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Attimarad M, Venugopala KN, Nair AB, Sreeharsha N, Molina EIP, Kotnal RB, Tratrat C, Altaysan AI, Balgoname AA, Deb PK. Environmental sustainable mathematically processed UV spectroscopic methods for quality control analysis of remogliflozin and teneligliptin: Evaluation of greenness and whiteness. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 278:121303. [PMID: 35525182 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental sustainable analytical methods were developed by mathematical modification of UV absorption spectra for quality control study of multicomponent formulations consisting of remogliflozin (REM) and teneligliptin (TEN), with good sensitivity and selectivity. Then analytes were quantified by measuring the peak amplitude of the first derivative spectra at zero crossing points at 230.2 nm and 213.8 nm for REG and TEN in the first derivative method. The second method involves the formation of ratio spectra and taking the absorption difference at two selected wavelengths of peak and trough of a spectrum. In the ratio first derivative method peak amplitudes were measured at 235.2 nm and 259.1 nm for simultaneous quantification of REM and TEN respectively. The fourth method was based on the measurement of the peak amplitude of zero-order spectra of analytes generated from the mixture spectrum by subtraction of a constant from the ratio spectrum followed by multiplication with divisor spectrum, Further, the proposed methods were validated systematically to confirm the linearity, precession, accuracy, sensitivity, and selectivity. Finally, validated UV spectroscopic methods were applied for simultaneous quantification of REM and TEN from formulation, and laboratory mixed solutions and statistically compared with the reported HPLC method. Further, recently developed AGREE, Hexagonal greenness and white analytical chemistry, a whiteness evaluation tools were applied to the proposed UV spectroscopic methods and found to be safer analytical methods, compared to the reported expensive, time-consuming and toxic HPLC method. Hence, proposed UV spectroscopic methods could be used for routine quality control of formulations containing REM and TEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Katharigatta Narayanaswamy Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Anroop Balachandran Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, India.
| | - Effren Ii Plaza Molina
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Christophe Tratrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Ibrahim Altaysan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmalek Ahmed Balgoname
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, India.
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Xu Z, Zhang H, Wu C, Zheng Y, Jiang J. Effect of metformin on adverse outcomes in T2DM patients: Systemic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:944902. [PMID: 36211585 PMCID: PMC9539433 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.944902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cardiovascular protection effect of metformin on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains inconclusive. This systemic review and meta-analysis were to estimate the effect of metformin on mortality and cardiovascular events among patients with T2DM. Methods A search of the Pubmed and EMBASE databases up to December 2021 was performed. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled by a random-effects model with an inverse variance method. Results A total of 39 studies involving 2473009 T2DM patients were adopted. Compared to non-metformin therapy, the use of metformin was not significantly associated with a reduced risk of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) (HR = 1.06, 95%CI 0.91–1.22; I2 = 82%), hospitalization (HR = 0.85, 95%CI 0.64–1.13; I2 = 98%), heart failure (HR = 0.86, 95%CI 0.60–1.25; I2 = 99%), stroke (HR = 1.16, 95%CI 0.88–1.53; I2 = 84%), and risk of AMI (HR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.69–1.14; I2 = 88%) in T2DM patients. Metformin was also not associated with significantly lowered risk of MACE compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) in T2DM patients (HR = 0.95, 95%CI 0.73–1.23; I2 = 84%). Conclusions The effect of metformin on some cardiovascular outcomes was not significantly better than the non-metformin therapy or DPP-4i in T2DM patients based on observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhicheng Xu
| | - Haidong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University Third Hospital, Bejing, China
- Haidong Zhang
| | - Chenghui Wu
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuxiang Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingzhou Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Jingzhou Jiang
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Noguchi Y, Yoshizawa S, Tachi T, Teramachi H. Effect of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors vs. Metformin on Major Cardiovascular Events Using Spontaneous Reporting System and Real-World Database Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11174988. [PMID: 36078917 PMCID: PMC9456525 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11174988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metformin had been recommended as the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes since 2006 because of its low cost, high efficacy, and potential to reduce cardiovascular events, and thus death. However, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are the most commonly prescribed first-line agents for patients with type 2 diabetes in Japan. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on preventing cardiovascular events, taking into consideration the actual prescription of antidiabetic drugs in Japan. Methods: This study examined the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on preventing cardiovascular events. The Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database, a spontaneous reporting system in Japan, and the Japanese Medical Data Center (JMDC) Claims Database, a Japanese health insurance claims and medical checkup database, were used for the analysis. Metformin was used as the DPP-4 inhibitor comparator. Major cardiovascular events were set as the primary endpoint. Results: In the analysis using the JADER database, a signal of major cardiovascular events was detected with DPP-4 inhibitors (IC: 0.22, 95% confidence interval: 0.03–0.40) but not with metformin. In the analysis using the JMDC Claims Database, the hazard ratio of major cardiovascular events for DPP-4 inhibitors versus metformin was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.84–1.20). Conclusions: A comprehensive analysis using two different databases in Japan, the JADER and the JMDC Claims Database, showed that DPP-4 inhibitors, which are widely used in Japan, have a non-inferior risk of cardiovascular events compared to metformin, which is used as the first-line drug in the United States and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Noguchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu-shi 501-1196, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (H.T.); Tel.: +81-230-8100 (Y.N.); +81-230-8100 (H.T.)
| | - Shunsuke Yoshizawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu-shi 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tachi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu-shi 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hitomi Teramachi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu-shi 501-1196, Japan
- Laboratory of Community Healthcare Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu-shi 501-1196, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (H.T.); Tel.: +81-230-8100 (Y.N.); +81-230-8100 (H.T.)
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Attimarad M, Venugopala KN, Chohan MS, David M, Molina EIIP, Sreeharsha N, Nair AB, Tratrat C, Altaysan AI, Balgoname AA. An Experimental Design Approach to Quantitative Expression for Quality Control of a Multicomponent Antidiabetic Formulation by the HILIC Method. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103135. [PMID: 35630608 PMCID: PMC9148089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and reproducible hydrophilic liquid chromatography (HILIC) process was established for concomitant determination of remogliflozin etabonate (RE), vildagliptin (VD), and metformin (MF) in a formulation. A face-centered central composite experimental design was employed to optimize and predict the chromatographic condition by statistically studying the surface response model and design space with desirability close to one. A HILIC column with a simple mobile phase of acetonitrile (65% v/v) and 20 mM phosphate buffer (35% v/v, pH 6, controlled with orthophosphoric acid) was used to separate RE, VD, and MF. RE, VD, and MF were separated in 3.6 min using an isocratic mode mobile phase flow at a flow rate of 1.4 mL at room temperature, and the analytes were examined by recording the absorption at 210 nm. The developed HILIC method was thoroughly validated for all parameters recommended by ICH, and linearity was observed in the ranges 20−150 µg/mL, 10−75 µg/mL, and 50−750 µg/mL for RE, VD, and MF, respectively, along with excellent regression coefficients (r2 > 0.999). The calculated percentage relative deviation and relative error ascertained the precision and accuracy of the method. The selectivity and accuracy were further confirmed by the high percentage recovery of added standard drugs to the formulation using the standard addition technique. The robustness of the HILIC processes was confirmed by developing a half-normal probability plot and Pareto chart, as the slight variation of a single factor had no significant influence on the assay outcomes. Utilization of the optimized HILIC procedure for concurrent quantification of RE, VD, and MF in solid dosage forms showed accurate and reproducible results. Hence, the fast HILIC method can be regularly employed for the quality assurance of pharmaceutical preparations comprising RE, VD, and MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (K.N.V.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (C.T.); (A.I.A.); (A.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-553269799
| | - Katharigatta Narayanaswamy Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (K.N.V.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (C.T.); (A.I.A.); (A.A.B.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Muhammad S. Chohan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Marysheela David
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Efren II Plaza Molina
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (K.N.V.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (C.T.); (A.I.A.); (A.A.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, India
| | - Anroop Balachandran Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (K.N.V.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (C.T.); (A.I.A.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Christophe Tratrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (K.N.V.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (C.T.); (A.I.A.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Abdulrahman Ibrahim Altaysan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (K.N.V.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (C.T.); (A.I.A.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Abdulmalek Ahmed Balgoname
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (K.N.V.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (C.T.); (A.I.A.); (A.A.B.)
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Experimental Design Approach for Quantitative Expressions of Simultaneous Quantification of Two Binary Formulations Containing Remogliflozin and Gliptins by RP-HPLC. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a fast RP-HPLC method for simultaneous measurement of two antidiabetic formulations (vildagliptin + remogliflozin and teneligliptin + remogliflozin) under identical experimental conditions. Using the Box–Behnken approach and response surface design, the interaction and quadratic influence of three variable parameters, acetonitrile %, pH of the mobile phase, and flow rate, on resolution between the peaks were optimized. To forecast the resolution of peaks (2.7 and 6.5) for the three anti-diabetic medications, the design space with desirability function was used to find the optimal chromatographic conditions. Isocratic elution with 58:42 acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (20 mM KH2PO4, pH adjusted to 4.9 with orthophosphoric acid) over a Zorabx C18 HPLC column with a flow rate of 1.2 mL min−1 separated all three analytes in 2.5 min. In addition, the optimized HPLC process was validated using ICH recommendations. The devised HPLC method’s precision and accuracy were proven by the low percent relative standard deviation (0.60–1.65%), good percentage recovery (98.18–101.50%), and low percentage relative errors (0.20–1.82%). The method’s robustness was also proven by slightly varying the five separate parameters. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed HPLC approach was confirmed using a standard addition method for simultaneous determination of vildagliptin + remogliflozin and teneligliptin + remogliflozin from formulations. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that experimental design can be successfully used to optimize chromatographic conditions with fewer runs. The devised HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of two binary combinations utilizing the same chromatographic conditions is fast, accurate, precise, and easy, and it might be utilized in laboratories for routine quality control investigations on both formulations.
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