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Rose H, Sanders CA, Willett C, King LA. Target Happiness Attenuates Perceivers' Moral Condemnation of Prejudiced People. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672241240160. [PMID: 38661132 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241240160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Five experiments (combined N = 4,915) tested the prediction that the moral boost of happiness would persist for social targets with moral failings. In Studies 1 and 2, White and Black participants, respectively, judged happy (versus unhappy) racist targets more morally good. In Study 3, happy (versus unhappy) racist targets were judged more morally good and less (more) likely to engage in racist (good) behavior. Behavioral expectations explained the link between happiness and moral evaluations. Study 4 replicated Studies 1 to 3 in the context of sexism. In Study 5, happy (versus unhappy) targets who engaged in racially biased behavior were evaluated as more morally good, and this effect was explained by behavioral forecasts. Happiness boosts attributions of moral goodness for prejudiced people and does so via expectations for future behavior. Future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Rose
- University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
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Thi Nhat Nguyen V, Tran NNT, Nguyen NH, Nguyen TDT. Evaluating smile aesthetic satisfaction and related smile characteristics in dental students. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2024; 14:92-97. [PMID: 38293571 PMCID: PMC10825610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to assess the association between self-rated smile satisfaction and the smile dimensions among dental students. Method An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 216 Vietnamese dental students. A standardized photograph was taken of each student with their frontal social smiles to assess aesthetic dimensions. A single-session self-administered questionnaire containing five questions about smile aesthetic satisfaction related to various aspects was administered to all students. Differences in smile characteristics and satisfaction scores between the two genders were evaluated. The impact of smile characteristics on satisfaction scores was assessed using multiple linear regression models. Results Most dental students had a high smile line, parallel smile arcs, an upward upper lip curvature, a non-touching labiodental relationship, a dental midline that coincided with the midline of the face, and eight teeth displayed during smile. Most participants were satisfied with their smiles, and the self-rated satisfaction score was 67 out of 100. Self-perceived overall smile satisfaction was associated with the "smile arc", the "upper lip curvature", the "number of teeth displayed during smile", and the "dental midline". Female students had a statistically significant correlation between self-perception and smile characteristics, such as upper lip curvature, dental midline shift, and smile line. Conclusions The smile arc, upper lip curvature, and dental midline shift affected self-perceived satisfaction among dental students. Female students showed an association between the smile parameters and self-perceived satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vy Thi Nhat Nguyen
- Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen St., 47000, Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Nhu-Ngoc Thi Tran
- Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen St., 47000, Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Nghia-Huu Nguyen
- Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen St., 47000, Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Thuy-Duong Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen St., 47000, Hue, Viet Nam
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Coppola G, Christopoulou I, Gkantidis N, Verna C, Pandis N, Kanavakis G. The effect of orthodontic treatment on smile attractiveness: a systematic review. Prog Orthod 2023; 24:4. [PMID: 36740663 PMCID: PMC9899877 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-023-00456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smile attractiveness is a primary factor for patients to seek orthodontic treatment, however, there is yet no systematic evaluation of this topic in the literature. OBJECTIVES To assess the current evidence on the effect of orthodontic treatment on smile attractiveness. SEARCH METHODS Seven electronic databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Virtual Health Library, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Embase) were searched on 14 September 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies evaluating smile attractiveness before and after orthodontic treatment or only after completion of orthodontic treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Extracted data included study design and setting, sample size and demographics, malocclusion type, treatment modality and method for outcome assessment. Risk of bias was assessed with the ROBINS-I tool for non-randomised studies. Random-effects meta-analyses of mean differences and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were planned a priori. METHODS After elimination of duplicate studies, data extraction and risk of bias assessment according to the Cochrane guidelines, an evaluation of the overall evidence was performed. The included studies were evaluated based on the characteristics of their study and control groups and based on their main research question. Also, all outcome measures were standardized into a common assessment scale (0-100), in order to obtain more easily interpretable results. RESULTS Ten studies were included in this review, nine of which were assessed as being at serious risk of bias and one at moderate risk of bias. The large heterogeneity between the included studies did not allow for a meta-analysis. Orthodontic treatment has a moderately positive effect on smile attractiveness. When compared to no treatment, orthodontic treatment with premolar extractions improves smile attractiveness by 22%. Also, surgical correction of Class III cases increases smile attractiveness by 7.5% more than camouflage treatment. No other significant differences were shown between different types of treatment. CONCLUSION Based on the available data, orthodontic treatment seems to moderately improve the attractiveness of the smile. There is significant bias in the current literature assessing the effect of orthodontics on smile attractiveness; therefore, the results cannot be accepted with certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Coppola
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - I Christopoulou
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - N Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Verna
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N Pandis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Private Practice, Corfu, Greece
| | - G Kanavakis
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Biermann M, Schulze A, Unterseher F, Hamm M, Atanasova K, Stahlberg D, Lis S. Trustworthiness judgments and Borderline Personality Disorder: an experimental study on the interplay of happiness and trustworthiness appraisals and the effects of wearing face masks during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2022; 9:27. [PMID: 36324166 PMCID: PMC9629878 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-022-00193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Judging positive emotional states or the trustworthiness of others is important for forming and maintaining social affiliations. Past studies have described alterations in these appraisal processes in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), which might have been exacerbated during the Covid-19 pandemic by the requirement to wear face masks. In the present study, we investigated in an online-survey a) whether social judgments are particularly strongly affected in individuals with BPD when they have to judge happiness and trustworthiness in facial stimuli covered by a mask, b) whether appraising a positive emotional state affects trustworthiness appraisals differentially in BPD and healthy individuals and c) whether social judgments are related to how individuals with BPD experience wearing masks during the pandemic. METHODS Participants (67 HC, 75 BPD) judged happiness and trustworthiness of faces with calm expression with and without masks. Additionally, data on participants' confidence in their judgments, the experience of the burden induced by wearing masks, the protective benefits of masks, and compliance to wearing masks were collected. RESULTS Happiness and trustworthiness were evaluated less confidently and less intense in the BPD group compared to HC. Masks reduced happiness and trustworthiness ratings in both groups. Lower happiness appraisals contributed to lower trustworthiness appraisals except for those with BPD and low levels of symptom severity. Lower trustworthiness ratings were associated with a higher burden, attributing a lower benefit to masks and lower compliance with wearing masks in BPD. CONCLUSIONS Masks do not exacerbate deficits in social judgments. However, lower trustworthiness appraisals in general were linked with more negative evaluations of wearing masks in the BPD group. TRIAL REGISTRATION The aims and hypotheses were preregistered together with the design and planned analyses ( https://aspredicted.org/f5du7.pdf ). For findings of an additionally preregistered research question on the impact of adverse childhood experiences see supplementary material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Biermann
- Department of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany. .,Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Anna Schulze
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Franziska Unterseher
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marie Hamm
- Department of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Konstantina Atanasova
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dagmar Stahlberg
- School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, A5, 6, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lis
- Department of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
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Dobreva D, Gkantidis N, Halazonetis D, Verna C, Kanavakis G. Smile Reproducibility and Its Relationship to Self-Perceived Smile Attractiveness. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050719. [PMID: 35625447 PMCID: PMC9138875 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The reproducibility of facial expressions has been previously explored, however, there is no detailed information regarding the reproducibility of lip morphology forming a social smile. In this study, we recruited 93 young adults, aged 21−35 years old, who agreed to participate in two consecutive study visits four weeks apart. On each visit, they were asked to perform a social smile, which was captured on a 3D facial image acquired using the 3dMD camera system. Assessments of self-perceived smile attractiveness were also performed using a VAS scale. Lip morphology, including smile shape, was described using 62 landmarks and semi-landmarks. A Procrustes superimposition of each set of smiling configurations (first and second visit) was performed and the Euclidean distance between each landmark set was calculated. A linear regression model was used to test the association between smile consistency and self-perceived smile attractiveness. The results show that the average landmark distance between sessions did not exceed 1.5 mm, indicating high repeatability, and that females presented approximately 15% higher smile consistecy than males (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant association between smile consistency and self-perceived smile attractiveness (η2 = 0.015; p = 0.252), when controlling for the effect of sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Dobreva
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, University Center for Dental Medicine UZB, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (D.D.); (C.V.)
| | - Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Demetrios Halazonetis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Carlalberta Verna
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, University Center for Dental Medicine UZB, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (D.D.); (C.V.)
| | - Georgios Kanavakis
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and Orthodontics, University Center for Dental Medicine UZB, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (D.D.); (C.V.)
- Department of Orthodontics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Correspondence:
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Pavlova MA, Sokolov AA. Reading Covered Faces. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:249-265. [PMID: 34521105 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Covering faces with masks, due to mandatory pandemic safety regulations, we can no longer rely on the habitual daily-life information. This may be thought-provoking for healthy people, but particularly challenging for individuals with neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions. Au fait research on reading covered faces reveals that: 1) wearing masks hampers facial affect recognition, though it leaves reliable inferring basic emotional expressions; 2) by buffering facial affect, masks lead to narrowing of emotional spectrum and dampen veridical evaluation of counterparts; 3) masks may affect perceived face attractiveness; 4) covered (either by masks or other veils) faces have a certain signal function introducing perceptual biases and prejudices; 5) reading covered faces is gender- and age-specific, being more challenging for males and more variable even in healthy aging; 6) the hampering effects of masks on social cognition occur over the globe; and 7) reading covered faces is likely to be supported by the large-scale assemblies of the neural circuits far beyond the social brain. Challenges and limitations of ongoing research and parallels to the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test are assessed. Clarification of how masks affect face reading in the real world, where we deal with dynamic faces and have entrée to additional valuable social signals such as body language, as well as the specificity of neural networks underlying reading covered faces calls for further tailored research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Pavlova
- Social Neuroscience Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, and Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Arseny A Sokolov
- Service de neuropsychologie et de neuroréhabilitation, Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
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Hartman R, Blakey W, Gray K. Deconstructing moral character judgments. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 43:205-212. [PMID: 34418790 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
People often make judgments of others' moral character - an inferred moral essence that presumably predicts moral behavior. We first define moral character and explore why people make character judgments before outlining three key elements that drive character judgments: behavior (good vs. bad, norm violations, and deliberation), mind (intentions, explanations, capacities), and identity (appearance, social groups, and warmth). We also provide taxonomy of moral character that goes beyond simply good vs. evil. Drawing from the theory of dyadic morality, we outline a two-dimensional triangular space of character judgments (valence and strength/agency), with three key corners - heroes, villains, and victims. Varieties of perceived moral character include saints and demons, strivers/sinners and opportunists, the nonmoral, virtuous, and culpable victims, and pure victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hartman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Will Blakey
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kurt Gray
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
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Biermann M, Schulze A, Unterseher F, Atanasova K, Watermann P, Krause-Utz A, Stahlberg D, Bohus M, Lis S. Trustworthiness appraisals of faces wearing a surgical mask during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany: An experimental study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251393. [PMID: 34003836 PMCID: PMC8130962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the Covid-19 pandemic, the negative effects of wearing a mouth-nose cover (MNC) on interpersonal functioning have been discussed in public media but empirical studies on how wearing MNCs affect social judgements are sparse. In the present study, we investigated the effects of MNCs on trustworthiness appraisals, the influence of changes due to MNCs in evaluating joy, and the relationship between a social-cognitive appraisal bias and a participant's characteristics. METHODS All participants (N = 165) judged the intensity of happiness and trustworthiness in calm facial stimuli presented with and without a surgical mask covering part of the face. We analysed the relationship of changes in judgements evoked by MNCs to participants' evaluations of MNCs as protective tools and explored their associations with the burden experienced by wearing MNCs, compliance to behaviour recommendations, their risk associated with the pandemic, and their levels of psychological distress. RESULTS Overall, calm facial stimuli covered with MNCs were evaluated as less trustworthy and, to an even stronger extent, less happy than uncovered facial stimuli. However, participants varied in whether they showed a negative or positive evaluation of faces with MNCs; the negative bias was stronger in those participants who attributed lower protective potential to MNCs, experienced a higher burden while wearing MNCs, wore MNCs less often, and experienced a higher level of psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS A negative bias in trustworthiness appraisals of faces with a positive emotional expression covered by MNCs is linked to a participant's evaluation of MNCs as inefficient and burdening and their experience of high psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Biermann
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Unterseher
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konstantina Atanasova
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paulina Watermann
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Dagmar Stahlberg
- Chair of Social Psychology, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Bohus
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lis
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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