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Sozzi S, Ghai S, Schieppati M. The 'Postural Rhythm' of the Ground Reaction Force during Upright Stance and Its Conversion to Body Sway-The Effect of Vision, Support Surface and Adaptation to Repeated Trials. Brain Sci 2023; 13:978. [PMID: 37508910 PMCID: PMC10377030 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13070978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The ground reaction force (GRF) recorded by a platform when a person stands upright lies at the interface between the neural networks controlling stance and the body sway deduced from centre of pressure (CoP) displacement. It can be decomposed into vertical (VGRF) and horizontal (HGRF) vectors. Few studies have addressed the modulation of the GRFs by the sensory conditions and their relationship with body sway. We reconsidered the features of the GRFs oscillations in healthy young subjects (n = 24) standing for 90 s, with the aim of characterising the possible effects of vision, support surface and adaptation to repeated trials, and the correspondence between HGRF and CoP time-series. We compared the frequency spectra of these variables with eyes open or closed on solid support surface (EOS, ECS) and on foam (EOF, ECF). All stance trials were repeated in a sequence of eight. Conditions were randomised across different days. The oscillations of the VGRF, HGRF and CoP differed between each other, as per the dominant frequency of their spectra (around 4 Hz, 0.8 Hz and <0.4 Hz, respectively) featuring a low-pass filter effect from VGRF to HGRF to CoP. GRF frequencies hardly changed as a function of the experimental conditions, including adaptation. CoP frequencies diminished to <0.2 Hz when vision was available on hard support surface. Amplitudes of both GRFs and CoP oscillations decreased in the order ECF > EOF > ECS ≈ EOS. Adaptation had no effect except in ECF condition. Specific rhythms of the GRFs do not transfer to the CoP frequency, whereas the magnitude of the forces acting on the ground ultimately determines body sway. The discrepancies in the time-series of the HGRF and CoP oscillations confirm that the body's oscillation mode cannot be dictated by the inverted pendulum model in any experimental conditions. The findings emphasise the robustness of the VGRF "postural rhythm" and its correspondence with the cortical theta rhythm, shed new insight on current principles of balance control and on understanding of upright stance in healthy and elderly people as well as on injury prevention and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shashank Ghai
- Department of Political, Historical, Religious and Cultural Studies, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
- Centre for Societal Risk Research, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
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Control of structural redundancy from the head to trunk in the human upright standing revealed using a data-driven approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13164. [PMID: 35915210 PMCID: PMC9343422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The human being dynamically and highly controls the head-trunk with redundant mechanical structures to maintain a stable upright standing position that is inherently unstable. The posture control strategies are also affected by the differences in the conditions of sensory inputs. However, it is unclear how the head-trunk segmental properties are altered to respond to situations that require appropriate changes in standing posture control strategies. We used a data-driven approach to conduct a multipoint measurement of head-trunk sway control in a quiet standing position with differences in the conditions of sensory inputs. Healthy young subjects with 22 accelerometers attached to their backs were evaluated for head-trunk vibration during quiet standing under two conditions: one with open eyes and one with closed eyes. The synchronization of the acceleration and the instantaneous phase was then calculated. The results showed that the synchronization of acceleration and instantaneous phase varied depending on the visual condition, and there were some continuous coherent patterns in each condition. Findings were that the structural redundancy of the head-trunk, which is multi-segmental and has a high mass ratio in the whole body, must be adjusted adaptively according to the conditions to stabilize upright standing in human-specific bipeds.
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Beretta VS, Santos PCR, Orcioli-Silva D, Jaimes DAR, Pereira MP, Barbieri FA, Gobbi LTB. Cumulative additional information does not improve the neuromuscular control during postural responses to perturbations in postural instability/gait disorders subtype of Parkinson's disease. Exp Gerontol 2022; 166:111892. [PMID: 35811017 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postural response impairments in postural instability and gait disorders (PIGD) subtype patients may be attributed to Parkinson's disease (PD)-deterioration in central-set (programing/modulating of central outputs during motor responses). Although additional information improves some PD motor impairments, an unanswered question is whether additional information can benefit postural response in PIGD subtype. OBJECTIVE To analyze the effect of cumulative additional information on postural responses after perturbation in PIGD and neurologically healthy older adults (CG). METHODS Perturbations were applied in 16 PIGD and 19 CG by the support-base translation. Participants performed 3 blocks of 5 trials without additional information (B1-B3, Day 1) and 5 trials of each cumulative additional information (C1-C4, Day 2): information about perturbation (C1), visual (C2), verbal (C3), and somatosensory information (C4). Electromyography and center of pressure (CoP) parameters were analyzed by ANOVAs with Group (PIGD × CG) and Block (B1 × B2 × B3) and with Group (PIGD × CG) and Condition (B3 × C1 × C2 × C3 × C4). RESULTS PIGD decreased the range of CoP in B3 while CG decreased both range of CoP and the integral of antagonist's muscle activity (iEMG) in B2. Also, PIGD decreased the recovery time in C4 while CG increased the iEMG of agonist's muscle in C2 and antagonist's muscle in all conditions except C2. CONCLUSION Additional information provided before postural control assessment influences the postural response in PIGD and CG differently. PIGD demonstrated inflexibility of central-set in modulating the neuromuscular control regardless of additional information. CG presents a flexible system evidenced by the increase of agonist muscle iEMG when provided visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Spiandor Beretta
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar Rocha Santos
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Rio Claro, Brazil; Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
| | - Diego Orcioli-Silva
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Rio Claro, Brazil; University of Campinas (UNICAMP), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology (LAFAE), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Diego Alejandro Rojas Jaimes
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Rio Claro, Brazil; University of San Buenaventura Medellin, Graduate Program in Physical Education and Sports, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marcelo Pinto Pereira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Augusto Barbieri
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Lilian Teresa Bucken Gobbi
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Rio Claro, Brazil.
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Sozzi S, Schieppati M. Balance Adaptation While Standing on a Compliant Base Depends on the Current Sensory Condition in Healthy Young Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:839799. [PMID: 35399363 PMCID: PMC8989851 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.839799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several investigations have addressed the process of balance adaptation to external perturbations. The adaptation during unperturbed stance has received little attention. Further, whether the current sensory conditions affect the adaptation rate has not been established. We have addressed the role of vision and haptic feedback on adaptation while standing on foam. Methods In 22 young subjects, the analysis of geometric (path length and sway area) and spectral variables (median frequency and mean level of both total spectrum and selected frequency windows) of the oscillation of the centre of feet pressure (CoP) identified the effects of vision, light-touch (LT) or both in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) direction over 8 consecutive 90 s standing trials. Results Adaptation was obvious without vision (eyes closed; EC) and tenuous with vision (eyes open; EO). With trial repetition, path length and median frequency diminished with EC (p < 0.001) while sway area and mean level of the spectrum increased (p < 0.001). The low- and high-frequency range of the spectrum increased and decreased in AP and ML directions, respectively. Touch compared to no-touch enhanced the rate of increase of the low-frequency power (p < 0.05). Spectral differences in distinct sensory conditions persisted after adaptation. Conclusion Balance adaptation occurs during standing on foam. Adaptation leads to a progressive increase in the amplitude of the lowest frequencies of the spectrum and a concurrent decrease in the high-frequency range. Within this common behaviour, touch adds to its stabilising action a modest effect on the adaptation rate. Stabilisation is improved by favouring slow oscillations at the expense of sway minimisation. These findings are preliminary to investigations of balance problems in persons with sensory deficits, ageing, and peripheral or central nervous lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sozzi
- Centro Studi Attività Motorie (CSAM), Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SB (IRCCS), Pavia, Italy
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Sozzi S, Nardone A, Schieppati M. Specific Posture-Stabilising Effects of Vision and Touch Are Revealed by Distinct Changes of Body Oscillation Frequencies. Front Neurol 2021; 12:756984. [PMID: 34880823 PMCID: PMC8645986 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.756984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We addressed postural instability during stance with eyes closed (EC) on a compliant surface in healthy young people. Spectral analysis of the centre of foot pressure oscillations was used to identify the effects of haptic information (light-touch, EC-LT), or vision (eyes open, EO), or both (EO-LT). Spectral median frequency was strongly reduced by EO and EO-LT, while spectral amplitude was reduced by all "stabilising" sensory conditions. Reduction in spectrum level by EO mainly appeared in the high-frequency range. Reduction by LT was much larger than that induced by the vision in the low-frequency range, less so in the high-frequency range. Touch and vision together produced a fall in spectral amplitude across all windows, more so in anteroposterior (AP) direction. Lowermost frequencies contributed poorly to geometric measures (sway path and area) for all sensory conditions. The same subjects participated in control experiments on a solid base of support. Median frequency and amplitude of the spectrum and geometric measures were largely smaller when standing on solid than on foam base but poorly affected by the sensory conditions. Frequency analysis but not geometric measures allowed to disclose unique tuning of the postural control mode by haptic and visual information. During standing on foam, the vision did not reduce low-frequency oscillations, while touch diminished the entire spectrum, except for the medium-high frequencies, as if sway reduction by touch would rely on rapid balance corrections. The combination of frequency analysis with sensory conditions is a promising approach to explore altered postural mechanisms and prospective interventions in subjects with central or peripheral nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sozzi
- Centro Studi Attività Motorie (CSAM), Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SB (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IRCCS), Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Nardone
- Neurorehabilitation and Spinal Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SB (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IRCCS), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Schieppati
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SB, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Pavia, Italy
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The Role of Predictability of Perturbation in Control of Posture: A Scoping Review. Motor Control 2021; 26:97-143. [PMID: 34891127 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2021-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient maintenance of posture depends on the ability of humans to predict consequences of a perturbation applied to their body. The purpose of this scoping review was to map the literature on the role of predictability of a body perturbation in control of posture. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria were studies of adults participating in experiments involving body perturbations, reported outcomes of posture and balance control, and studies published in English. Sixty-three studies were selected. The reviewed information resources included the availability of sensory information and the exposure to perturbations in different sequences of perturbation magnitudes or directions. This review revealed that people use explicit and implicit information resources for the prediction of perturbations. Explicit information consists of sensory information related to perturbation properties and timing, whereas implicit information involves learning from repetitive exposures to perturbations of the same properties.
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Yeomans M, Yan S, Hondzinski JM, Dalecki M. Eye-hand decoupling decreases visually guided reaching independently of posture but reduces sway while standing: Evidence for supra-postural control. Neurosci Lett 2021; 752:135833. [PMID: 33746007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether visually guided reaching differs for sitting and standing postures while the eyes and hand are coupled to move in the same direction or decoupled to move in opposite directions. We also investigated how coupled and decoupled reaching tasks influenced standing postural control. Eighteen healthy young adults (M = 21 years) moved a cursor using finger movements along a vertical touchscreen while sitting or standing. In an eye-hand coupling (EH) task, participants moved their finger/cursor from a central target to a peripheral target located either up, down, left, or right. In an eye-hand decoupling (EHD) task, participant's finger movement moved the cursor in the opposite direction. Sway measures during the standing condition and kinematic variables for the cursor offered insight into whole-body control. Performances in EH revealed smaller errors and faster movements than EHD regardless of postural condition. Similar hand movements existed between sitting and standing when accounting for task, while greater variability in absolute endpoint errors existed for standing than sitting when task was ignored. Less postural sway existed for EHD than EH when standing. These data provide evidence that when participants decoupled the eyes and hand movement direction while standing, they attenuated sway to support control of this complex, cognitively demanding, visuomotor task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Yeomans
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States; Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Tennessee at Martin, United States
| | - Shijun Yan
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Jan M Hondzinski
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Marc Dalecki
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States.
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