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Mashanov V, Ademiluyi S, Jacob Machado D, Reid R, Janies D. Echinoderm radial glia in adult cell renewal, indeterminate growth, and regeneration. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1258370. [PMID: 37841894 PMCID: PMC10570448 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1258370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms are a phylum of marine deterostomes with a range of interesting biological features. One remarkable ability is their impressive capacity to regenerate most of their adult tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). The research community has accumulated data that demonstrates that, in spite of the pentaradial adult body plan, echinoderms share deep similarities with their bilateral sister taxa such as hemichordates and chordates. Some of the new data reveal the complexity of the nervous system in echinoderms. In terms of the cellular architecture, one of the traits that is shared between the CNS of echinoderms and chordates is the presence of radial glia. In chordates, these cells act as the main progenitor population in CNS development. In mammals, radial glia are spent in embryogenesis and are no longer present in adults, being replaced with other neural cell types. In non-mammalian chordates, they are still detected in the mature CNS along with other types of glia. In echinoderms, radial glia also persist into the adulthood, but unlike in chordates, it is the only known glial cell type that is present in the fully developed CNS. The echinoderm radial glia is a multifunctional cell type. Radial glia forms the supporting scaffold of the neuroepithelium, exhibits secretory activity, clears up dying or damaged cells by phagocytosis, and, most importantly, acts as a major progenitor cell population. The latter function is critical for the outstanding developmental plasticity of the adult echinoderm CNS, including physiological cell turnover, indeterminate growth, and a remarkable capacity to regenerate major parts following autotomy or traumatic injury. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the organization and function of the echinoderm radial glia, with a focus on the role of this cell type in adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mashanov
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Soji Ademiluyi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Denis Jacob Machado
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Robert Reid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Daniel Janies
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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Angileri KM, Bagia NA, Feschotte C. Transposon control as a checkpoint for tissue regeneration. Development 2022; 149:dev191957. [PMID: 36440631 PMCID: PMC10655923 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration requires precise temporal control of cellular processes such as inflammatory signaling, chromatin remodeling and proliferation. The combination of these processes forms a unique microenvironment permissive to the expression, and potential mobilization of, transposable elements (TEs). Here, we develop the hypothesis that TE activation creates a barrier to tissue repair that must be overcome to achieve successful regeneration. We discuss how uncontrolled TE activity may impede tissue restoration and review mechanisms by which TE activity may be controlled during regeneration. We posit that the diversification and co-evolution of TEs and host control mechanisms may contribute to the wide variation in regenerative competency across tissues and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M. Angileri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 526 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Nornubari A. Bagia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 526 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Cedric Feschotte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 526 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Mittal V, Reid RW, Machado DJ, Mashanov V, Janies DA. EchinoDB: an update to the web-based application for genomic and transcriptomic data on echinoderms. BMC Genom Data 2022; 23:75. [PMID: 36274129 PMCID: PMC9590158 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-022-01090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Here we release a new version of EchinoDB, EchinoDB v2.0 ( https://echinodb.uncc.edu ). EchinoDB is a database of genomic and transcriptomic data on echinoderms. The initial database consisted of groups of 749,397 orthologous and paralogous transcripts arranged in orthoclusters by sequence similarity. RESULTS The updated version of EchinoDB includes two new major datasets: the RNA-Seq data of the brittle star Ophioderma brevispinum and the high-quality genomic assembly data of the green sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. In addition, we enabled keyword searches for annotated data and installed an updated version of Sequenceserver to allow Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) searches. The data are downloadable in FASTA format. The first version of EchinoDB appeared in 2016 and was implemented in GO on a local server. The new version has been updated using R Shiny to include new features and improvements in the application. Furthermore, EchinoDB now runs entirely in the cloud for increased reliability and scaling. CONCLUSION EchinoDB serves a user base drawn from the fields of phylogenetics, developmental biology, genomics, physiology, neurobiology, and regeneration. As use cases, we illustrate the function of EchinoDB in retrieving components of signaling pathways involved in the tissue regeneration process of different echinoderms, including the emerging model species Ophioderma brevispinum. Moreover, we use EchinoDB to shed light on the conservation of the molecular components involved in two echinoderm-specific phenomena: spicule matrix proteins involved in the formation of stereom endoskeleton and the tensilin protein that contributes to the capacity of the connective tissues to quickly change its mechanical properties. The genes involved in the former had been previously studied in echinoids, while gene sequences involved in the latter had been previously described in holothuroids. Specifically, we ask (a) if the biomineralization-related proteins previously reported only in sea urchins are also present in other, non-echinoid, echinoderms and (b) if tensilin, the protein responsible for the control of stiffness of the mutable collagenous tissue, previously described in sea cucumbers, is conserved across the phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnika Mittal
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9331 Robert D. Snyder Rd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
| | - Robert W Reid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9331 Robert D. Snyder Rd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Denis Jacob Machado
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9331 Robert D. Snyder Rd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Vladimir Mashanov
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 91 Technology Way NE, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Daniel A Janies
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9331 Robert D. Snyder Rd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
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Czarkwiani A, Taylor J, Oliveri P. Neurogenesis during Brittle Star Arm Regeneration Is Characterised by a Conserved Set of Key Developmental Genes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091360. [PMID: 36138839 PMCID: PMC9495562 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Injuries to the central nervous system most often lead to irreversible damage in humans. Brittle stars are marine animals related to sea stars and sea urchins, and are one of our closest evolutionary relatives among invertebrates. Extraordinarily, they can perfectly regenerate their nerves even after completely severing the nerve cord after arm amputation. Understanding what genes and cellular mechanisms are used for this natural repair process in the brittle star might lead to new insights to guide strategies for therapeutics to improve outcomes for central nervous system injuries in humans. Abstract Neural regeneration is very limited in humans but extremely efficient in echinoderms. The brittle star Amphiura filiformis can regenerate both components of its central nervous system as well as the peripheral system, and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this ability is key for evolutionary comparisons not only within the echinoderm group, but also wider within deuterostomes. Here we characterise the neural regeneration of this brittle star using a combination of immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and Nanostring nCounter to determine the spatial and temporal expression of evolutionary conserved neural genes. We find that key genes crucial for the embryonic development of the nervous system in sea urchins and other animals are also expressed in the regenerating nervous system of the adult brittle star in a hierarchic and spatio-temporally restricted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Czarkwiani
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (P.O.)
| | - Jack Taylor
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paola Oliveri
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Center for Life’s Origins and Evolution, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (P.O.)
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Mashanov V, Machado DJ, Reid R, Brouwer C, Kofsky J, Janies DA. Twinkle twinkle brittle star: the draft genome of Ophioderma brevispinum (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) as a resource for regeneration research. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:574. [PMID: 35953768 PMCID: PMC9367165 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinoderms are established models in experimental and developmental biology, however genomic resources are still lacking for many species. Here, we present the draft genome of Ophioderma brevispinum, an emerging model organism in the field of regenerative biology. This new genomic resource provides a reference for experimental studies of regenerative mechanisms. Results We report a de novo nuclear genome assembly for the brittle star O. brevispinum and annotation facilitated by the transcriptome assembly. The final assembly is 2.68 Gb in length and contains 146,703 predicted protein-coding gene models. We also report a mitochondrial genome for this species, which is 15,831 bp in length, and contains 13 protein-coding, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs genes, respectively. In addition, 29 genes of the Notch signaling pathway are identified to illustrate the practical utility of the assembly for studies of regeneration. Conclusions The sequenced and annotated genome of O. brevispinum presented here provides the first such resource for an ophiuroid model species. Considering the remarkable regenerative capacity of this species, this genome will be an essential resource in future research efforts on molecular mechanisms regulating regeneration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1186/s12864-022-08750-y).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mashanov
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, 27101, NC, USA. .,University of North Florida, Department of Biology, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, 32224, FL, USA.
| | - Denis Jacob Machado
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Computing and Informatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, 28223, NC, USA
| | - Robert Reid
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Computing and Informatics, North Carolina Research Campus, 150 Research Campus Drive, Kannapolis, 28081, NC, USA
| | - Cory Brouwer
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Computing and Informatics, North Carolina Research Campus, 150 Research Campus Drive, Kannapolis, 28081, NC, USA
| | - Janice Kofsky
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Computing and Informatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, 28223, NC, USA
| | - Daniel A Janies
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Computing and Informatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, 28223, NC, USA
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Lee Y, Kim B, Jung J, Koh B, Jhang SY, Ban C, Chi WJ, Kim S, Yu J. Chromosome-level genome assembly of Plazaster borealis sheds light on the morphogenesis of multiarmed starfish and its regenerative capacity. Gigascience 2022; 11:6636911. [PMID: 35809048 PMCID: PMC9270726 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plazaster borealis has a unique morphology, displaying multiple arms with a clear distinction between disk and arms, rather than displaying pentaradial symmetry, a remarkable characteristic of echinoderms. Herein we report the first chromosome-level reference genome of P. borealis and an essential tool to further investigate the basis of the divergent morphology. Findings In total, 57.76 Gb of a long read and 70.83 Gb of short-read data were generated to assemble a de novo 561-Mb reference genome of P. borealis, and Hi-C sequencing data (57.47 Gb) were used for scaffolding into 22 chromosomal scaffolds comprising 92.38% of the genome. The genome completeness estimated by BUSCO was 98.0% using the metazoan set, indicating a high-quality assembly. Through the comparative genome analysis, we identified evolutionary accelerated genes known to be involved in morphogenesis and regeneration, suggesting their potential role in shaping body pattern and capacity of regeneration. Conclusion This first chromosome-level genome assembly of P. borealis provides fundamental insights into echinoderm biology, as well as the genomic mechanism underlying its unique morphology and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujung Lee
- Department of Research, eGnome, Inc., 26 Beobwon-ro 9-gil, Sonpa-gu, Seoul 05836, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongsang Kim
- Department of Research, eGnome, Inc., 26 Beobwon-ro 9-gil, Sonpa-gu, Seoul 05836, Republic of Korea.,Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences and Research Institute of Population Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Jung
- Department of Research, eGnome, Inc., 26 Beobwon-ro 9-gil, Sonpa-gu, Seoul 05836, Republic of Korea.,Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences and Research Institute of Population Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomin Koh
- Department of Research, eGnome, Inc., 26 Beobwon-ro 9-gil, Sonpa-gu, Seoul 05836, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yun Jhang
- Department of Research, eGnome, Inc., 26 Beobwon-ro 9-gil, Sonpa-gu, Seoul 05836, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyoung Ban
- Department of Research, eGnome, Inc., 26 Beobwon-ro 9-gil, Sonpa-gu, Seoul 05836, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jae Chi
- Department of Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonok Kim
- Department of Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoong Yu
- Department of Research, eGnome, Inc., 26 Beobwon-ro 9-gil, Sonpa-gu, Seoul 05836, Republic of Korea
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A subterminal growth zone at arm tip likely underlies life-long indeterminate growth in brittle stars. Front Zool 2022; 19:15. [PMID: 35413857 PMCID: PMC9004015 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-022-00461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinoderms are a phylum of marine invertebrates with close phylogenetic relationships to chordates. Many members of the phylum Echinodermata are capable of extensive post-traumatic regeneration and life-long indeterminate growth. Different from regeneration, the life-long elongation of the main body axis in adult echinoderms has received little attention. The anatomical location and the nature of the dividing progenitor cells contributing to adults' growth is unknown. RESULTS We show that the proliferating cells that drive the life-long growth of adult brittle star arms are mostly localized to the subterminal (second from the tip) arm segment. Each of the major anatomical structures contains dividing progenitors. These structures include: the radial nerve, water-vascular canal, and arm coelomic wall. Some of those proliferating progenitor cells are capable of multiple rounds of cell division. Within the nervous system, the progenitor cells were identified as a subset of radial glial cells that do not express Brn1/2/4, a transcription factor with a conserved role in the neuronal fate specification. In addition to characterizing the growth zone and the nature of the precursor cells, we provide a description of the microanatomy of the four distal-most arm segments contrasting the distal with the proximal segments, which are more mature. CONCLUSIONS The growth of the adult brittle star arms occurs via proliferation of progenitor cells in the distal segments, which are most abundant in the second segment from the tip. At least some of the progenitors are capable of multiple rounds of cell division. Within the nervous system the dividing cells were identified as Brn1/2/4-negative radial glial cells.
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Zheng M, Zueva O, Hinman V. Regeneration of the larval sea star nervous system by wounding induced respecification to the sox2 lineage. eLife 2022; 11:72983. [PMID: 35029145 PMCID: PMC8809897 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to restore lost body parts following traumatic injury is a fascinating area of biology that challenges current understanding of the ontogeny of differentiation. The origin of new cells needed to regenerate lost tissue, and whether they are pluripotent or have de- or trans-differentiated, remains one of the most important open questions . Additionally, it is not known whether developmental gene regulatory networks are reused or whether regeneration specific networks are deployed. Echinoderms, including sea stars, have extensive ability for regeneration, however, the technologies for obtaining transgenic echinoderms are limited and tracking cells involved in regeneration, and thus identifying the cellular sources and potencies has proven challenging. In this study, we develop new transgenic tools to follow the fate of populations of cells in the regenerating larva of the sea star Patiria miniata. We show that the larval serotonergic nervous system can regenerate following decapitation. Using a BAC-transgenesis approach we show that expression of the pan ectodermal marker, sox2, is induced in previously sox2 minus cells , even when cell division is inhibited. sox2+ cells give rise to new sox4+ neural precursors that then proceed along an embryonic neurogenesis pathway to reform the anterior nervous systems. sox2+ cells contribute to only neural and ectoderm lineages, indicating that these progenitors maintain their normal, embryonic lineage restriction. This indicates that sea star larval regeneration uses a combination of existing lineage restricted stem cells, as well as respecification of cells into neural lineages, and at least partial reuse of developmental GRNs to regenerate their nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyan Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Olga Zueva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Veronica Hinman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States
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Medina-Feliciano JG, García-Arrarás JE. Regeneration in Echinoderms: Molecular Advancements. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:768641. [PMID: 34977019 PMCID: PMC8718600 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.768641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Which genes and gene signaling pathways mediate regenerative processes? In recent years, multiple studies, using a variety of animal models, have aimed to answer this question. Some answers have been obtained from transcriptomic and genomic studies where possible gene and gene pathway candidates thought to be involved in tissue and organ regeneration have been identified. Several of these studies have been done in echinoderms, an animal group that forms part of the deuterostomes along with vertebrates. Echinoderms, with their outstanding regenerative abilities, can provide important insights into the molecular basis of regeneration. Here we review the available data to determine the genes and signaling pathways that have been proposed to be involved in regenerative processes. Our analyses provide a curated list of genes and gene signaling pathways and match them with the different cellular processes of the regenerative response. In this way, the molecular basis of echinoderm regenerative potential is revealed, and is available for comparisons with other animal taxa.
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冯 茂, 杨 双, 罗 道, 彭 双, 娄 方, 肖 金. [Osteogenic Capacity and Mettl14 and Notch1 Expression of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Osteoporotic Rats]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2021; 52:423-429. [PMID: 34018360 PMCID: PMC10409211 DOI: 10.12182/20210560502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the differences in the osteogenic capacity of osteoporotic adipose-derived stem cells (OP-ASCs) and normal control adipose-derived stem cells (Ctrl-ASCs), and to examine the expression levels of RNA methyltransferase like 14 (Mettl14) and the Notch signaling molecule 1 (Notch1). METHODS The osteoporosis (OP) model of SD rats was established with ovariectomy (OVX). Micro-CT, HE staining and Masson staining were performed to identify the successful establishment of the OP model, OP-ASCs and Ctrl-ASCs were isolated and cultured adherently. Then, the three-way differentiation capacity of the adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) was determined through alizarin red staining, alcian blue staining and oil red O staining and flow cytometry was conducted to examine the surface antigens CD29, CD44, CD90, CD31, CD34, and CD45. Alizarin red staining and comparison of the mRNA and protein expression of Run-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) were done to explore the differences in osteogenic potential of OP-ASCs and Ctrl-ASCs. Real-time PCR and Western blot were performed to explore the expression differences of Mettl14 and Notch1 at mRNA and protein levels between OP-ASCs and Ctrl-ASCs. RESULTS Micro-CT, HE and Masson staining results showed that the number of trabecular bone decreased and the spacing increased in the tibias of the osteoporosis group (OP group) compared with those of the control group (Ctrl group), indicating that the OP model was established successfully. Three-way differentiation and flow cytometry results confirmed the successful isolation and culture of ASCs. After osteogenic induction, alizarin red staining showed that OP-ASCs had fewer number and more scattered distribution of mineralized nodules than Ctrl-ASCs did. The expression of Runx2 in OP-ASCs was lower than that in Ctrl-ASCs ( P<0.05). Mettl14 as well as Notch1 showed lower expression in OP-ASCs than they did in Ctrl-ASCs ( P<0.05). CONCLUSION The osteogenic capacity of OP-ASCs was lower compared with that of Ctrl-ASCs, Mettl14 expression of OP-ASCs was decreased compared with that of Ctrl-ASCs, and the Notch signaling pathway was inhibited in OP-ASCs. The study helps build the foundation for further investigation in the specific mechanisms of Mettl14 and Notch1 during osteogenic differentiation of OP-ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- 茂耕 冯
- 西南医科大学附属口腔医院 口腔颌面外科 (泸州 646000)Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - 双林 杨
- 西南医科大学附属口腔医院 口腔颌面外科 (泸州 646000)Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - 道文 罗
- 西南医科大学附属口腔医院 口腔颌面外科 (泸州 646000)Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - 双麟 彭
- 西南医科大学附属口腔医院 口腔颌面外科 (泸州 646000)Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - 方芝 娄
- 西南医科大学附属口腔医院 口腔颌面外科 (泸州 646000)Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - 金刚 肖
- 西南医科大学附属口腔医院 口腔颌面外科 (泸州 646000)Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- 西南医科大学附属口腔医院 口颌面修复重建和再生实验室 (泸州 646000)Orofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration Laboratory, the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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11
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Transcriptomic analysis of early stages of intestinal regeneration in Holothuria glaberrima. Sci Rep 2021; 11:346. [PMID: 33431961 PMCID: PMC7801731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms comprise a group of animals with impressive regenerative capabilities. They can replace complex internal organs following injury or autotomy. In holothurians or sea cucumbers, cellular processes of intestinal regeneration have been extensively studied. The molecular machinery behind this faculty, however, remains to be understood. Here we assembled and annotated a de novo transcriptome using RNA-seq data consisting of regenerating and non-regenerating intestinal tissues from the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. Comparisons of differential expression were made using the mesentery as a reference against 24 h and 3 days regenerating intestine, revealing a large number of differentially expressed transcripts. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis showed evidence of increasing transcriptional activity. Further analysis of transcripts associated with transcription factors revealed diverse expression patterns with mechanisms involving developmental and cancer-related activity that could be related to the regenerative process. Our study demonstrates the broad and diversified gene expression profile during the early stages of the process using the mesentery as the focal point of intestinal regeneration. It also establishes the genes that are the most important candidates in the cellular processes that underlie regenerative responses.
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Ferrario C, Sugni M, Somorjai IML, Ballarin L. Beyond Adult Stem Cells: Dedifferentiation as a Unifying Mechanism Underlying Regeneration in Invertebrate Deuterostomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:587320. [PMID: 33195242 PMCID: PMC7606891 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.587320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of regenerative phenomena seen in adult metazoans, as well as their underlying mechanistic bases, are still far from being comprehensively understood. Reviewing both ultrastructural and molecular data, the present work aims to showcase the increasing relevance of invertebrate deuterostomes, i.e., echinoderms, hemichordates, cephalochordates and tunicates, as invaluable models to study cellular aspects of adult regeneration. Our comparative approach suggests a fundamental contribution of local dedifferentiation -rather than mobilization of resident undifferentiated stem cells- as an important cellular mechanism contributing to regeneration in these groups. Thus, elucidating the cellular origins, recruitment and fate of cells, as well as the molecular signals underpinning tissue regrowth in regeneration-competent deuterostomes, will provide the foundation for future research in tackling the relatively limited regenerative abilities of vertebrates, with clear applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Ferrario
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ildiko M. L. Somorjai
- The Willie Russel Laboratories, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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