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Winiarska N, Roszkowski B, Paskal W, Majak M, Pietruski P. The Concept of Ideal Lips of Caucasian Female: An Anthropometric Analysis of the Lower Third of the Face. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04299-1. [PMID: 39198279 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demand for lip-redefining procedures has been rising in recent years, thus creating the need for reliable and detailed reference sources on aesthetic female lips. This study investigates the morphology of the lower third of the face, including the lips and jawline, of attractive young Caucasian females. METHODS A semi-automatic photogrammetric analysis of the faces of professional female photograph models (n=400) of the Caucasian race aged 18-39 was performed. Angular, linear, and surface area parameters were evaluated. A graphical summarization of the average facial shape of all analyzed attractive females was generated as an average body contours (ABC) image. RESULTS The height of the lower third of the face equaled 0.32 ± 0.02 of the total facial height. The average lip width was 48.06 ± 3.34 mm. The upper vermilion height was found to be significantly lower than the lower vermilion height (6.47 ± 1.36 vs. 11.64 ± 1.46 mm, p < 0.01). The lip obliquity angle was found to be 1.05° ± 0.79°. The area surface of the upper lip vermilion was considerably smaller than the vermilion of the lower lip (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This is one of the largest studies on attractive Caucasian females' lips and lower face morphology. The data it provides, including the graphical presentation of the aesthetic lower face as an ABC image, may provide physicians with valuable guidelines for lips rejuvenation and reconstruction procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wiktor Paskal
- Center for Preclinical Research, Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Majak
- Department of Systems and Computer Networks, Faculty of Electronics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Pietruski
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Center of Oncology of the Lublin Region, St. Jana z Dukli, Jaczewskiego 7 Street, 20-090, Lublin, Lubelskie, Poland
- Ambroziak Clinic, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Walker M, Stephan E. The effect of approach and avoidance motivation on self-perception. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 248:104391. [PMID: 39029398 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This work addresses the link between motivation and self-perception by systematically studying visual self-representations. We propose that the way individuals perceive themselves may be associated with dispositional and situationally induced approach and avoidance motivation. First, we investigate how dispositional differences in approach/avoidance motivation and self-esteem relate to self-perception. Second, we investigate how state differences in approach/avoidance motivation relate to self-perception. Based on motivation literature, we predicted that self-perception would reflect psychological equanimity at the dispositional level (seeing the self in a favorable light), and motivational flexibility at the situational level (situational avoidance motivation results in a more realistic view of one's qualities). We use up-to-date face modeling methods to measure individuals' self-perceptions in a systematic, nuanced, and implicit way: Participants are repeatedly asked to indicate which of two portrait versions better represents themselves. Then we relate distortions in self-perceptions to agency and communion dimensions. We demonstrate that (1) participants low in self-esteem show more communion enhancement than participants high in self-esteem; (2) participants in an avoidance state show less agency enhancement (i.e., more realistic self-perceptions) than participants in an approach state. This research is first to demonstrate regularities in visual self-perception that are linked to approach and avoidance motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Walker
- University of Teacher Education Lucerne, Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Skomina Z, Kuhar M, Verdenik M, Ihan Hren N. Stereophotometric facial changes in edentulous older adults after rehabilitation with complete dentures. Gerodontology 2024. [PMID: 38988093 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the facial characteristics of edentulous older adults who underwent rehabilitation using complete dentures, and to compare them with dentate individuals. BACKGROUND Edentulism rehabilitation with complete dentures aims to restore occlusion and facial aesthetics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 102 edentulous participants needing prosthodontic rehabilitation with complete dentures and 30 with a natural dentition (aged >65). The 3D facial scans were performed using an Artec optical scanner. Superficial facial landmarks were identified, and 16 parameters were calculated. Regional analysis with the superimposition of two scans was used to calculate the average distances and percentage of non-matching surfaces in the 11 regions. Paired and independent t-tests (α = .05) were used to test for group differences, as appropriate. RESULTS After rehabilitation with complete dentures, facial changes were most noticeable in the perioral region: wider rima oris, longer upper lip, wider upper vermilion, and more protruded profile. The comparison of facial regions without and with dentures showed fuller and curvier cheeks, with no direct influence of dentures. The edentulous faces with dentures appeared shorter and more retruded than those of dentate individuals. A narrower lower vermilion, retruded upper lip, and more flattened facial profile were observed in females with dentures than in their dentate peers. CONCLUSION Besides the expected positive influence of rehabilitation with complete dentures on facial appearance in the perioral region, there are some unexpected changes, such as fuller cheeks, but there is still deficiency in vertical facial dimensions and a more flattened facial profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zala Skomina
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Ljubljana, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan Kuhar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Medicine Ljubljana, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Verdenik
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Ihan Hren
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Chairman of Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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4
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Donato L, Ubelaker DH, Marsella L, Camatti J, Treglia M, Cecchi R. Father figure: Study of the age progression process from old pictures and its value in forensic sciences. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2024; 68:102421. [PMID: 38401334 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The application of age progression to the search for missing persons demonstrates its usefulness in being able to reconstruct the aged face based on the current age of a person who has been missing for many years. Age progression takes into account facial physiognomic elements and their changes over time. Based on these premises, the present study aims to investigate the evolution of somatic features, from childhood to adulthood, of one of the authors' father using photos at different ages of him. Sixteen photos were collected depicting an individual of Italian origin between the age of 1 and 72. The photos were processed in Adobe© Photoshop software to graphically highlight the shape development of individual physiognomic elements. The shape of the face, eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth, and cheeks were analysed in detail using a morphological approach. The ageing processes that occurred in this case were discussed on the basis of the literature. The present study demonstrates the in-depth analysis of the dynamics of facial growth in a single case. Nonetheless, aging is different for each individual, so further studies are necessary to observe facial development on as many subjects as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas H Ubelaker
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
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Walczak A, Krenz-Niedbała M, Łukasik S. Insight into age-related changes of the human facial skeleton based on medieval European osteological collection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20564. [PMID: 37996537 PMCID: PMC10667279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging changes in the facial skeleton are concentrated mostly in orbits, maxilla and mandible. The aim of this study was to analyze metric traits of the adult viscerocranium in a medieval sample from Cedynia (Poland, Central Europe) and confront the results with literature data for modern populations. It was assumed that diet-related greater biomechanical forces generated during mastication in medieval versus modern times led to slower rate of bone resorption with age. 3D models of the facial skeleton are created for 230 individuals, categorized into young, middle and old adults, and a subgroup of edentulous middle adults is distinguished. Orbits, piriform aperture, maxilla and mandible are measured using Geomagic Studio 12 and analyzed among age categories as well as dentate and edentulous subgroups. The values of the orbital and piriform aperture measurements tend to increase with age and reached statistical significance in males (right orbit height, left orbit width, piriform aperture surface area). In females, maxillary height significantly decrease at right first premolar and first molar, together with height of the right mandibular ramus. In edentulous individuals of both sexes the orbits are wider, and maxillary and mandibular heights are lower than in dentate individuals. This study reveals similar character and direction of the aging process of the facial skeleton in medieval and modern adults, however slower rate of resorptive changes is found in the former sample, which suggests, that diet-related biomechanical forces can influence intensification of the aging processes in the facial skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Walczak
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Marta Krenz-Niedbała
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Sylwia Łukasik
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
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Donato L, Cecchi R, Dagoli S, Treglia M, Pallocci M, Zanovello C, Ubelaker DH, Marsella LT. Facial age progression: Review of scientific literature and value for missing person identification in forensic medicine. J Forensic Leg Med 2023; 100:102614. [PMID: 37976962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Douglas H Ubelaker
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
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7
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Feng Q, Zhou J, Zhang G, Mei H, Su C, Jiang C, Zhang M, Jiang F, Liao G, Li J. Evaluation of optimal anterior-posterior position of upper incisors through ANS point: a retrospective study on a Chinese sample. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:5947-5955. [PMID: 37599319 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to determine the optimal anterior-posterior (AP) position of upper incisors through Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS) point. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lateral cephalometric radiographic images of 690 patients were collected and divided into a derivation group and a validation group, and the former were subdivided into a proper AP position (PAP) group and an improper AP position (iPAP) group. The distance from facia-axis (FA) point of upper incisors to the line perpendicular to Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane through ANS (FA-ANS) was measured, and the relationship between FA-ANS and several cephalometric indices were studied through Pearson correlation analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for different clinical indices were analyzed to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of optimal AP position of upper incisors. RESULTS The average value of FA-ANS in PAP group was 0.57±1.99, which was significantly different from FA-ANS in iPAP group. Cephalometric indices such as U1-NA, U1-SN, AB-NPo, UL-TVL, Wits, and ANB were found to be correlated with FA-ANS. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves represented a greater diagnostic efficiency of FA-ANS compared with other clinical indices. CONCLUSIONS ANS point, as a stable skeletal landmark, could be used to access an optimal AP position of upper incisors, providing aids to clinical diagnosis and treatment goal determination for clinical practice. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A new index FA-ANS, together with other traditional indices, could help determine the optimal position of upper incisors and provide a personalized therapeutic plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Guanning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongxiang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chongying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fulin Jiang
- Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Gongjie Liao
- Department of Stomatology, Suining Municipal Hospital of TCM, Suining, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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8
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Liu AS, Salinas CA, Sharaf BA. Using Artificial Intelligence to Quantify Sexual Dimorphism in Aesthetic Faces: Analysis of 100 Facial Points in 42 Caucasian Celebrities. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum 2023; 5:ojad046. [PMID: 37441561 PMCID: PMC10335162 DOI: 10.1093/asjof/ojad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual dimorphism has been studied in the faces of average populations and worldwide celebrities; however, a focused analysis of attractive Caucasian faces has not been conducted. Objective The study harnesses the power of artificial intelligence (AI) to efficiently analyze these facial patterns in attractive Caucasian male and female celebrities. Methods Twenty-one male and 21 female Caucasian celebrities were selected based on popular editorial rankings, modeling agencies, and casting directors from 2017 to 2022. Frontal photographs of celebrities aged 23 to 42 without facial animation were selected. One hundred facial landmarks were identified using semi-automatic image analysis software consisting of modified Apple Vision (Cupertino, CA) machine-learning algorithms with additional custom landmarks. Measurements were converted to absolute distances by fixing subjects' white-to-white corneal diameters to the validated average in Caucasians. Results Attractive females had significantly greater upper and middle facial proportions, more uniformly divided facial thirds, and greater canthal tilt compared with males. Attractive males had significantly greater facial height, bizygomatic and bigonial widths, medial and total brow lengths, and alar width than females. The golden ratio (1.618) was observed in the ratio of facial height to bigonial width in females (1.613), and attractive males closely approximated that ratio (1.566). There were no significant differences in interpupillary distances, eyebrow angles, or horizontal palpebral fissure lengths. No faces in either sex exhibited scleral show. Conclusions The study is the first to utilize AI in quantifying key sexual dimorphisms among Caucasian celebrity faces. Identifying these contemporary patterns may provide valuable considerations in planning facial aesthetic and gender affirmation surgery. Level of Evidence 3
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Basel A Sharaf
- Corresponding Author: Dr Basel A. Sharaf, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. E-mail:
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9
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D’Argenio G, Finisguerra A, Urgesi C. Spatial Frequency Tuning of Body Inversion Effects. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020190. [PMID: 36831733 PMCID: PMC9954120 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Body inversion effects (BIEs) reflect the deployment of the configural processing of body stimuli. BIE modulates the activity of body-selective areas within both the dorsal and the ventral streams, which are tuned to low (LSF) or high spatial frequencies (HSF), respectively. The specific contribution of different bands to the configural processing of bodies along gender and posture dimensions, however, is still unclear. Seventy-two participants performed a delayed matching-to-sample paradigm in which upright and inverted bodies, differing for gender or posture, could be presented in their original intact form or in the LSF- or HSF-filtered version. In the gender discrimination task, participants' performance was enhanced by the presentation of HSF images. Conversely, for the posture discrimination task, a better performance was shown for either HSF or LSF images. Importantly, comparing the amount of BIE across spatial-frequency conditions, we found greater BIEs for HSF than LSF images in both tasks, indicating that configural body processing may be better supported by HSF information, which will bias processing in the ventral stream areas. Finally, the exploitation of HSF information for the configural processing of body postures was lower in individuals with higher autistic traits, likely reflecting a stronger reliance on the local processing of body-part details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia D’Argenio
- PhD Program in Neural and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (C.U.)
| | | | - Cosimo Urgesi
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Pasian di Prato (Udine), 33037 Udine, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (C.U.)
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Schutte H, Muradin MSM, Bielevelt F, Janssen NG, Bleys RLAW, Rosenberg AJWP. The average three-dimensional face for different sex and age groups in a Dutch population. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023:S0901-5027(23)00002-4. [PMID: 36639344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of three-dimensional imaging calls for reference models representing large parts of the population. The aim of this prospective study was to create templates depicting facial maturation in the younger age groups. Healthy Dutch volunteers were captured, without selection of inclusions. Three-dimensional average faces were created using MATLAB, for both genders in four age groups (4-8 years, 8-12 years, 12-16 years, and ≥16 years). Variation within the groups was calculated and depicted on an average face with a green to red colour scale, corresponding to standard deviations between 0 and ≥ 3 mm, respectively. Measurements of the distances of eight peri-oral landmarks were provided as ratios. The statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Tukey's test. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the average face and their first principal component were created for each gender and age group. The first principal component comprised the facial width for each group, and the variation of landmarks was low. All ratios showed an increasing trend with increasing age, except for the ratio of philtrum width to mouth width. This study is novel in comparing facial morphology by means of ratios and in creating average faces for the different young age groups. These data provide useful insights into facial maturation, which might be beneficial for facial surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schutte
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - M S M Muradin
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F Bielevelt
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboudumc 3D Lab, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - N G Janssen
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R L A W Bleys
- Department of Functional Anatomy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A J W P Rosenberg
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Velemínská J, Jaklová LK, Kočandrlová K, Hoffmannová E, Koudelová J, Suchá B, Dupej J. Three-dimensional analysis of modeled facial aging and sexual dimorphism from juvenile to elderly age. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21821. [PMID: 36528705 PMCID: PMC9759541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed understanding of craniofacial ontogenetic development is important in a variety of scientific disciplines dealing with facial reconstruction, forensic identification, ageing prediction, and monitoring of pathological growth, including the effect of therapy. The main goals of this study were (1) the construction of the facial aging model using local polynomial regression fitting separately for both sexes, (2) evaluation of the aging effect not only on facial form as a whole but also on dimensions important for clinical practice, and (3) monitoring of the development of shape facial sexual dimorphism. Our study was based on the form and shape analysis of three-dimensional facial surface models of 456 individuals aged 14-83 years. The facial models were obtained using a structured light-based optical scanner and divided (for some analyses) into four age categories (juveniles, young adults, middle adults, and elderly adults). The methodology was based on geometric and classic morphometrics including multivariate statistics. Aging in both sexes shared common traits such as more pronounced facial roundness reducing facial convexity, sagging soft tissue, smaller visible areas of the eyes, greater nose, and thinner lips. In contrast to female faces, male faces increase in size until almost 30 years of age. After the age of 70, male facial size not only stagnates, like in females, but actually decreases slightly. Sexual dimorphic traits tended to diminish in the frontal and orbitonasal areas and increase in the gonial area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Velemínská
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kožejová Jaklová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Kočandrlová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Hoffmannová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Koudelová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Suchá
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Dupej
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Skomina Z, Kočevar D, Verdenik M, Hren NI. Older adults' facial characteristics compared to young adults' in correlation with edentulism: a cross sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:503. [PMID: 35701747 PMCID: PMC9199120 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Facial ageing is a result of superficial wrinkling combined with changes to the underlying soft tissues and skeleton. The influence of tooth loss, as a geriatric characteristic, on facial appearance is still poorly explained. The aim was to evaluate the facial characteristics of older adults, correlate these characteristics with the dentition and make comparisons with young adults using a non-invasive 3D methodology. Methods 90 participants older than 65 years, classified into 3 subgroups (edentulous, partially edentulous, toothed) and 30 young adults were evaluated. Their faces were scanned with an optical Artec 3D-scanner. Cephalometric analyses were made using the RapidForm computer program. An independent t-test and ANOVA were used for the comparisons. Pairwise, post-hoc tests were applied with respect to the significant differences (P < 0.05). Results The faces of older adults are wider and longer because of the longer middle facial height. Older adults also have a longer upper lip, a larger nose, a smaller nasolabial angle (due to the nasal ptosis), narrower upper- and lower-lip vermilions and larger facial and lower-facial-height angles, resulting in a flat facial profile. The facial changes due to ageing are the most pronounced in the edentulous. In comparison with the toothed, they have a smaller facial height due to the smaller lower facial height, larger nasolabial angle, smaller mouth width, shorter upper lip and narrower lip vermilions. Their profile is flatter and their lips are more retruded. Conclusions The proportions of the whole face are changed in older adults and they are the most expressed when this is combined with tooth loss. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-022-03190-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zala Skomina
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Hrvatski trg 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Dominik Kočevar
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Verdenik
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Hrvatski trg 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Ihan Hren
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Hrvatski trg 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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D'Argenio G, Finisguerra A, Urgesi C. Experience-dependent reshaping of body gender perception. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 86:1184-1202. [PMID: 34387745 PMCID: PMC9090903 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protracted exposure to specific stimuli causes biased visual aftereffects at both low- and high-level dimensions of a stimulus. Recently, it has been proposed that alterations of these aftereffects could play a role in body misperceptions. However, since previous studies have mainly addressed manipulations of body size, the relative contribution of low-level retinotopic and/or high-level object-based mechanisms is yet to be understood. In three experiments, we investigated visual aftereffects for body-gender perception, testing for the tuning of visual aftereffects across different characters and orientation. We found that exposure to a distinctively female (or male) body makes androgynous bodies appear as more masculine (or feminine) and that these aftereffects were not specific for the individual characteristics of the adapting body (Exp.1). Furthermore, exposure to only upright bodies (Exp.2) biased the perception of upright, but not of inverted bodies, while exposure to both upright and inverted bodies (Exp.3) biased perception for both. Finally, participants' sensitivity to body aftereffects was lower in individuals with greater communication deficits and deeper internalization of a male gender role. Overall, our data reveals the orientation-, but not identity-tuning of body-gender aftereffects and points to the association between alterations of the malleability of body gender perception and social deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia D'Argenio
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. giulia.d'
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, via Margreth, 3, 33100, Udine, Italy. giulia.d'
| | | | - Cosimo Urgesi
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, via Margreth, 3, 33100, Udine, Italy.
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Pasian di Prato, Udine, Italy.
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14
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Zupan J, Ihan Hren N, Verdenik M. An evaluation of three-dimensional facial changes after surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME): an observational study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:155. [PMID: 35501780 PMCID: PMC9063160 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abnormal facial features in maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD) are minimal and limited to a deficiency of the middle facial third, narrow nares and nasal base, and deepened nasolabial folds. The surgical expansion of the narrow maxilla has most obvious effects on widening of the maxillary dental arch and expansion of the maxillary and palatal structures in the transverse plane, however sagittal changes also occurs. The purpose of this observational study was to evaluate the three-dimensional (3D) facial soft tissue changes following surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME). METHODS In 15 skeletally mature patients with severe maxillary transverse deficiency, the planned maxillary expansion (on average 8.8 mm ± 2.3 mm) was achieved with a bone-borne palatal distractor. The 3D optical scans of the facial surface were obtained before and six months after SARME. In the first part, we defined different anatomical landmarks on both scans and compared cephalometric measurements. In the second part, we registered both 3D scans in the same workplace using the regional best-fit method (forehead, supraorbital and nasal root regions were selected for the superimposition) and conducted surface analysis. RESULTS The largest differences between the pre- and post-operation scans were observed in the paranasal and cheek area (1.4 ± 1.0 mm). Significant differences occurred for an increased nasal width, a decreased upper-face height with an unchanged lower height, an increased vertical philtrum height and an increased nasolabial angle. A significant increase in the facial profile angle was also observed, resulting in an increased facial convexity and anterior displacement of the upper-lip area. CONCLUSIONS The widening of the nose and increased projection in the cheek and paranasal area in the lateral direction after maxillary expansion were confirmed; moreover, facial convexity increases, reflecting the underlying advancement of the maxilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurij Zupan
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Ihan Hren
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Verdenik
- Clinical Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, UKCLJ, Zaloska cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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15
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Pietruski P, Majak M. The Concept of an Ideal Lips of Caucasian Male: An Anthropometric Analysis of the Lower Third of the Face. Aesthet Surg J 2022; 42:1130-1141. [PMID: 35290428 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lips play a significant role in determining the aesthetic perception of a human face. However, there is little data on the perioral region morphometry of attractive males. OBJECTIVES This study investigates the morphology of the lower third of the face, including the lips and jawline, of attractive young Caucasian males. METHODS A complex semi-automatic photogrammetric analysis of faces of male photo models (n=300) of the Caucasian race, aged 18-39 years old, was performed. Linear, angular, and surface area parameters were evaluated. In addition, an Average Body Contours (ABC) image was created, providing the graphical summarization of facial size and shapes of all analyzed individuals. RESULTS The height of the lower third of the face equaled 0.35 ± 0.03 of the total facial height. The average lip width was 50.98 ± 3.74 mm. The upper vermilion height was found significantly lower than the lower vermilion height (5.9 ± 1.62 vs. 11.15 ± 1.88 mm, p<0.01). The lip obliquity angle was found to be 1.01 o ± 0.73 o. The area surface of the lower lip vermilion was considerably larger than the vermilion of the upper lip (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The vast amount of morphometric data, including the novel presentation method as an ABC image, on the attractive male's lower third of the face, may provide the surgeons with practical guidelines for lips surgical and nonsurgical rejuvenation procedures. It may also support the perioral region reconstruction and sex reassignment surgery in achieving satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Pietruski
- Gruca Orthopaedic and Trauma Teaching Hospital, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Majak
- Department of Systems and Computer Networks, Faculty of Electronics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
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16
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Butovskaya ML, Rostovtseva VV, Mezentseva AA. Facial and body sexual dimorphism are not interconnected in the Maasai. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:3. [PMID: 34996526 PMCID: PMC8740871 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-021-00276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this paper, we investigate facial sexual dimorphism and its' association with body dimorphism in Maasai, the traditional seminomadic population of Tanzania. We discuss findings on other human populations and possible factors affecting the developmental processes in Maasai. METHODS Full-face anthropological photographs were obtained from 305 Maasai (185 men, 120 women) aged 17-90 years. Facial shape was assessed combining geometric morphometrics and classical facial indices. Body parameters were measured directly using precise anthropological instruments. RESULTS Sexual dimorphism in Maasai faces was low, sex explained 1.8% of the total shape variance. However, male faces were relatively narrower and vertically prolonged, with slightly wider noses, narrower-set and lower eyebrows, wider mouths, and higher forehead hairline. The most sexually dimorphic regions of the face were the lower jaw and the nose. Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR), measured in six known variants, revealed no significant sexual dimorphism. The allometric effects on facial traits were mostly related to the face growth, rather than the growth of the whole body (body height). Significant body dimorphism was demonstrated, men being significantly higher, with larger wrist diameter and hand grip strength, and women having higher BMI, hips circumferences, upper arm circumferences, triceps skinfolds. Facial and body sexual dimorphisms were not associated. CONCLUSIONS Facial sex differences in Maasai are very low, while on the contrary, the body sexual dimorphism is high. There were practically no associations between facial and body measures. These findings are interpreted in the light of trade-offs between environmental, cultural, and sexual selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
- The National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 101000, Russia.
- Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, 125047, Russia.
| | - Victoria V Rostovtseva
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Anna A Mezentseva
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
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17
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Wen F, Zuo B, Wang Y, Ma S, Song S, Zhang H. Non-Pregnant and Pregnant Women's Femininity Preferences in Male Faces: Tests Based on Within- and Between-Sex Sexual Dimorphism Facial Manipulations. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:531-541. [PMID: 33398708 PMCID: PMC7889572 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Past research on women's preferences for male facial masculinity in Western cultures has produced inconsistent results. Some inconsistency may be related to the use of different facial stimulus manipulations (e.g., between-sex sexual dimorphic facial manipulation or within-sex sexual dimorphic facial manipulation) that do not perfectly avoid non-facial cues, and pregnancy status may also influence women's face preferences. We therefore recruited pregnant and nonpregnant Chinese women and manipulated the sexual dimorphism of male facial stimuli to explore the influences of manipulation methods, non-facial cues, and pregnancy status on face preferences. Results showed that: (1) in contrast with a general masculinity preference observed in Western cultures, both pregnant and nonpregnant Chinese women preferred feminized and neutral male faces generally; (2) pregnant women's preference for feminized male faces was stable across manipulation methods, while nonpregnant women preferred feminized male faces except under between-sex sexual dimorphism manipulation; and (3) manipulation methods, rather than non-facial cues, influenced participants' face preferences. Specifically, women showed the strongest preferences for femininity when face stimuli were manipulated by within-sex sexual dimorphic facial manipulation, followed by unmanipulated faces and between-sex sexual dimorphic facial manipulation. This effect was stronger for nonpregnant women in the unmanipulated condition and for pregnant women in the between-sex sexual dimorphic facial manipulation. This research provides empirical evidence of women's preferences for sexual dimorphism in male faces in a non-Western culture, as well as the effects of facial manipulation methods, pregnancy status, and the interactions between these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wen
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Social Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Bin Zuo
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Social Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Social Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Shuhan Ma
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Social Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Shijie Song
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Social Psychology, Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Xiantao First People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Xiantao, China
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