Diversity and functional prediction of microbial communities involved in the first aerobic bioreactor of coking wastewater treatment system

Symbiotic virus-bacteria interactions in biological treatment of coking wastewater manipulating bacterial physiological activities

Biological treatment is commonly used in coking wastewater (CWW) treatment. Prokaryotic microbial communities in CWW treatment have been comprehensively studied. However, viruses, as the critical microorganisms affecting microbial processes and thus engineering parameters, still remain poorly understood in CWW treatment context. Employing viromics sequencing, the composition and function of the viral community in CWW treatment were discovered, revealing novel viral communities and key auxiliary metabolic functions. Caudovirales appeared to be the predominant viral order in the oxic-hydrolytic-oxic (OHO) CWW treatment combination, showing relative abundances of 62.47 %, 56.64 % and 92.20 % in bioreactors O1, H and O2, respectively. At the family level, Myoviridae, Podoviridae and Siphoviridae mainly prevailed in bioreactors O1 and H while Phycodnaviridae dominated in O2. A total of 56.23-92.24% of novel viral contigs defied family-level characterization in this distinct CWW habitat. The virus-host prediction results revealed most viruses infecting the specific functional taxa Pseudomonas, Acidovorax and Thauera in the entire OHO combination, demonstrating the viruses affecting bacterial physiology and pollutants removal from CWW. Viral auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) were screened, revealing their involvement in the metabolism of contaminants and toxicity tolerance. In the bioreactor O1, AMGs were enriched in detoxification and phosphorus ingestion, where glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) and beta-ketoadipyl CoA thiolase (fadA) participated in biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols, respectively. In the bioreactors H and O2, the AMGs focused on cell division and epicyte formation of the hosts, where GDPmannose 4,6-dehydratase (gmd) related to lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis was considered to play an important role in the growth of nitrifiers. The diversities of viruses and AMGs decreased along the CWW treatment process, pointing to a reinforced virus-host adaptive strategy in stressful operation environments. In this study, the symbiotic virus-bacteria interaction patterns were proposed with a theoretical basis for promoting CWW biological treatment efficiency. The findings filled the gaps in the virus-bacteria interactions at the full-scale CWW treatment and provided great value for understanding the mechanism of biological toxicity and sludge activity in industrial wastewater treatment.

Revived Amplicon Sequence Variants Monitoring in Closed Systems Identifies More Dormant Microorganisms

The large number of dormant microorganisms present in the environment is an important component of microbial diversity, and neglecting dormant microorganisms would be disruptive to all research under the science of microbial diversity. However, current methods can only predict the dormancy potential of microorganisms in a sample and are not yet able to monitor dormant microorganisms directly and efficiently. Based on this, this study proposes a new method for the identification of dormant microorganisms based on high-throughput sequencing technology: Revived Amplicon sequence variants (ASV) Monitoring (RAM). Pao cai (Chinese fermented vegetables) soup was used to construct a closed experimental system, and sequenced samples were collected at 26 timepoints over a 60-day period. RAM was used to identify dormant microorganisms in the samples. The results were then compared with the results of the currently used gene function prediction (GFP), and it was found that RAM was able to identify more dormant microorganisms. In 60 days, GFP monitored 5045 ASVs and 270 genera, while RAM monitored 27,415 ASVs and 616 genera, and the RAM results were fully inclusive of the GFP results. Meanwhile, the consistency of GFP and RAM was also found in the results. The dormant microorganisms monitored by both showed a four-stage distribution pattern over a 60-day period, with significant differences in the community structure between the stages. Therefore, RAM monitoring of dormant microorganisms is effective and feasible. It is worth noting that the results of GFP and RAM can complement and refer to each other. In the future, the results obtained from RAM can be used as a database to extend and improve the monitoring of dormant microorganisms by GFP, and the two can be combined with each other to build a dormant microorganism detection system.

Biotransformation as a tool for remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from polluted environment - review on toxicity and treatment technologies

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, a prominent family of persistent organic molecules produced by both anthropogenic and natural processes, are widespread in terrestrial and aquatic environments owing to their hydrophobicity, electrochemical stability and low aqueous solubility. Phenanthrene and naphthalene belong to the group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons whose occurrence are reported to be relatively higher. The bioremediation mode of removing the toxicities of these two compounds has been reported to be promising than other methods. Most of the microbial classes of bacterial, fungal and algal origin are reported to degrade the target pollutants into non-toxic compounds effectively. The review aims to give an overview on toxicological studies, identification and enrichment techniques of phenanthrene and naphthalene degrading microbes and the bioremediation technologies (microbial assisted reactors, microbial fuel cells and microbial assisted constructed wetlands) reported by various researchers. All the three modes of bioremediation techniques were proved to be promising on different perspectives. In the treatment of phenanthrene, a maximum recovery of 96% and 98% was achieved in an aerobic membrane reactor with Bacillus species and single chamber air cathode microbial fuel cell with Acidovorax and Aquamicrobium respectively were reported. With the constructed wetland configuration, 95.5% of removal was attained with manganese oxide based microbial constructed wetland. The maximum degradation efficiency reported for naphthalene are 99% in a reverse membrane bioreactor, 98.5% in a marine sediment microbial fuel cell and 92.8% with a low-cost sandy soil constructed wetland.

Enhanced leachate phytodetoxification test combined with plants and rhizobacteria bioaugmentation

Plant combination and rhizobacterial bioaugmentation are the modification of constructed wetlands (CWs) to promote the detoxification of leachate. In this study, characterization of leachate was carried out to ensure the maximum concentration of leachate that did not affect the plant's growth. Herein, the identification of leachate-resistant rhizobacteria is used to determine the type of bacteria that is resistant and has the potential for leachate processing in the next step. The phytodetoxification test is carried out by comparing the addition of rhizobacteria and without the addition of rhizobacteria to detox leachate parameter Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Nitrogen (TN), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury (Hg). Results showed that used plants could still live in the largest leachate concentration of 100%. The rhizobacteria that were identified and bioaugmented in the reactor were Bacillus cereus, Nitrosomonas communis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytodetoxification test by a single plant showed the efficiency ranged between 40% and 70%. The addition of rhizobacterial bioaugmentation and plant combination can improve the percentage of COD 80.47%, BOD 84.05%, TSS 80.05%, TN 75.58%, Cd 99.96%, and Hg 90%. These modifications are very influential for leachate detoxification through plant uptake and rhizodegradation processes.

Diverse and distinct bacterial community involved in a full-scale A/O1/H/O2 combination of bioreactors with simultaneous decarbonation and denitrogenation of coking wastewater

Taking into account difficulties in exhaustive simultaneous decarbonation and denitrogenation in biological treatment of coking wastewater (CWW), a novel full-scale CWW biological treatment sequentially combining anaerobic, aerobic, hydrolytic, and aerobic reactors (A/O1/H/O2) was designed performing excellent removal of carbon-containing pollutants in the bioreactors A and O1, while the nitrogen-containing compounds in the bioreactors H and O2. To provide an effective tool for the CWW treatment monitoring and control, the succession of microbial community in this unique toxic CWW habitat should be established and characterized in detail. The results of 16S rRNA genes revealed Acidobacteria dominating in the unique CWW habitat. The dominant groups in bioreactors A and O1 include Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria, while Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Nitrospirae, and Planctomycetes dominate in reactors H and O2. The genera of Rhodoplanes, Bacillus, and Leucobacter are rich in genes responsible for the xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism pathway. The Mantel test and PCA results showed the microbial communities of A/O1/H/O2 sequence correlating strongly with SRT, and COD load and removal. The co-occurrence network analysis indicated decarbonation and denitrogenation driven by two network modules having the keystone taxa belonging to the Comamonadaceae and Hyphomicrobiaceae families. The results significantly expanded the knowledge on the diversity, structure, and function of the CWW active sludge differentiating the relationships between bacterial communities and environmental variables in CWW treatment.

Impacts of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on the Bacterial Communities, Sulfonamides and Sulfonamide Resistance Genes in Paddy Soil Under Rice-Wheat Rotation

The responses of sulfonamides, sulfonamide-resistance genes (sul) and soil bacterial communities to different fertilization regimes were investigated by performing a field experiment using paddy soil with no fertilizer applied, chemical fertilizer applied, organic fertilizer applied, and combination of chemical and organic fertilizer applied. Applying organic fertilizer increased the bacterial community diversity and affected the bacterial community composition. Eutrophic bacteria (Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Proteobacteria) were significantly enriched by applying organic fertilizer. It was also found organic fertilizer application increased sulfamethazine content and the relative abundances of sul1 and sul2 in the soil. In contrast, applying chemical fertilizer significantly increased the abundance of Nitrospirae, Parcubacteria, and Verrucomicrobia and caused no obvious changes on sul. Correlation analysis indicated that sul enrichment was associated with the increases in sulfamethazine content and potential hosts (e.g., Novosphingobium and Rhodoplanes) population. The potential ecological risks of antibiotics in paddy soil with organic fertilizer applied cannot be ignored.

A rational strategy of combining Fenton oxidation and biological processes for efficient nitrogen removal in toxic coking wastewater

Effective removal of nitrogen from coking wastewaters is a great challenge, since conventional biological technologies commonly suffer from concentrated bio-toxic components such as phenolic compounds and thiocyanide (SCN^-). This study has successfully developed a novel ternary process for efficiently removing nitrogen from a practical coking wastewater, by rationally combined biological pretreatment, Fenton sub-pretreatment and final partial nitrification-denitrification (PN) process. It was noted that the oxic biological pretreatment (OP) could degrade above 80 % of COD and SCN^- in the wastewater, by adopting the pristine coking wastewater sludge. Fenton sub-pretreatment would further degrade the residual toxic organics and protect the metabolic activity of nitrobacteria and denitrobacteria, realizing the efficient removal of NH₄⁺-N and TN that occurred in the final PN process with self-cultivated sludge. This work can provide an interesting strategy by rationally combining biological-physicochemical processes for nitrogen removal in toxic industrial wastewaters.

Nitrification upon Nitrogen Starvation and Recovery: Effect of Stress Period, Substrate Concentration and pH on Ammonia Oxidizers’ Performance

Nitrification has been widely applied in wastewater treatment, however gaining more insight into the nitrifiers’ physiology and stress response is necessary for the optimization of nutrient removal and design of advanced processes. Since nitrification initiates with ammonia oxidation performed by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term ammonia starvation on nitrogen uptake and transformation efficiency, as well as the performance of starved nitrifiers under various initial substrate concentrations and pH values. Ammonium deprivation for 3 days resulted in fast ammonium/ammonia accumulation upon nitrogen availability, with a maximum uptake rate of 3.87 mmol gprotein−1 min−1. Furthermore, a delay in the production of nitrate was observed with increasing starvation periods, resulting in slower recovery and lower nitrification rate compared to non-starved cells. The maximum accumulation capacity observed was 8.51% (w/w) independently of the external nitrogen concentration, at a range of 250–750 mg N L−1, while pH significantly affected ammonia oxidizers’ response, with alkaline values enhancing nitrogen uptake. In total, ammonia accumulation after short-term starvation might serve as an important strategy that helps AOB restore their activity, while concurrently it could be applied in wastewater treatment for effective nitrogen removal and subsequent biomass utilization.

Microbial community composition and function prediction involved in the hydrolytic bioreactor of coking wastewater treatment process

The hydrolytic acidification process has a strong ability to conduct denitrogenation and increase the biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand ratio in O/H/O coking wastewater treatment system. More than 80% of the total nitrogen (TN) was removed in the hydrolytic bioreactor, and the hydrolytic acidification process contributed to the provision of carbon sources for the subsequent nitrification process. The structure and diversity of microbial communities were elaborated using high-throughput MiSeq of the 16S rRNA genes. The results revealed that the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonged to phyla Bacteroidetes, Betaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria were the dominant taxa involved in the denitrogenation and degradation of refractory contaminants in the hydrolytic bioreactor, with relative abundances of 22.94 ± 3.72, 29.77 ± 2.47, and 18.23 ± 0.26%, respectively. The results of a redundancy analysis showed that the OTUs belonged to the genera Thiobacillus, Rhodoplanes, and Hylemonella in the hydrolytic bioreactor strongly positively correlated with the chemical oxygen demand, TN, and the removal of phenolics, respectively. The results of a microbial co-occurrence network analysis showed that the OTUs belonged to the phylum Bacteroidetes and the genus Rhodoplanes had a significant impact on the efficiency of removal of contaminants that contained nitrogen in the hydrolytic bioreactor. The potential function profiling results indicate the complementarity of nitrogen metabolism, methane metabolism, and sulfur metabolism sub-pathways that were considered to play a significant role in the process of denitrification. These results provide new insights into the further optimization of the performance of the hydrolytic bioreactor in coking wastewater treatment.

Indole metabolism by phenol-stimulated activated sludges: Performance, microbial communities and network analysis

Indole and phenol often coexist in the coking wastewater, while the effects of phenol on microbial communities of indole metabolism were less explored. In this study, the microbial interactions within activated sludge microbial communities stimulated by indole (group A) or by indole and phenol (group B) were systematically investigated in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). The results showed that the removal of indole was increased by adding phenol. By using high-throughput sequencing technology, it was found that α-diversity was reduced in both groups. According to the relative abundance analysis, the indole-degrading genus Comamonas was the core genus in both groups (33.94% and 61.40%). But another indole-degrading genus Pseudomonas was only enriched in group A with 12.22% relative abundance. Meanwhile, common aromatic degrading genus Dyella and Thermomonas were enriched only in group B. It was found that the relative abundance of cytochrome P450 and styrene degradation enzymes were increased in group B by PICRUSt analysis. Based on the phylogenetic molecular ecological networks (pMENs), module hub OTU_1149 (Burkholderia) was only detected in group B, and the positive interactions between the key functional genus Burkholderia and other bacteria were increased. This study provides new insights into our understanding of indole metabolism communities stimulated by phenol, which would provide useful information for practical coking wastewater treatment.