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Sadikan MZ, Abdul Nasir NA, Ibahim MJ, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R. Identifying the stability of housekeeping genes to be used for the quantitative real-time PCR normalization in retinal tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:794-805. [PMID: 38766348 PMCID: PMC11074185 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.05.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the stability of the seven housekeeping genes: beta-actin (ActB), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 18s ribosomal unit 5 (18s), cyclophilin A (CycA), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), ribosomal protein large P0 (36B4) and terminal uridylyl transferase 1 (U6) in the diabetic retinal tissue of rat model. METHODS The expression of these seven genes in rat retinal tissues was determined using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in two groups; normal control rats and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The stability analysis of gene expression was investigated using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and comparative delta-Ct (ΔCt) algorithms. RESULTS The 36B4 gene was stably expressed in the retinal tissues of normal control animals; however, it was less stable in diabetic retinas. The 18s gene was expressed consistently in both normal control and diabetic rats' retinal tissue. That this gene was the best reference for data normalisation in RT-qPCR studies that used the retinal tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, there was no ideal gene stably expressed for use in all experimental settings. CONCLUSION Identifying relevant genes is a need for achieving RT-qPCR validity and reliability and must be appropriately achieved based on a specific experimental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zulfiqah Sadikan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Manipal University College Malaysia (MUCM), Bukit Baru, Melaka 75150, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Alimah Abdul Nasir
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor 47000, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor 47000, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Johari Ibahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor 47000, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd 400131, Russia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Petersen PHD, Lopacinska-Jørgensen J, Høgdall CK, Høgdall EV. Identification of stably expressed microRNAs in plasma from high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma and benign tumor patients. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10235-10247. [PMID: 37934368 PMCID: PMC10676310 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is a lethal gynecological cancer and no reliable minimally invasive early diagnosis tools exist. High grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is often diagnosed at advanced stages, resulting in poorer outcome than those diagnosed in early stage. Circulating microRNAs have been investigated for their biomarker potential. However, due to lack of standardization methods for microRNA detection, there is no consensus, which microRNAs should be used as stable endogenous controls. We aimed to identify microRNAs that are stably expressed in plasma of HGSOC and benign ovarian tumor patients. METHODS AND RESULTS We isolated RNA from plasma samples of 60 HGSOC and 48 benign patients. RT-qPCR was accomplished with a custom panel covering 40 microRNAs and 8 controls. Stability analysis was performed using five algorithms: Normfinder, geNorm, Delta-Ct, BestKeeper and RefFinder using an R-package; RefSeeker developed by our study group [1]. Among 41 analyzed RNAs, 13 were present in all samples and eligible for stability analysis. Differences between stability rankings were observed across algorithms. In HGSOC samples, hsa-miR-126-3p and hsa-miR-23a-3p were identified as the two most stable miRNAs. In benign samples, hsa-miR-191-5p and hsa-miR-27a-3p were most stable. In the combined HGSOC and benign group, hsa-miR-23a-3p and hsa-miR-27a-3p were identified by both the RefFinder and Normfinder analysis as the most stable miRNAs. CONCLUSIONS Consensus regarding normalization approaches in microRNA studies is needed. The choice of endogenous microRNAs used for normalization depends on the histological content of the cohort. Furthermore, normalization also depends on the algorithms used for stability analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H D Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 25, Herlev, 2730, Denmark
| | - Joanna Lopacinska-Jørgensen
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 25, Herlev, 2730, Denmark
| | - Claus K Høgdall
- Department of Gynecology, The Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Estrid V Høgdall
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 25, Herlev, 2730, Denmark.
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Wang W, Zhang X, Xu X, Xu X, Fu L, Chen H. Systematic identification of reference genes for qRT-PCR of Ardisia kteniophylla A. DC under different experimental conditions and for anthocyanin-related genes studies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1284007. [PMID: 38023897 PMCID: PMC10656778 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1284007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Ardisia kteniophylla A. DC, widely known as folk medicinal herb and ornamental plant, has been extensively investigated due to its unique leaf color, anti-cancer and other pharmacological activities. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was an excellent tool for the analysis of gene expression with its high sensitivity and quantitative properties. Normalizing gene expression with stable reference genes was essential for qRT-PCR accuracy. In addition, no studies have yet been performed on the selection, verification and stability of internal reference genes suitable for A. kteniophylla, which has greatly hindered the biomolecular researches of this species. In this study, 29 candidate genes were successfully screened according to stable expression patterns of large-scale RNA seq data that from a variety of tissues and the roots of different growth stages in A. kteniophylla. The candidates were then further determined via qRT-PCR in various experimental samples, including MeJA, ABA, SA, NaCl, CuSO4, AgNO3, MnSO4, CoCl2, drought, low temperature, heat, waterlogging, wounding and oxidative stress. To assess the stability of the candidates, five commonly used strategies were employed: delta-CT, geNorm, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and the comprehensive tool RefFinder. In summary, UBC2 and UBA1 were found to be effective in accurately normalizing target gene expression in A. kteniophella regardless of experimental conditions, while PP2A-2 had the lowest stability. Additionally, to verify the reliability of the recommended reference genes under different colored leaf samples, we examined the expression patterns of six genes associated with anthocyanin synthesis and regulation. Our findings suggested that PAP1 and ANS3 may be involved in leaf color change in A. kteniphella. This study successfully identified the ideal reference gene for qRT-PCR analysis in A. kteniphella, providing a foundation for future research on gene function, particularly in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Modern Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Acadamy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Modern Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Acadamy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Modern Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Acadamy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xingchou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Formosa A, Acton E, Lee A, Turgeon P, Izhar S, Plant P, Tsoporis JN, Soussi S, Trahtemberg U, Baker A, dos Santos CC. Validation of reference gene stability for miRNA quantification by reverse transcription quantitative PCR in the peripheral blood of patients with COVID-19 critical illness. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286871. [PMID: 37643172 PMCID: PMC10464995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has created an urgency to study the host gene response that leads to variable clinical presentations of the disease, particularly the critical illness response. miRNAs have been implicated in the mechanism of host immune dysregulation and thus hold potential as biomarkers and/or therapeutic agents with clinical application. Hence, further analyses of their altered expression in COVID-19 is warranted. An important basis for this is identifying appropriate reference genes for high quality expression analysis studies. In the current report, NanoString technology was used to study the expression of 798 miRNAs in the peripheral blood of 24 critically ill patients, 12 had COVID-19 and 12 were COVID-19 negative. A list of potentially stable candidate reference genes was generated that included ten miRNAs. The top six were analyzed using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in a total of 41 patients so as to apply standard computational algorithms for validating reference genes, namely geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder. There was general agreement among all four algorithms in the ranking of four stable miRNAs: miR-186-5p, miR-148b-3p, miR-194-5p and miR-448. A detailed analysis of their output rankings led to the conclusion that miR-186-5p and miR-148b-3p are appropriate reference genes for miRNA expression studies using PaxGene tubes in the peripheral blood of patients critically ill with COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Formosa
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erica Acton
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Biology & Biochemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy Lee
- Molecular Biology & Biochemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul Turgeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shehla Izhar
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela Plant
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim N. Tsoporis
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabri Soussi
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Uriel Trahtemberg
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Critical Care Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Andrew Baker
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia C. dos Santos
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kumara PM, Varun E, Sanjay JR, Madhushree AH, Thimmappa R. De novo transcriptome analysis of Dysoxylum binectariferum to unravel the biosynthesis of pharmaceutically relevant specialized metabolites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1098987. [PMID: 37636089 PMCID: PMC10450223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1098987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The tropical tree, D. binectariferum, is a prominent source of chromone alkaloid rohitukine, which is used in the semi-syntheses of anticancer molecules such as flavopiridol and P-276-00. The biosynthetic pathway of rohitukine or its derivatives is currently unknown in plants. Here, we explored chromone alkaloid biosynthesis in D. binectariferum through targeted transcriptome sequencing. Illumina sequencing of leaves and roots of a year-old D. binectariferum seedling generated, 42.43 and 38.74 million paired-end short reads, respectively. Quality filtering and de novo assembly of the transcriptome generated 274,970 contigs and 126,788 unigenes with an N50 contig length of 1560 bp. The assembly generated 117,619 translated unigene protein sequences and 51,598 non-redundant sequences. Nearly 80% of these non-redundant sequences were annotated to publicly available protein and nucleotide databases, suggesting the completeness and effectiveness of the transcriptome assembly. Using the assembly, we identified a chalcone synthase (CHS) and three type III polyketide synthases (PKS-III; non-CHS type) that are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis of chromone ring/noreugenin moiety of rohitukine. We also identified key enzymes like lysine decarboxylase in the piperidine pathway that make the piperidine moiety of rohitukine. Besides these, the upstream enzymes in flavonoid biosynthesis like phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), trans-cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H),4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), and chalcone isomerase (CHI) have also been identified. Also, terpene synthases that are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis of various terpenoid scaffolds have been identified. Together, the D. binectariferum transcriptome resource forms a basis for further exploration of biosynthetic pathways of these valuable compounds through functional validation of the candidate genes and metabolic engineering in heterologous hosts. Additionally, the transcriptome dataset generated will serve as an important resource for research on functional genomics and enzyme discovery in D. binectariferum and comparative analysis with other Meliaceae family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patel Mohana Kumara
- Department of Biotechnology and Crop Improvement, Kittur Rani Chennamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
- Center for Ayurveda Biology and Holistic Nutrition, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Eranna Varun
- Center for Ayurveda Biology and Holistic Nutrition, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Joshi Renuka Sanjay
- Center for Ayurveda Biology and Holistic Nutrition, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anchedoddi Hanumegowda Madhushree
- Center for Ayurveda Biology and Holistic Nutrition, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramesha Thimmappa
- Amity Institute of Genome Engineering, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
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Lin Y, Liu G, Rao Y, Wang B, Tian R, Tan Y, Peng T. Identification and validation of reference genes for qRT-PCR analyses under different experimental conditions in Allium wallichii. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 281:153925. [PMID: 36657231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Himalayan onion (Allium wallichii) is a perennial bulbous herb with high ornamental value and has long been used as traditional medicines in Nepal and China because of the anti-cancer and anti-microbial activities. Wild Allium wallichii features different flower colors, including purple, pink, deep purple and white. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of color formation during A. wallichii flower development stages due to the lack of optimal reference genes. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful tool for quantifying expression levels of target genes. The accuracy of qRT-PCR analyses is largely dependent on the identification of stable reference genes for data normalization. The stability of reference gene expression may vary with plant species and environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to select stable reference genes for qRT-PCR analyses of target genes at flower development stages, in different flower colors and organs for Allium wallichii. The CDSs of eight potential reference genes (TUB2, ACT1, GAPC, EF1α, UBQ, UBC, SAND and CYP1) were cloned and their stability was evaluated by four programs (Delta Ct, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper), and the results were further integrated into a comprehensive rank by RefFinder. The results showed that TUB2 and GAPC were the most stable two reference genes at different developmental stages of purple- and white-flower genotypes and across all samples. UBC and TUB2 expression was stable at different developmental stages of purple flowers. CYP1 and TUB2 were stably expressed at different developmental stages of white flowers. GAPC and SAND showed the highest rankings in different flower colors. TUB2 and EF1α performed the best in different tissues. ACT1 was the least stable gene in all tested samples. Moreover, DIHYDROFLAVONOL-4-REDUCTASE (DFR) gene that involved in anthocyanin synthesis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the selected candidates. This study identified the first set of suitable reference genes for qRT-PCR analyses, which will lay the foundation for gene function study in A. wallichii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Guofeng Liu
- Department of Botany, Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Ying Rao
- College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Plant Science&Technology of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruifeng Tian
- Human Resources Development Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tan
- College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ting Peng
- College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Zhou Y, Meng F, Han K, Zhang K, Gao J, Chen F. Screening and validating of endogenous reference genes in Chlorella sp. TLD 6B under abiotic stress. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1555. [PMID: 36707665 PMCID: PMC9883494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorella sp. TLD 6B, a microalgae growing in the Taklamakan Desert, Xinjiang of China, is a good model material for studying the physiological and environmental adaptation mechanisms of plants in their arid habitats, as its adaptation to the harsh desert environment has led to its strong resistance. However, when using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to analyze the gene expression of this algae under abiotic stress, it is essential to find the suitable endogenous reference genes so to obtain reliable results. This study assessed the expression stability of 9 endogenous reference genes of Chlorella sp. TLD 6B under four abiotic stresses (drought, salt, cold and heat). These genes were selected based on the analysis results calculated by the three algorithmic procedures of geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper, which were ranked by refinder. Our research showed that 18S and GTP under drought stress, 18S and IDH under salt stress, CYP and 18S under cold stress, GTP and IDH under heat stress were the most stable endogenous reference genes. Moreover, UBC and 18S were the most suitable endogenous reference gene combinations for all samples. In contrast, GAPDH and α-TUB were the two least stable endogenous reference genes in all experimental samples. Additionally, the selected genes have been verified to be durable and reliable by detecting POD and PXG3 genes using above endogenous reference genes. The identification of reliable endogenous reference genes guarantees more accurate RT-qPCR quantification for Chlorella sp. TLD 6B, facilitating functional genomics studies of deserts Chlorella as well as the mining of resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanze Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Han
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fulong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China.
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de Oliveira LF, Piovezani AR, Ivanov DA, Yoshida L, Segal Floh EI, Kato MJ. Selection and validation of reference genes for measuring gene expression in Piper species at different life stages using RT-qPCR analysis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 171:201-212. [PMID: 35007951 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The secondary metabolism of Piper species is known to produce a myriad of natural products from various biosynthetic pathways which, represent a rich source of previously uncharacterized chemical compounds. The determination of gene expression profiles in multiple tissue/organ samples could provide valuable clues towards understanding the potential biological functions of chemical changes in these plants. Studies on gene expression by RT-qPCR require particularly careful selection of suitable reference genes as a control for normalization. Here, we provide a study for the identification of reliable reference genes in P. arboreum, P. gaudichaudianum, P. malacophyllum, and P. tuberculatum, at two different life stages: 2-month-old seedlings and adult plants. To do this, annotated sequences were recovered from transcriptome datasets of the above listed Piper spp. These sequences were subjected to expression analysis using RT-qPCR, followed by analysis using the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. A set of five genes were identified showing stable expression: ACT7 (Actin-7), Cyclophilin (Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase), EF1α (Elongation factor 1-alpha), RNABP (RNA-binding protein), and UBCE (Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme). The universality of these genes was then validated using two target genes, ADC (arginine decarboxylase) and SAMDC (S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase), which are involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines. We showed that normalization genes varied according to Piper spp., and we provide a list of recommended pairs of the best combination for each species. This study provides the first set of suitable candidate genes for gene expression studies in the four Piper spp. assayed, and the findings will facilitate subsequent transcriptomic and functional gene research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Francisco de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Rusiska Piovezani
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dimitre A Ivanov
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, Canada, N6A 3K7
| | - Leonardo Yoshida
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eny Iochevet Segal Floh
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Massuo Jorge Kato
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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Senevirathna JDM, Yonezawa R, Saka T, Igarashi Y, Funasaka N, Yoshitake K, Kinoshita S, Asakawa S. Selection of a reference gene for studies on lipid-related aquatic adaptations of toothed whales ( Grampus griseus). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17142-17159. [PMID: 34938499 PMCID: PMC8668803 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toothed whales are one group of marine mammals that has developed special adaptations, such as echolocation for predation, to successfully live in a dynamic aquatic environment. Their fat metabolism may differ from that of other mammals because toothed whales have acoustic fats. Gene expression in the metabolic pathways of animals can change with respect to their evolution and environment. A real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a reliable technique for studying the relative expressions of genes. However, since the accuracy of RT-qPCR data is totally dependent on the reference gene, the selection of the reference gene is an essential step. In this study, 10 candidate reference genes (ZC3H10, FTL, LGALS1, RPL27, GAPDH, FTH1, DCN, TCTP, NDUS5, and UBIM) were initially tested for amplification efficiency using RT-qPCR. After excluding DCN, the remaining nine genes, which are nearly 100% efficient, were selected for the gene stability analysis. Stable reference genes across eight different fat tissue, liver, and muscle samples from Grampus griseus were identified by four algorithms, which were provided in Genorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta CT. Finally, a RefFinder comprehensive ranking was performed based on the stability values, and the nine genes were ranked as follows: LGALS1 > FTL > GAPDH > ZC3H10 > FTH1 > NDUS5 > TCTP > RPL27 > UBIM. The LGALS1 and FTL genes were identified as the most stable novel reference genes. The third-ranked gene, GAPDH, is a well-known housekeeping gene for mammals. Ultimately, we suggest the use of LGALS1 as a reliable novel reference gene for genomics studies on the lipid-related aquatic adaptations of toothed whales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayan D. M. Senevirathna
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyDepartment of Aquatic BioscienceGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Animal ScienceFaculty of Animal Science and Export AgricultureUva Wellassa UniversityBadullaSri Lanka
| | - Ryo Yonezawa
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyDepartment of Aquatic BioscienceGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Taiki Saka
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyDepartment of Aquatic BioscienceGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yoji Igarashi
- Department of Life Sciences and ChemistryGraduate School of BioresourcesMie UniversityMieJapan
| | - Noriko Funasaka
- Department of Life SciencesGraduate School of BioresourcesMie UniversityMieJapan
| | - Kazutoshi Yoshitake
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyDepartment of Aquatic BioscienceGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Shigeharu Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyDepartment of Aquatic BioscienceGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Shuichi Asakawa
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyDepartment of Aquatic BioscienceGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Changes in the expression level of genes encoding transcription factors and cell wall-related proteins during Meloidogyne arenaria infection of maize (Zea mays). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6779-6786. [PMID: 34468910 PMCID: PMC8481208 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meloidogyne arenaria is an economically important root-knot nematode (RKN) species whose hosts include maize (Zea mays). The plant response to RKN infection activates many cellular mechanisms, among others, changes in the expression level of genes encoding transcription and elongation factors as well as proteins related to cell wall organization. METHODS AND RESULTS This study is aimed at characterization of expression of selected transcription and elongation factors encoding the genes WRKY53, EF1a, and EF1b as well as the ones encoding two proteins associated with cell wall functioning (glycine-rich RNA-binding protein, GRP and polygalacturonase, PG) during the maize response to M. arenaria infection. The changes in the relative level of expression of genes encoding these proteins were assessed using the reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR. The material studied were leaves and root samples collected from four maize varieties showing different susceptibilities toward M. arenaria infection, harvested at three different time points. Significant changes in the expression level of GRP between susceptible and tolerant varieties were observed. CONCLUSIONS Results obtained in the study suggest pronounced involvement of glycine-rich RNA-binding protein and EF1b in the maize response and resistance to RKN.
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