupt recent gains in contraceptive coverage and progress to sexual and reproductive health and rights. Providers must be aware of potential contraceptive interference and address coercive influences during contraceptive counselling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N Wood
- Assistant Scientist, Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica L Dozier
- PhD Student, Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Celia Karp
- Assistant Scientist, Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Selamawit Desta
- Director of Survey Operations, Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michele R Decker
- Bloomberg Professor of American Health, Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Women’s Health and Rights Program Director, Center for Public Health & Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Joint Professor, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Solomon Shiferaw
- Associate Professor, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Assefa Seme
- Associate Professor, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Robel Yirgu
- Associate Professor, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Linnea A Zimmerman
- Assistant Professor, Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dixit A, Ghule M, Rao N, Battala M, Begum S, Johns NE, Averbach S, Raj A. Qualitative Examination of the Role and Influence of Mothers-in-Law on Young Married Couples' Family Planning in Rural Maharashtra, India. GLOBAL HEALTH, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022; 10:e2200050. [PMID: 36316150 PMCID: PMC9622279 DOI: 10.9745/ghsp-d-22-00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Unmet need for family planning (FP) continues to be high in India, especially among young and newly married women. Mothers-in-law (MILs) often exert pressure on couples for fertility and control decision making and behaviors around fertility and FP, yet there is a paucity of literature to understand their perspectives. Ten focus group discussions (FGDs) were carried out with MILs of young married women (aged 18-29 years) participating in a couple-focused FP intervention as a part of a cluster-randomized intervention evaluation trial (the CHARM2 study) in rural Maharashtra, India. FGDs included questions on their roles, attitudes, and decision making around fertility and FP. Audio-recorded data were translated/transcribed into English and analyzed for key themes using a deductive coding method. MILs reported having social norms of early fertility and son preference. They understood that family size norms are lower among daughters-in-law and that spacing can be beneficial but were not supportive of short-term contraceptives, especially before the first child. They preferred female sterilization, opposed abortion, had apprehensions around side effects from contraceptive use, and had misconceptions about the intrauterine device, with particular concerns around its coercive insertion. MILs mostly believed that decision making should be done jointly by a husband and wife, but that as elders, they should be consulted and involved in the decision-making process. These findings highlight the need for engagement of MILs for FP promotion in rural India and the potential utility of social norms interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anvita Dixit
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mohan Ghule
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Namratha Rao
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Shahina Begum
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Nicole E Johns
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Averbach
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anita Raj
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Education Studies, Division of Social Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meinhart M, Seff I, Troy K, McNelly S, Vahedi L, Poulton C, Stark L. Identifying the Impact of Intimate Partner Violence in Humanitarian Settings: Using an Ecological Framework to Review 15 Years of Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6963. [PMID: 34209746 PMCID: PMC8297014 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive form of gender-based violence that exacerbates in humanitarian settings. This systematic review examined the myriad IPV impacts and the quality of existing evidence of IPV in humanitarian settings. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) procedures, a total of 51 articles were included from the 3924 screened. We identified the impact of IPV across two levels of the ecological framework: individual and microsystem. Our findings corroborated previous evidence that indicated IPV to be associated with adverse physical and mental health for survivors. Our findings also uniquely synthesized the intergenerational impact of IPV in humanitarian settings. However, findings highlighted a glaring gap in evidence examining the non-health impact of IPV for survivors in humanitarian settings and across levels of the ecological framework. Without enhanced research of women and girls and the violence they experience, humanitarian responses will continue to underachieve, and the needs of women and girls will continue to be relegated as secondary interests. Investment should prioritize addressing the range of both health and non-health impacts of IPV among individuals, families, and communities, as well as consider how the humanitarian environment influences these linkages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Meinhart
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, in St. Louis 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (M.M.); (I.S.); (K.T.); (S.M.); (L.V.)
| | - Ilana Seff
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, in St. Louis 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (M.M.); (I.S.); (K.T.); (S.M.); (L.V.)
| | - Katrina Troy
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, in St. Louis 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (M.M.); (I.S.); (K.T.); (S.M.); (L.V.)
| | - Samantha McNelly
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, in St. Louis 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (M.M.); (I.S.); (K.T.); (S.M.); (L.V.)
| | - Luissa Vahedi
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, in St. Louis 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (M.M.); (I.S.); (K.T.); (S.M.); (L.V.)
| | | | - Lindsay Stark
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, in St. Louis 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (M.M.); (I.S.); (K.T.); (S.M.); (L.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wood SN, Kennedy SR, Akumu I, Tallam C, Asira B, Hameeduddin Z, McGready J, Zimmerman LA, Kennedy CE, Glass N, Decker MR. Reproductive Coercion among Intimate Partner Violence Survivors in Nairobi. Stud Fam Plann 2020; 51:343-360. [PMID: 33336831 DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive coercion (RC), or partner interference in reproductive decisions, limits women's autonomy. Little is known about RC behaviors and measurement in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this mixed-methods study, we examined the transferability of the US-developed RC Scale to the Kenyan context. Through community-based sampling, recent intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors were recruited from Nairobi's informal settlements. We conducted quantitative analyses (n = 327) to assess the transferability of RC measures via exploratory factor analysis and used descriptive statistics to examine prevalence and continuous metrics. We conducted in-depth interviews (IDIs; n = 30) to contextualize results. Psychometric analyses indicated a two-factor solution comprising pregnancy coercion and condom manipulation (alpha = 0.86). Eighty-two percent of IPV survivors reported experiencing RC (pregnancy coercion = 76.6 percent; condom manipulation = 59.5 percent). IDIs highlighted women's multiple, severe RC experiences; experiences described in IDIs were largely consistent with quantitative findings. We found the RC Scale was transferable to this LMIC context, where IPV survivors face prevalent, severe RC and would benefit from linkage to woman-centered support services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N Wood
- Shannon N. Wood, Linnea A. Zimmerman, Zaynab Hameeduddin, Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. Contact Author
| | - S Rachel Kennedy
- S. Rachel Kennedy, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, USA
| | - Irene Akumu
- Irene Akumu, Catherine Tallam, Ben Asira, Mashinani Department, Ujamaa-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catherine Tallam
- Irene Akumu, Catherine Tallam, Ben Asira, Mashinani Department, Ujamaa-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ben Asira
- Irene Akumu, Catherine Tallam, Ben Asira, Mashinani Department, Ujamaa-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zaynab Hameeduddin
- Shannon N. Wood, Linnea A. Zimmerman, Zaynab Hameeduddin, Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. Contact Author
| | - John McGready
- John McGready, Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Linnea A Zimmerman
- Shannon N. Wood, Linnea A. Zimmerman, Zaynab Hameeduddin, Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. Contact Author
| | - Caitlin E Kennedy
- Caitlin E. Kennedy, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nancy Glass
- S. Rachel Kennedy, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, USA.,Caitlin E. Kennedy, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.,Nancy Glass, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, USA.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.,Center for Global Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Michele R Decker
- Shannon N. Wood, Linnea A. Zimmerman, Zaynab Hameeduddin, Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. Contact Author.,S. Rachel Kennedy, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, USA.,Michele R. Decker, Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.,Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, USA.,Center for Public Health & Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| |
Collapse
|