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Tyagi JL, Gupta P, Ghate MM, Kumar D, Poluri KM. Assessing the synergistic potential of bacteriophage endolysins and antimicrobial peptides for eradicating bacterial biofilms. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:272. [PMID: 38772980 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Phage-encoded endolysins have emerged as a potential substitute to conventional antibiotics due to their exceptional benefits including host specificity, rapid host killing, least risk of resistance. In addition to their antibacterial potency and biofilm eradication properties, endolysins are reported to exhibit synergism with other antimicrobial agents. In this study, the synergistic potency of endolysins was dissected with antimicrobial peptides to enhance their therapeutic effectiveness. Recombinantly expressed and purified bacteriophage endolysin [T7 endolysin (T7L); and T4 endolysin (T4L)] proteins have been used to evaluate the broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy using different bacterial strains. Antibacterial/biofilm eradication studies were performed in combination with different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as colistin, nisin, and polymyxin B (PMB) to assess the endolysin's antimicrobial efficacy and their synergy with AMPs. In combination with T7L, polymyxin B and colistin effectively eradicated the biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and exhibited a synergistic effect. Further, a combination of T4L and nisin displayed a synergistic effect against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. In summary, the obtained results endorse the theme of combinational therapy consisting of endolysins and AMPs as an effective remedy against the drug-resistant bacterial biofilms that are a serious concern in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Lakshmi Tyagi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Payal Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India
| | - Mayur Mohan Ghate
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre of Bio-Medical Research, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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2
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Allend SO, Oliveira Garcia M, da Cunha KF, de Albernaz DTF, Panagio LA, Nakazaro G, Reis GF, Oliveira TL, Neto ACPS, Hartwig DD. The synergic and addictive activity of biogenic silver nanoparticle associated with meropenem against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae046. [PMID: 38383758 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Antibiotic management of infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii often fails due to antibiotic resistance (especially to carbapenems) and biofilm-forming strains. Thus, the objective here was to evaluate in vitro the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of biogenic silver nanoparticle (Bio-AgNP) combined with meropenem, against multidrug-resistant isolates of A. baumannii. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, A. baumannii ATCC® 19606™ and four carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (Ab) strains were used. The antibacterial activity of Bio-AgNP and meropenem was evaluated through broth microdilution. The effect of the Bio-AgNP association with meropenem was determined by the checkboard method. Also, the time-kill assay and the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane were evaluated. Furthermore, the antibiofilm activity of Bio-AgNP and meropenem alone and in combination was determined. Bio-AgNP has antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 0.46 to 1.87 μg ml-1. The combination of Bio-AgNP and meropenem showed a synergistic and additive effect against Ab strains, and Bio-AgNP was able to reduce the MIC of meropenem from 4- to 8-fold. Considering the time-kill of the cell, meropenem and Bio-AgNP when used in combination reduced bacterial load to undetectable levels within 10 min to 24 h after treatment. Protein leakage was observed in all treatments evaluated. When combined, meropenem/Bio-AgNP presents biofilm inhibition for Ab2 isolate and ATCC® 19606™, with 21% and 19%, and disrupts the biofilm from 22% to 50%, respectively. The increase in nonviable cells in the biofilm can be observed after treatment with Bio-AgNP and meropenem in carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains. CONCLUSIONS The combination of Bio-AgNP with meropenem can be a therapeutic option in the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzane Olachea Allend
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelle Oliveira Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Kamila Furtado da Cunha
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Déborah Trota Farias de Albernaz
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gerson Nakazaro
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Fonseca Reis
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Thaís Larré Oliveira
- Biotechnology Nucleus, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Amilton Clair Pinto Seixas Neto
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiane Drawanz Hartwig
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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de Souza GH, Vaz MS, Dos Santos Radai JA, Fraga TL, Rossato L, Simionatto S. Synergistic interaction of polymyxin B with carvacrol: antimicrobial strategy against polymyxin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:181-193. [PMID: 38329374 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: The antimicrobial activities of the synergistic combination of carvacrol and polymyxin B against polymyxin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were evaluated. Methods: The methods employed checkerboard assays to investigate synergism, biofilm inhibition assessment and membrane integrity assay. In addition, the study included in vivo evaluation using a mouse infection model. Results: The checkerboard method evaluated 48 combinations, with 23 indicating synergistic action. Among these, carvacrol 10 mg/kg plus polymyxin B 2 mg/kg exhibited in vivo antimicrobial activity in a mouse model of infection, resulting in increased survival and a significant decrease in bacterial load in the blood. Conclusion: Polymyxin in synergy with carvacrol represents a promising alternative to be explored in the development of new antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleyce Ha de Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79825-900, Brazil
| | - Marcia Sm Vaz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79825-900, Brazil
| | - Joyce A Dos Santos Radai
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79825-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago L Fraga
- Centro Universitário da Grande Dourados - UNIGRAN, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79824-900, Brazil
| | - Luana Rossato
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79825-900, Brazil
| | - Simone Simionatto
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79825-900, Brazil
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Ferrando N, Pino-Otín MR, Ballestero D, Lorca G, Terrado EM, Langa E. Enhancing Commercial Antibiotics with Trans-Cinnamaldehyde in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria: An In Vitro Approach. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:192. [PMID: 38256746 PMCID: PMC10820649 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
One strategy to mitigate the emergence of bacterial resistance involves reducing antibiotic doses by combining them with natural products, such as trans-cinnamaldehyde (CIN). The objective of this research was to identify in vitro combinations (CIN + commercial antibiotic (ABX)) that decrease the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of seven antibiotics against 14 different Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, most of them classified as ESKAPE. MIC values were measured for all compounds using the broth microdilution method. The effect of the combinations on these microorganisms was analyzed through the checkboard assay to determine the type of activity (synergy, antagonism, or addition). This analysis was complemented with a kinetic study of the synergistic combinations. Fifteen synergistic combinations were characterized for nine of the tested bacteria. CIN demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the MIC of chloramphenicol, streptomycin, amoxicillin, and erythromycin (94-98%) when tested on Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella aerogenes, and Salmonella enterica, respectively. The kinetic study revealed that when the substances were tested alone at the MIC concentration observed in the synergistic combination, bacterial growth was not inhibited. However, when CIN and the ABX, for which synergy was observed, were tested simultaneously in combination at these same concentrations, the bacterial growth inhibition was complete. This demonstrates the highly potent in vitro synergistic activity of CIN when combined with commercial ABXs. This finding could be particularly beneficial in livestock farming, as this sector witnesses the highest quantities of antimicrobial usage, contributing significantly to antimicrobial resistance issues. Further research focused on this natural compound is thus warranted for this reason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ferrando
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario Villanueva de Gállego, Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, km. 510, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Spain; (N.F.); (M.R.P.-O.); (D.B.); (G.L.)
| | - María Rosa Pino-Otín
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario Villanueva de Gállego, Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, km. 510, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Spain; (N.F.); (M.R.P.-O.); (D.B.); (G.L.)
| | - Diego Ballestero
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario Villanueva de Gállego, Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, km. 510, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Spain; (N.F.); (M.R.P.-O.); (D.B.); (G.L.)
| | - Guillermo Lorca
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario Villanueva de Gállego, Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, km. 510, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Spain; (N.F.); (M.R.P.-O.); (D.B.); (G.L.)
| | - Eva María Terrado
- Departamento de Didácticas Específicas, Facultad de Educación, Universisad de Zaragoza, Calle Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Elisa Langa
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario Villanueva de Gállego, Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, km. 510, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Spain; (N.F.); (M.R.P.-O.); (D.B.); (G.L.)
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de Melo ALF, Rossato L, Veloso TC, Cardoso CAL, Velasques J, Simionatto S. Synergy between amikacin and Protium heptaphyllum essential oil against polymyxin resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad195. [PMID: 37667500 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the chemical composition and the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial effects of Protium heptaphyllum essential oil (PHEO) alone and in combination with antibiotics against polymyxin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. METHODS AND RESULTS Hydrodistillation was used to obtain PHEO, and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed α-pinene, δ-3-carene, and β-pinene as major components present in PHEO. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using the broth microdilution technique and ranged from 256 to 512 µg ml-1. The checkerboard method showed synergy with the combination of PHEO and amikacin (AMK) against the polymyxin-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates. In 8 of the 10 isolates tested, the fractional inhibitory concentration indexes (FICIs) ranged from 0.06 to 0.5, while in the remaining two isolates, the combination exerted an additive effect (FICI of 0.6 and 1.0), resulting in AMK dose reduce of range 2- to 16-fold, in the presence of PHEO. Analysis using zero interaction potency revealed high synergy score (63.9). In the in vivo assay, the survival of Caenorhabditis elegans was significantly improved in the presence of PHEO (1 µg ml-1) + AMK (µg ml-1) combination as compared to 32 µg ml-1 AMK alone. Furthermore, PHEO concentrations of 256 and 512 µg ml-1 were found to be non-toxic on the experimental model. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report of such type of synergism demonstrating an antimicrobial effect against polymyxin-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa L F de Melo
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Luana Rossato
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Tácia C Veloso
- Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia - UFSB, Centro de Formação em TecnoCiências e Inovações, Itabuna, Bahia, CEP 45604-811, Brazil
| | - Cláudia A L Cardoso
- Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Jannaína Velasques
- Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia - UFSB, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Itabuna, Bahia, CEP 45604-811, Brazil
| | - Simone Simionatto
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79804-970, Brazil
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Vaz MSM, de Almeida de Souza GH, Dos Santos Radai JA, Fraga TL, de Oliveira GG, Wender H, da Silva KE, Simionatto S. Antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: an in vitro and in vivo study. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1655-1664. [PMID: 37392293 PMCID: PMC10485196 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae strains have increased worldwide, posing a significant health threat by limiting the therapeutic options. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial potential of cinnamaldehyde against MDR-K. pneumoniae strains in vitro and in vivo assays. The presence of resistant genes in MDR- K. pneumoniae strains were evaluated by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. Carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae strains show the blaKPC-2 gene, while polymyxin-resistant K. pneumoniae presented blaKPC-2 and alterations in the mgrB gene. Cinnamaldehyde exhibited an inhibitory effect against all MDR- K. pneumoniae evaluated. An infected mice model was used to determine the in vivo effects against two K. pneumoniae strains, one carbapenem-resistant and another polymyxin-resistant. After 24 h of cinnamaldehyde treatment, the bacterial load in blood and peritoneal fluids decreased. Cinnamaldehyde showed potential effectiveness as an antibacterial agent by inhibiting the growth of MDR-K. pneumoniae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Soares Mattos Vaz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados-UFGD, Cidade Universitária, Itahum, Km 12, Dourados, Mato Grosso Do Sul, CEP: 79804970, Brazil
| | - Gleyce Hellen de Almeida de Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados-UFGD, Cidade Universitária, Itahum, Km 12, Dourados, Mato Grosso Do Sul, CEP: 79804970, Brazil
| | - Joyce Alencar Dos Santos Radai
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados-UFGD, Cidade Universitária, Itahum, Km 12, Dourados, Mato Grosso Do Sul, CEP: 79804970, Brazil
| | - Thiago Leite Fraga
- Centro Universitário da Grande Dourados-UNIGRAN, Dourados, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Heberton Wender
- Grupo de Pesquisa Em Nano E Fótons, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Kesia Esther da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados-UFGD, Cidade Universitária, Itahum, Km 12, Dourados, Mato Grosso Do Sul, CEP: 79804970, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Simone Simionatto
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados-UFGD, Cidade Universitária, Itahum, Km 12, Dourados, Mato Grosso Do Sul, CEP: 79804970, Brazil.
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Zahedi Bialvaei A, Eslami P, Ganji L, Dolatyar Dehkharghani A, Asgari F, Koupahi H, Barzegarian Pashacolaei HR, Rahbar M. Prevalence and epidemiological investigation of mgrB-dependent colistin resistance in extensively drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Iran. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10680. [PMID: 37393362 PMCID: PMC10314893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenemases-producing K. pneumoniae are challenging antimicrobial therapy of hospitalised patients, which is further complicated by colistin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiological insights into carbapenemases-producing and colistin-resistant clinical K. pneumoniaeA total of 162 colistin resistant clinical strains of K. pneumoniae were collected during 2017-2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility and the colistin minimum inhibitory concentration were determined. Using PCR assay, the prevalence of resistance-associated genes including blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-48, blaNDM-1 and mcr-1 to -9 was examined. Additionally, a PCR assay was used to examine the mgrB gene in colistin-resistant bacteria. 94.4% of the tested strains were resistant to imipenem and 96.3% were resistant to meropenem. Colistin resistance (MIC > 4 µg/L) was observed in 161 isolates (99.4%) by Colistin Broth Disk Elution method. The KPC enzyme was the most common carbapenemase and was identified in 95 strains (58.6%), followed by the IMP, VIM and OXA-48 detected in 47 (29%), 23 (14.2%) and 12 (7.4%) isolates, respectively. However, no NDM-1 gene was detected. Additionally, none of the studied isolates harbored mcr variants, while mgrB gene was observed in 152 (92.6%) isolates. Colistin resistance of K. pneumoniae isolates may be associated with mgrB gene mutation. To stop the spread of resistant K. pneumoniae, surveillance must be improved, infection prevention protocols must be followed, and antibiotic stewardship must be practised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abed Zahedi Bialvaei
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Eslami
- Department of Microbiology, Milad Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Ganji
- Department of Microbiology, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Iranian Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Dolatyar Dehkharghani
- Department of Microbiology, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Iranian Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Asgari
- Department of Microbiology, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Iranian Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Koupahi
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Varamin, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Rahbar
- Department of Microbiology, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Iranian Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Berberolli S, Collado-González M, González-Espinosa Y, Kaur G, Sahariah P, Goycoolea FM. Derivatized chitosan-oil-in-water nanocapsules for trans-cinnamaldehyde delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124464. [PMID: 37062386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
trans-Cinnamaldehyde, known for its bacterial anti-quorum sensing activity when applied at sublethal concentrations, has gained traction given its potential use against multidrug resistant bacteria. In this work, trans-cinnamaldehyde-loaded oil-in-water nanocapsules coated with chitosan, N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan chloride, N-(2-(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumyl)acetyl) chitosan chloride or N-(6-(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumyl)hexanoyl)chitosan chloride were obtained. All the formulated nanocapsules showed a Z-average hydrodynamic diameter ~ 160 nm and ζ-potential higher than +40 mV. N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan-coated oil-in-water nanocapsules showed the greatest trans-cinnamaldehyde association efficiency (99.3 ± 7.6) % and total payload release (88.6 ± 22.5) %, while N-(6-(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumyl)hexanoyl)chitosan chloride chitosan-coated oil-in-water nanocapsules were the only formulations stable in phosphate buffer saline PBS (pH 7.4) upon incubation at 37 °C for 24 h. Future work should address the stability of the developed nanocapsules in culture media and their biological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Berberolli
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Urbino, Carlo Bo, Piazza del Risnascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy; School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mar Collado-González
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | | | - Gurmeet Kaur
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Priyanka Sahariah
- Biomedical Centre, University of Iceland, 16, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland.
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Ebani VV, Pieracci Y, Cagnoli G, Bertelloni F, Munafò C, Nardoni S, Pistelli L, Mancianti F. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Satureja montana and Their Mixture against Clinical Isolates Responsible for Canine Otitis Externa. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10010030. [PMID: 36669031 PMCID: PMC9864906 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis externa is a frequent inflammation among dogs, mainly caused by bacteria and yeasts that are often resistant to conventional drugs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of commercial essential oils (EOs) from Origanum vulgare, Satureja montana, and Thymus vulgaris, as well as a mixture of these three components, against 47 clinical bacterial strains (Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens) and 5 Malassezia pachydermatis strains, previously cultured from the ears of dogs affected by otitis externa. The tested Gram-positive bacteria were sensible to the analysed EOs with MICs ranging from 1.25% (v/v) to <0.0195% (v/v); Gram-negative isolates, mainly P. aeruginosa, were less sensitive with MICs from >10% (v/v) to 0.039% (v/v). M. pachydermatis isolates were sensitive to all EOs with MICs from 4.25% (v/v) to 2% (v/v). However, the mixture was active against all bacterial (except one P. aeruginosa strain) and fungal tested isolates. The three EOs and their mixture seem to be an interesting alternative for treating canine otitis externa when conventional antimicrobials are not active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health” (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Ylenia Pieracci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Cagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Munafò
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Nardoni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health” (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health” (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy
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In Silico Docking, Resistance Modulation and Biofilm Gene Expression in Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii via Cinnamic and Gallic Acids. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070870. [PMID: 35884124 PMCID: PMC9311515 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the mounting global burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the generation of new classes of effective antimicrobials still lags far behind. The interplay between multidrug resistance and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii has drastically narrowed the available therapeutic choices. The use of natural compounds holds promise as an alternate option for restoring the activity of existing antibiotics and attenuating virulence traits through reduced biofilm formation. This study aimed to evaluate the modulatory effect of combining cinnamic and gallic acids at ½MIC with various antibiotics against multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii clinical isolates as well as study the effect on the expression of the biofilm-associated genes (bap, csuE, ompA) via quantitative, real-time PCR. Combining cinnamic or gallic acid with imipenem, amikacin or doxycycline resulted in significant reduction of resistance (p < 0.05). On the contrary, no effect was recorded when both acids were combined with levofloxacin, and only cinnamic acid had a synergistic effect with colistin. The transcriptomic changes of biofilm-related genes in the presence of gallic acid at ½MIC were compared with untreated control samples. The fold expression values proved that gallic acid substantially down-regulated the respective genes in all five strong biofilm formers. Molecular docking studies of gallic and cinnamic acids on target genes revealed good binding affinities and verified the proposed mechanism of action. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of gallic acid on the expression of bap, csuE and ompA genes in A. baumannii, which may permit its use as an adjunct anti-virulence therapeutic strategy.
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11
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Progress in Alternative Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: Focus on Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020200. [PMID: 35203804 PMCID: PMC8868457 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance, and, in a broader perspective, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), continues to evolve and spread beyond all boundaries. As a result, infectious diseases have become more challenging or even impossible to treat, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality. Despite the failure of conventional, traditional antimicrobial therapy, in the past two decades, no novel class of antibiotics has been introduced. Consequently, several novel alternative strategies to combat these (multi-) drug-resistant infectious microorganisms have been identified. The purpose of this review is to gather and consider the strategies that are being applied or proposed as potential alternatives to traditional antibiotics. These strategies include combination therapy, techniques that target the enzymes or proteins responsible for antimicrobial resistance, resistant bacteria, drug delivery systems, physicochemical methods, and unconventional techniques, including the CRISPR-Cas system. These alternative strategies may have the potential to change the treatment of multi-drug-resistant pathogens in human clinical settings.
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12
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Nanoparticles—Attractive Carriers of Antimicrobial Essential Oils. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010108. [PMID: 35052985 PMCID: PMC8773333 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial pathogens are the most prevalent cause of chronic infections and fatalities around the world. Antimicrobial agents including antibiotics have been frequently utilized in the treatment of infections due to their exceptional outcomes. However, their widespread use has resulted in the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Furthermore, due to inherent resistance to antimicrobial drugs and the host defence system, the advent of new infectious diseases, chronic infections, and the occurrence of biofilms pose a tougher challenge to the current treatment line. Essential oils (EOs) and their biologically and structurally diverse constituents provide a distinctive, inexhaustible, and novel source of antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic agents. However, due to their volatile nature, chemical susceptibility, and poor solubility, their development as antimicrobials is limited. Nanoparticles composed of biodegradable polymeric and inorganic materials have been studied extensively to overcome these limitations. Nanoparticles are being investigated as nanocarriers for antimicrobial delivery, antimicrobial coatings for food products, implantable devices, and medicinal materials in dressings and packaging materials due to their intrinsic capacity to overcome microbial resistance. Essential oil-loaded nanoparticles may offer the potential benefits of synergism in antimicrobial activity, high loading capacity, increased solubility, decreased volatility, chemical stability, and enhancement of the bioavailability and shelf life of EOs and their constituents. This review focuses on the potentiation of the antimicrobial activity of essential oils and their constituents in nanoparticulate delivery systems for a wide range of applications, such as food preservation, packaging, and alternative treatments for infectious diseases.
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13
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Chang Y, Harmon PF, Treadwell DD, Carrillo D, Sarkhosh A, Brecht JK. Biocontrol Potential of Essential Oils in Organic Horticulture Systems: From Farm to Fork. Front Nutr 2022; 8:805138. [PMID: 35096947 PMCID: PMC8792766 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.805138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, increasing attention has been paid to food safety and organic horticulture. Thus, people are looking for natural products to manage plant diseases, pests, and weeds. Essential oils (EOs) or EO-based products are potentially promising candidates for biocontrol agents due to their safe, bioactive, biodegradable, ecologically, and economically viable properties. Born of necessity or commercial interest to satisfy market demand for natural products, this emerging technology is highly anticipated, but its application has been limited without the benefit of a thorough analysis of the scientific evidence on efficacy, scope, and mechanism of action. This review covers the uses of EOs as broad-spectrum biocontrol agents in both preharvest and postharvest systems. The known functions of EOs in suppressing fungi, bacteria, viruses, pests, and weeds are briefly summarized. Related results and possible modes of action from recent research are listed. The weaknesses of applying EOs are also discussed, such as high volatility and low stability, low water solubility, strong influence on organoleptic properties, and phytotoxic effects. Therefore, EO formulations and methods of incorporation to enhance the strengths and compensate for the shortages are outlined. This review also concludes with research directions needed to better understand and fully evaluate EOs and provides an outlook on the prospects for future applications of EOs in organic horticulture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Chang
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Philip F. Harmon
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Danielle D. Treadwell
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Carrillo
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, United States
| | - Ali Sarkhosh
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey K. Brecht
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Narayanankutty A, Kunnath K, Alfarhan A, Rajagopal R, Ramesh V. Chemical Composition of Cinnamomum verum Leaf and Flower Essential Oils and Analysis of Their Antibacterial, Insecticidal, and Larvicidal Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:6303. [PMID: 34684884 PMCID: PMC8537797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomum verum is widely used in traditional medicines, and the different parts of the plant, such as bark, leaves, and flowers, are used for essential oil production. The present study compared the chemical composition of the essential oil of C. verum extracted from the leaves and flowers. In addition, efficacy of these essential oils against the two common pests Sitophilus oryzae and Callosobruchus maculatus was also evaluated. The results indicated the presence of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, caryophyllene, and linalool in these essential oils, however, at different concentrations. The leaf essential oil was found to be 10-20% more effective as a fumigant against both the pests. Likewise, the leaf essential oil found to repel these pests even at lower concentrations than that of flower essential oil of C. verum. Besides, these essential oils were also effective in controlling the growth of various gram positive and gram negative microbial pathogens and possibly a safeguard for human health. On contrary, both the essential oils were found to be safe for the application on grains, as indicated by their germination potentials. It was also observed that these essential oils do not cause any significant toxicity to guppy fishes, thus confirming their ecological safety for use as a biopesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut 673008, India
| | - Krishnaprasad Kunnath
- Department of Pharmacology, Devaki Amma Memorial College of Pharmacy, Chelembra, Malapuram 673634, India;
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Varsha Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia;
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15
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Allend SO, Garcia MO, da Cunha KF, de Albernaz DTF, da Silva ME, Ishikame RY, Panagio LA, Nakazaro G, Reis GF, Pereira DB, Hartwig DD. Biogenic silver nanoparticle (Bio-AgNP) has an antibacterial effect against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with synergism and additivity when combined with polymyxin B. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1036-1047. [PMID: 34496109 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii represents a public health problem, and the search for new antibacterial drugs has become a priority. Here, we investigate the antibacterial activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles (Bio-AgNPs) synthesized by Fusarium oxysporum, used alone or in combination with polymyxin B against carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, ATCC® 19606™ strain and four carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains were used. The antibacterial activity of Bio-AgNPs and its synergism with polymyxin B were determined using broth microdilution, checkboard methods and time-kill assays. The integrity of the bacterial cell membrane was monitored by protein leakage assay. In addition, the cytotoxicity in the VERO mammalian cell line was also evaluated, and the selectivity index was calculated. Bio-AgNPs have an antibacterial activity with MIC and MBC ranging from 0.460 to 1.870 µg/ml. The combination of polymyxin B and Bio-AgNPs presents synergy against four of the five strains tested and additivity against one strain in the checkerboard assay. Considering the time of cell death, Bio-AgNPs killed all carbapenem-resistant isolates and ATCC® 19606™ within 1 h. When combined, Bio-AgNPs presented 16-fold reduction of the polymyxin B MIC and showed a decrease in terms of viable A. baumannii cells in 4 h of treatment, with synergic and additive effects. Protein leakage was observed with increasing concentrations for Bio-AgNPs treatments. Additionally, Bio-AgNP and polymyxin B showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against mammalian VERO cells and combined the cytotoxicity which was significantly reduced and presented a greater pharmacological safety. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here indicate that Bio-AgNPs in combination with polymyxin B could represent a good alternative in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY This study demonstrates the synergic effect between Bio-AgNPs and polymyxin B on carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzane Olachea Allend
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelle Oliveira Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Kamila Furtado da Cunha
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Mirian Elert da Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Yudi Ishikame
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gerson Nakazaro
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Brayer Pereira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiane Drawanz Hartwig
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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16
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Essential Oils: A Natural Weapon against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Responsible for Nosocomial Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040417. [PMID: 33920237 PMCID: PMC8070240 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a major concern worldwide. This trend indicates the need for alternative agents to antibiotics, such as natural compounds of plant origin. Using agar disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of Citrus aurantium (AEO), Citrus x limon (LEO), Eucalyptus globulus (EEO), Melaleuca alternifolia (TTO), and Cupressus sempervirens (CEO) essential oils (EOs) against three representatives of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and respective biofilms: vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. Using the checkerboard method, the efficacy of the EOs alone, in an association with each other, or in combination with the reference antibiotics was quantified by calculating fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs). All the EOs displayed antibacterial activity against all strains to different extents, and TTO was the most effective. The results of the EO–EO associations and EO–antibiotic combinations clearly showed a synergistic outcome in most tests. Lastly, the effectiveness of EOs both alone and in association or combination against biofilm formed by the antibiotic-resistant strains was comparable to, and sometimes better than, that of the reference antibiotics. In conclusion, the combination of EOs and antibiotics represents a promising therapeutic strategy against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, even protected inside biofilms, which can allow decreasing the concentrations of antibiotics used.
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17
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de Souza GHDA, dos Santos Radai JA, Mattos Vaz MS, Esther da Silva K, Fraga TL, Barbosa LS, Simionatto S. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity assays of carvacrol: A candidate for development of innovative treatments against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246003. [PMID: 33617571 PMCID: PMC7899316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae poses a threat to the successful treatment of bacterial diseases and increases the need for new antibacterial agents development. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol against multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae. Carbapenemase production was detected by MALDI-TOF. The PCR and sequencing showed that the blaKPC-2,blaOXA-48, blaNDM-1, blaCTX-M-8 genes were present in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae strains. The polymyxin-resistant K. pneumoniae strain exhibited alterations in mgrB gene. The antimicrobial activity of carvacrol was evaluated in vitro using broth microdilution and time-kill methods. For this, carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and polymyxin-resistant strains, were evaluated. The in vitro results showed that carvacrol had antimicrobial activity against all isolates evaluated. The survival curves showed that carvacrol eradicated all of the bacterial cells within 4 h. The antimicrobial effect of carvacrol in vivo was determined using a mouse model of infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). The treatment with carvacrol was associated with increased survival, and significantly reduced bacterial load in peritoneal lavage. In addition, groups treated with carvacrol, had a significant reduction in the total numbers of white cell and significantly increased of platelets when compared to the untreated group. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that carvacrol regimens exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against KPC-producing K. pneumoniae, making it an interesting candidate for development of alternative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joyce Alencar dos Santos Radai
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados—UFGD, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcia Soares Mattos Vaz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados—UFGD, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kesia Esther da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados—UFGD, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thiago Leite Fraga
- Centro Universitário da Grande Dourados–UNIGRAN, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leticia Spanivello Barbosa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados—UFGD, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Simone Simionatto
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados—UFGD, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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