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Rao Z, Li Y, Yang X, Guo Y, Zhang W, Wang Z. Diet xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation improves growth performance, immune function, and intestinal health of broilers. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:165-176. [PMID: 38779325 PMCID: PMC11109738 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The effects of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) on broiler growth performance, immune function, and intestinal health were investigated. A total of 540 one-d-old Arbor Acres Plus broilers were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates per group and 18 chickens per replicate. Broilers in the control (CON) group received a corn-soybean meal based basal diet, those in the antibiotics (ANT) group received the basal diet plus 500 mg/kg oxytetracycline, and those in XOS groups received the basal diet plus 150, 300, or 450 mg/kg XOS. Compared with CON, the body weight at 42 d and average daily gain from 1 to 42 d were significantly increased in the 150, 450 mg/kg XOS-added and ANT groups (P = 0.018), and the relative expression of claudin-1 and ZO-1 mRNA in the ileum was significantly higher in the 300 and 450 mg/kg XOS-added groups (P < 0.001). The feed conversion ratios (P < 0.001) and abdominal fat rates (P = 0.012) of broilers from 1 to 42 d of age were significantly lower in all XOS-added groups than in the control group. Splenic index (P = 0.036) and bursa of Fabricius index (P = 0.009) were significantly better in the ANT group and each XOS-added group than in the control group. Compared to CON and ANT, serum IgA (P = 0.007) and IgG (P = 0.002) levels were significantly higher in the 300 mg/kg XOS-added group, and the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing genera (Alistipes) was also significantly higher (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, ileal villus height (P < 0.001) and ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V:C) (P = 0.001) were significantly increased in XOS-added broilers. In analysis of relationships between cecal microbes and the physical barrier of the gut, [Ruminococcus]_torques_group was positively correlated with mRNA expression of ileal ZO-1 and claudin-1 (P < 0.05), and Bacteroides was positively correlated with increased ileal villus height and V:C (P < 0.05). Overall, XOS addition to broiler diets improved growth performance, promoted intestinal health by enhancing intestinal barrier function and regulating cecal microbiota diversity, and had positive effects on immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Rao
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yue Li
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Lee J, Kim YH, Kim K, Kim D, Lee SH, Kim S. Selection of stable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in the Varroa mite, Varroa destructor. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 110:e21905. [PMID: 35393698 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the acaricide toxicity and resistance mechanisms in the Varroa mite, it is essential to understand the genetic responses of Varroa mites to acaricides, which are usually evaluated by transcriptional profiling based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In this study, to select reference genes showing consistent expression patterns regardless of the acaricide treatment or the type of tissue, Varroa mites treated with each of the three representative acaricides (coumaphos, fluvalinate, and amitraz) were processed for transcriptomic analysis, from which eight genes (NADH dehydrogenase [NADHD], glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH], eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 α 1 [eEF1A1], eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 [eEF2], ribosomal protein L5 [RpL5], Actin, tubulin α-1D chain [α-tubulin], and Rab1) were selected as candidates. The transcription profiles of these genes, depending on the treatment of the three acaricides or across different tissues (cuticle, legs, gut/fat bodies, and synganglion), were analyzed using qPCR with four validation programs, BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder, and RefFinder. Following acaricide treatment, eEF1A1 and NADHD showed the least variation in their expression levels, whereas the expression levels of α-tubulin and RpL5 were the most stable across different tissue groups. Rab1/GAPDH and Actin/eEF2 showed the least stable expression patterns following acaricide treatments and across different tissues, respectively, requiring precautions for use. When vitellogenin gene expression was analyzed by different reference genes, its expression profiles varied significantly depending on the reference genes, highlighting the importance of proper reference gene use. Thus, it is recommended using eEF1A1 and NADHD as reference genes for the comparison of the effects of acaricide on the whole body, whereas α-tubulin and RpL5 are recommended for investigating the tissue-specific expression profiles of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonhee Lee
- Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmun Kim
- Division of Apiculture, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Kim
- Division of Apiculture, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyeon Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yuan ZW, Zhang XH, Pang YZ, Qi YX, Wang QK, Ren SW, Hu YQ, Zhao YW, Wang T, Huo LK. Screening of Stably Expressed Internal Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis in Quail. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022050223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Santos CE, de Oliveira Peixoto J, Fernandes LT, Marcelino DEP, Kawski VL, Neis FT, Ledur MC, Ibelli AMG. Upregulated genes in articular cartilage may help to counteract femoral head separation in broilers with 21 days of age. Res Vet Sci 2022; 147:92-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hul LM, Ibelli AMG, Savoldi IR, Marcelino DEP, Fernandes LT, Peixoto JO, Cantão ME, Higa RH, Giachetto PF, Coutinho LL, Ledur MC. Differentially expressed genes in the femur cartilage transcriptome clarify the understanding of femoral head separation in chickens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17965. [PMID: 34504189 PMCID: PMC8429632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Locomotor problems are among one of the main concerns in the current poultry industry, causing major economic losses and affecting animal welfare. The most common bone anomalies in the femur are dyschondroplasia, femoral head separation (FHS), and bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), also known as femoral head necrosis (FHN). The present study aimed to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes in the articular cartilage (AC) of normal and FHS-affected broilers by RNA-Seq analysis. In the transcriptome analysis, 12,169 genes were expressed in the femur AC. Of those, 107 genes were DE (FDR < 0.05) between normal and affected chickens, of which 9 were downregulated and 98 were upregulated in the affected broilers. In the gene-set enrichment analysis using the DE genes, 79 biological processes (BP) were identified and were grouped into 12 superclusters. The main BP found were involved in the response to biotic stimulus, gas transport, cellular activation, carbohydrate-derived catabolism, multi-organism regulation, immune system, muscle contraction, multi-organism process, cytolysis, leukocytes and cell adhesion. In this study, the first transcriptome analysis of the broilers femur articular cartilage was performed, and a set of candidate genes (AvBD1, AvBD2, ANK1, EPX, ADA, RHAG) that could trigger changes in the broiler´s femoral growth plate was identified. Moreover, these results could be helpful to better understand FHN in chickens and possibly in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Mudri Hul
- grid.412329.f0000 0001 1581 1066Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, PR 85040-080 Brazil
| | - Adriana Mércia Guaratini Ibelli
- grid.412329.f0000 0001 1581 1066Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, PR 85040-080 Brazil ,Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, SC 89715-899 Brazil
| | - Igor Ricardo Savoldi
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste (CEO), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, UDESC, Chapecó, SC 89815-630 Brazil
| | | | | | - Jane Oliveira Peixoto
- grid.412329.f0000 0001 1581 1066Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, PR 85040-080 Brazil ,Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, SC 89715-899 Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Hiroshi Higa
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Informática Agropecuária, Campinas, SP 70770-901 Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Mônica Corrêa Ledur
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, SC 89715-899 Brazil ,grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste (CEO), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, UDESC, Chapecó, SC 89815-630 Brazil
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Na W, Wang Y, Gong P, Zhang X, Zhang K, Zhang H, Wang N, Li H. Screening of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR in Chicken Adipose Tissue and Adipocytes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:676864. [PMID: 34054585 PMCID: PMC8160385 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.676864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR is the most commonly used method to detect gene expression levels. In experiments, it is often necessary to correct and standardize the expression level of target genes with reference genes. Therefore, it is very important to select stable reference genes to obtain accurate quantitative results. Although application examples of reference genes in mammals have been reported, no studies have investigated the use of reference genes in studying the growth and development of adipose tissue and the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes in chickens. In this study, GeNorm, a reference gene stability statistical algorithm, was used to analyze the expression stability of 14 candidate reference genes in the abdominal adipose tissue of broilers at 1, 4, and 7 weeks of age, the proliferation and differentiation of primary preadipocytes, as well as directly isolated preadipocytes and mature adipocytes. The results showed that the expression of the TATA box binding protein (TBP) and hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) genes was most stable during the growth and development of abdominal adipose tissue of broilers, the expression of the peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA) and HMBS genes was most stable during the proliferation of primary preadipocytes, the expression of the TBP and RPL13 genes was most stable during the differentiation of primary preadipocytes, and the expression of the TBP and HMBS genes was most stable in directly isolated preadipocytes and mature adipocytes. These results provide reference bases for accurately detecting the mRNA expression of functional genes in adipose tissue and adipocytes of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Na
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Pengfei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Liu L, Han H, Li Q, Chen M, Zhou S, Wang H, Chen L. Selection and Validation of the Optimal Panel of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Analysis in the Developing Rat Cartilage. Front Genet 2020; 11:590124. [PMID: 33391345 PMCID: PMC7772434 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.590124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is widely used to detect gene expression levels, and selection of reference genes is crucial to the accuracy of RT-qPCR results. Minimum Information for Publication of RT-qPCR Experiments (MIQE) proposes that using the panel of reference genes for RT-qPCR is conducive to obtaining accurate experimental results. However, the selection of the panel of reference genes for RT-qPCR in rat developing cartilage has not been well documented. In this study, we selected eight reference genes commonly used in rat cartilage from literature (GAPDH, ACTB, 18S, GUSB, HPRT1, RPL4, RPL5, and SDHA) as candidates. Then, we screened out the optimal panel of reference genes in female and male rat cartilage of fetus (GD20), juvenile (PW6), and puberty (PW12) in physiology with stability analysis software of genes expression. Finally, we verified the reliability of the selected panel of reference genes with the rat model of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) induced by prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE). The results showed that the optimal panel of reference genes in cartilage at GD20, PW6, and PW12 in physiology was RPL4 + RPL5, which was consistent with the IUGR model, and there was no significant gender difference. Further, the results of standardizing the target genes showed that RPL4 + RPL5 performed smaller intragroup differences than other panels of reference genes or single reference genes. In conclusion, we found that the optimal panel of reference genes in female and male rat developing cartilage was RPL4 + RPL5, and there was no noticeable difference before and after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingxian Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siqi Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
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