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Moon J, Hu G, Hayashi T. Application of Machine Learning in the Quantitative Analysis of the Surface Characteristics of Highly Abundant Cytoplasmic Proteins: Toward AI-Based Biomimetics. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:162. [PMID: 38534847 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins in the crowded environment of human cells have often been studied regarding nonspecific interactions, misfolding, and aggregation, which may cause cellular malfunction and disease. Specifically, proteins with high abundance are more susceptible to these issues due to the law of mass action. Therefore, the surfaces of highly abundant cytoplasmic (HAC) proteins directly exposed to the environment can exhibit specific physicochemical, structural, and geometrical characteristics that reduce nonspecific interactions and adapt to the environment. However, the quantitative relationships between the overall surface descriptors still need clarification. Here, we used machine learning to identify HAC proteins using hydrophobicity, charge, roughness, secondary structures, and B-factor from the protein surfaces and quantified the contribution of each descriptor. First, several supervised learning algorithms were compared to solve binary classification problems for the surfaces of HAC and extracellular proteins. Then, logistic regression was used for the feature importance analysis of descriptors considering model performance (80.2% accuracy and 87.6% AUC) and interpretability. The HAC proteins showed positive correlations with negatively and positively charged areas but negative correlations with hydrophobicity, the B-factor, the proportion of beta structures, roughness, and the proportion of disordered regions. Finally, the details of each descriptor could be explained concerning adaptative surface strategies of HAC proteins to regulate nonspecific interactions, protein folding, flexibility, stability, and adsorption. This study presented a novel approach using various surface descriptors to identify HAC proteins and provided quantitative design rules for the surfaces well-suited to human cellular crowded environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooa Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Guanghao Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hayashi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan
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Santermans S, Hellings G, Heyns M, Van Roy W, Martens K. Unraveling the impact of nano-scaling on silicon field-effect transistors for the detection of single-molecules. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:2354-2368. [PMID: 36644797 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05267a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyte-gated silicon field-effect transistors (FETs) capable of detecting single molecules could enable high-throughput molecular sensing chips to advance, for example, genomics or proteomics. For solid-gated silicon FETs it is well-known that nano-scaled devices become sensitive to single elementary charges near the silicon-oxide interface. However, in electrolyte-gated FETs, electrolyte screening strongly reduces sensitivity to charges near the gate oxide. The question arises whether nano-scaling electrolyte-gated FETs can entail a sufficiently large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the detection of single molecules. We enhanced a technology computer-aided design tool with electrolyte screening models to calculate the impact of the FET geometry on the single-molecule signal and FET noise. Our continuum FET model shows that a sufficiently large single-molecule SNR is only obtained when nano-scaling all FET channel dimensions. Moreover, we show that the expected scaling trend of the single-molecule SNR breaks down and no longer results in improvements for geometries approaching the decananometer size. This is the characteristic size of the FET channel region modulated by a typical molecule. For gate lengths below 50 nm, the overlap of the modulated region with the highly conductive junctions leads to saturation of the SNR. For cross-sections below 10-30 nm, SNR degrades due to the overlap of the modulated region with the convex FET corners where a larger local gate capacitance reduces charge sensitivity. In our study, assuming a commercial solid-state FET noise amplitude, we find that a suspended nanowire FET architecture with 35 nm length and 5 × 10 nm2 cross-section results in the highest SNR of about 10 for a 15-base DNA oligo in a 15 mM electrolyte. In contrast with typical silicon nanowire FET sensors which possess micron-scale gate lengths, we find it to be key that all channel dimensions are scaled down to the decananometer range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren Santermans
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marc Heyns
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Alfaro JA, Bohländer P, Dai M, Filius M, Howard CJ, van Kooten XF, Ohayon S, Pomorski A, Schmid S, Aksimentiev A, Anslyn EV, Bedran G, Cao C, Chinappi M, Coyaud E, Dekker C, Dittmar G, Drachman N, Eelkema R, Goodlett D, Hentz S, Kalathiya U, Kelleher NL, Kelly RT, Kelman Z, Kim SH, Kuster B, Rodriguez-Larrea D, Lindsay S, Maglia G, Marcotte EM, Marino JP, Masselon C, Mayer M, Samaras P, Sarthak K, Sepiashvili L, Stein D, Wanunu M, Wilhelm M, Yin P, Meller A, Joo C. The emerging landscape of single-molecule protein sequencing technologies. Nat Methods 2021; 18:604-617. [PMID: 34099939 PMCID: PMC8223677 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell profiling methods have had a profound impact on the understanding of cellular heterogeneity. While genomes and transcriptomes can be explored at the single-cell level, single-cell profiling of proteomes is not yet established. Here we describe new single-molecule protein sequencing and identification technologies alongside innovations in mass spectrometry that will eventually enable broad sequence coverage in single-cell profiling. These technologies will in turn facilitate biological discovery and open new avenues for ultrasensitive disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Antonio Alfaro
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Peggy Bohländer
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mingjie Dai
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mike Filius
- Department of BioNanoScience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Cecil J Howard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Xander F van Kooten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shilo Ohayon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Adam Pomorski
- Department of BioNanoScience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja Schmid
- NanoDynamicsLab, Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Georges Bedran
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Chan Cao
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Chinappi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192-Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, Lille, France
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department of BioNanoScience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Rienk Eelkema
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - David Goodlett
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Umesh Kalathiya
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ryan T Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Zvi Kelman
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, USA
- Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of BioNanoScience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Freising, Germany
| | - David Rodriguez-Larrea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Stuart Lindsay
- Biodesign Institute, School of Molecular Sciences, Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Giovanni Maglia
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edward M Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - John P Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Michael Mayer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patroklos Samaras
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Kumar Sarthak
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lusia Sepiashvili
- University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek Stein
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Meni Wanunu
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mathias Wilhelm
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Peng Yin
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amit Meller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Chirlmin Joo
- Department of BioNanoScience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
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