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Tsikolia M, Tsafrakidou P, Gkektsian A, Miaoulis M, Rowland TE, Chaskopoulou A. Sand Fly larvae are capable of positive chemotaxis: a proof of concept study using Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) as a model species. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:869-876. [PMID: 38781574 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are important vectors of medical and veterinary importance, transmitting pathogens, such as the Leishmania parasites, responsible for 700,000 to 1 million new cases of leishmaniasis every year. The vast majority of the current sand fly surveillance and control tools are tailored against the adult stages, due to the limited knowledge on the ecology of the larval stages. Since vector control is primarily an ecological problem, an in-depth understanding of the behavior of the target insect pests across all the different life stages of their development is required prior to the development of effective control strategies. It is well known that chemical cues play an important role in insect behavior. While there are numerous studies investigating the behavior of adult sand flies in response to chemical sources, there is currently no information available on the response of their larval stages. In this study, novel bioassays were constructed to investigate the effect of chemical cues (gustatory and olfactory) on the behavior of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) sand fly larvae. The larvae exhibited a clear food preference within a few hours of exposure in a 2-choice bioassay, while, also, demonstrated positive chemotaxis in response to volatile stimuli emitted from their preferred food source. Identification of the specific chemical compounds (or the combination thereof) eliciting attractance response to sand fly immature stages could lead to the development of innovative, and targeted (larval-specific) tools for the surveillance, and management of these important public health pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Tsikolia
- USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Tsafrakidou
- USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Thessaloniki, Greece
- American Farm School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Arsen Gkektsian
- USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Thessaloniki, Greece
- American Farm School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael Miaoulis
- USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Tobin E Rowland
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Entomology Branch, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Galati EAB, Rodrigues BL. A Review of Historical Phlebotominae Taxonomy (Diptera: Psychodidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s13744-023-01030-8. [PMID: 36897326 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-023-01030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Psychodidae is a group constituted by ca. 3400 species distributed in six existing and one extinct subfamily. Among them, Phlebotominae is of relevant medical and veterinary interest as vectors of pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and trypanosomatides, to vertebrates. The taxonomy of Phlebotominae, begun in 1786, received a great boost at the beginning of the twentieth century, when some of its species began to be implicated as vectors of leishmaniasis agents. Currently, the group consists of 1060 species/subspecies described for both hemispheres. Its taxonomy and systematics have been largely based on the morphological characters of adults in view of the limited number of species known in their immature forms, as well as by molecular approaches. This review focuses on the evolution of the phlebotomine systematics, with information regarding when the descriptions of the sand fly species/subspecies occurred, where their type localities are, the number of authors involved in their descriptions, and the researchers who have most contributed to the description of these taxa and their respective institutions. The morphological characters of adult forms used in the taxonomy of groups, in an evolutionary approach, and the current state of knowledge based on immature forms is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Leite Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (FSP/USP), SP, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Jariyapan N, Tippawangkosol P, Sor-Suwan S, Mano C, Yasanga T, Somboon P, Depaquit J, Siriyasatien P. Significance of eggshell morphology as an additional tool to distinguish species of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263268. [PMID: 35213563 PMCID: PMC8880748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological characteristics of eggshells are important in sand fly ootaxonomy. In this study, eggshells from Phlebotomus stantoni Newstead, Sergentomyia khawi (Raynal), and Grassomyia indica (Theodor) sand flies collected in Chiang Mai province, Thailand were examined and characterized using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, eggshell morphology of these three species was described for the first time. Each gravid female was forced to lay eggs by decapitation and the eggs were collected for SEM analysis. Egg laying females were identified by morphological examination and molecular typing using cytochrome b (Cytb) as a molecular marker. The chorionic sculpturing of Ph. stantoni eggs combines two patterns on the same egg: unconnected parallel ridges and reticular patterns. Sergentomyia khawi and Gr. indica have similar chorionic polygonal patterns, but their exochorionic morphology and aeropylar area are different. Results indicate that eggshell morphological characteristics such as chorionic pattern, exochorionic morphology, inter-ridge/boundary area, aeropylar area (including the number of aeropyles) and basal layer, can be useful to develop morphological identification keys of eggs. These can serve as an additional tool to distinguish species of sand flies. In addition, the chorionic sculpturing of the eggs of the three species of sand flies observed by LM is useful for species identification in gravid females with spermathecae obscured by eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narissara Jariyapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Diseases Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (NJ); (PS)
| | - Pongsri Tippawangkosol
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sriwatapron Sor-Suwan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Diseases Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chonlada Mano
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thippawan Yasanga
- Medical Science Research Equipment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- * E-mail: (NJ); (PS)
| | - Jérôme Depaquit
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR Cap Santé, EA7510 ESCAPE–USC ANSES VECPAR, Reims, France
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Diseases Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Morphological comparison between the first-instar larvae of the scorpionflies Panorpa kunmingensis and P. changbaishana (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). ZOOL ANZ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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