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Espeland K, Kleinauskas A, Juzenas P, Brech A, Darvekar S, Vasovic V, Warloe T, Christensen E, Jahnsen J, Peng Q. Photodynamic Effects with 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Cytokines and Exosomes in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020232. [PMID: 35203441 PMCID: PMC8869139 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a precursor to the potent photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), is an established modality for several malignant and premalignant diseases. This treatment is based on the light-activated PpIX in targeted lesions. Although numerous studies have confirmed the necrosis and apoptosis involved in the mechanism of action of this modality, little information is available for the change of exosome levels after treatment. We report from the first study on the effects of ALA-PDT on cytokines and exosomes of human healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The treatment reduced the cytokines and exosomes studied, although there was variation among individual PBMC samples. This reduction is consistent with PDT-mediated survivals of subsets of PBMCs. More specifically, the ALA-PDT treatment apparently decreased all pro-inflammatory cytokines included, suggesting that this treatment may provide a strong anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, the treatment has decreased the levels of different types of exosomes, the HLA-DRDPDQ exosome in particular, which plays an important role in the rejection of organ transplantation as well as autoimmune diseases. These results may suggest future therapeutic strategies of ALA-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Espeland
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, N-1478 Lorenskog, Norway;
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
- Institute of Clinical of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence: (K.E.); (Q.P.)
| | - Andrius Kleinauskas
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
| | - Petras Juzenas
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
| | - Andreas Brech
- Institute of Clinical of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sagar Darvekar
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
| | - Vlada Vasovic
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
| | - Trond Warloe
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
| | - Eidi Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7030 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, N-7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Jahnsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, N-1478 Lorenskog, Norway;
- Institute of Clinical of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.); (P.J.); (S.D.); (V.V.); (T.W.); (E.C.)
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Correspondence: (K.E.); (Q.P.)
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Furuya K, Zheng YW, Ge JY, Zhang L, Furuta T, Liang C, Abe H, Yagi H, Hamada H, Isoda H, Hui L, Ohkohchi N, Oda T. The evidence of a macrophage barrier in the xenotransplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells to severely immunodeficient rats. Xenotransplantation 2021; 28:e12702. [PMID: 34145650 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human-to-rat hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) model is rare, unlike its human-to-mouse counterpart. The rat models are desired, especially in areas of physiology, toxicology, and pharmacology. In addition to lymphocytes, macrophages are also considered to be important for xenotransplantation. We generated a rat xenotransplantation model to prove the role of macrophages as a xenotransplantation barrier. METHODS Immunodeficiency in SRG rats, which are Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats lacking Rag2 and Il2rg, was confirmed by flow cytometry and spleen immunostaining. Human umbilical cord blood was collected after scheduled cesarean section at the University of Tsukuba Hospital. Cord blood mononuclear cells (CB-MNCs) were transplanted into the SRG rats administered several injections of clodronate liposome (CL), which cause macrophage depletion. Survival of human cells was observed by flow cytometry. Rat macrophage phagocytosis assay was performed to check the species-specific effects of rat macrophages on injected human/rat blood cells. RESULTS SRG rats were deficient in T/B/NK cells. Without CL pretreatment, human CB-MNCs were removed from SRG rats within 7 hours after transplantation. The rats pretreated with CL could survive after transplantation. Prolonged survival for more than 4 weeks was observed only following a one-time CL injection. Rat macrophages had a species-specific potential for the phagocytosis of human blood cells in vivo. CONCLUSION In human-to-rat HSCT, the short period of early macrophage control, leading to macrophage immunotolerance, is important for engraftment. The generated model can be useful for the creation of future xenotransplantation models or other clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinji Furuya
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine and School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China.,Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jian-Yun Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine and School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Ludi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Tomoaki Furuta
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruna Abe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroya Yagi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Nobuhiro Ohkohchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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