Amplitude of circadian rhythms becomes weaken in the north, but there is no cline in the period of rhythm in a beetle

Drosophila ezoana uses morning and evening oscillators to adjust its rhythmic activity to different daylengths but only the morning oscillator to measure night length for photoperiodic responses

Animals living at high latitudes are exposed to prominent seasonal changes to which they need to adapt to survive. By applying Zeitgeber cycles of different periods and photoperiods we show here that high-latitude D. ezoana flies possess evening oscillators and highly damped morning oscillators that help them adapting their activity rhythms to long photoperiods. In addition, the damped morning oscillators are involved in timing diapause. The flies measure night length and use external coincidence for timing diapause. We discuss the clock protein TIMELESS (d-TIM) as the molecular correlate and the small ventrolateral clock neurons (s-LNvs) as the anatomical correlates of the components measuring night length.

Flour beetles prefer corners over walls and are slowed down with increasing habitat complexity

Movement affects all key behaviours in which animals engage, including dispersal and habitat use. The red flour beetle, known as a cosmopolitan pest of stored products, was the subject of our study. We examined whether the beetles preferred corners, walls or open areas, and how turns or obstacles in corridors delayed the beetles' arrival at a target cell. Beetles spent significantly more time in corners than expected by chance, while they spent considerably less time in open areas than expected. However, no significant difference was observed between areas with two or three surrounding walls. This could be attributed to the beetles' stronger attraction to corners than crevices or the insufficient proximity of the third wall to the other two. Movement through the corridor was delayed by turns or obstacles, expressed in arrival probabilities, arrival times, time in the corridor or movement speed. Obstacles on the corridor's perimeter had a stronger effect on the beetle movement than those in the corridor's centre owing to the beetles' tendency to follow walls. The research is important also for applied purposes, such as better understanding beetle movement, how to delay their arrival to new patches, and where to place traps.

Latitudinal cline of death-feigning behaviour in a beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

Death-feigning behaviour is a phenomenon in which a prey is rendered motionless due to stimulation or threat from a predator. This anti-predator defence mechanism has been observed across numerous animal taxa and is considered adaptive in nature. However, longer durations of death feigning can result in decreased opportunities for feeding and reproduction, and therefore is often associated with fitness costs as compared to environments without predators. Differences have also been observed in the frequencies and durations of death feigning within populations, and these differences are thought to be influenced by the balance between survival and other fitness costs. Furthermore, this balance is predicted to vary in response to changes in environmental conditions. In this study, we examined the death feigning in 38 populations of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). Our results demonstrate that frequencies and durations of the death feigning in T. castaneum show geographical variations and a latitude cline, indicating that this behaviour is influenced by location as well as latitude. This study is the first to demonstrate the existence of a latitudinal cline in death feigning and suggests that death-feigning behaviour might have evolved in response to environmental factors that vary with latitude.

Naturally segregating genetic variation in circadian period exhibits a regional elevational and climatic cline

Circadian clocks confer adaptation to predictable 24-h fluctuations in the exogenous environment, but it has yet to be determined what ecological factors maintain natural genetic variation in endogenous circadian period outside of the hypothesized optimum of 24 h. We estimated quantitative genetic variation in circadian period in leaf movement in 30 natural populations of the Arabidopsis relative Boechera stricta sampled within only 1° of latitude but across an elevation gradient spanning 2460-3300 m in the Rocky Mountains. Measuring ~3800 plants from 473 maternal families (7-20 per population), we found that genetic variation was of similar magnitude among versus within populations, with population means varying between 21.9 and 24.9 h and maternal family means within populations varying by up to ~6 h. After statistically accounting for spatial autocorrelation at a habitat extreme, we found that elevation explained a significant proportion of genetic variation in the circadian period, such that higher-elevation populations had shorter mean period lengths and reduced intrapopulation ranges. Environmental data indicate that these spatial trends could be related to steep regional climatic gradients in temperature, precipitation, and their intra-annual variability. Our findings suggest that spatially fine-grained environmental heterogeneity contributes to naturally occurring genetic variation in circadian traits in wild populations.

Phylogenetic Separation of Holotrichia Species (Insecta, Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) Exhibiting Circadian Rhythm and Circa'bi'dian Rhythm

A unique two-day rhythm, circabidian rhythm, has been reported in the black chafer, Holotrichia parallela. However, it remains unknown how widely the circabidian rhythm appears in related species. We examined the activity rhythm and phylogeny of congeneric species inhabiting Japan to investigate the appearance of circabidian rhythms in a few subgenera of the genus Holotrichia. We found that Holotrichia picea also exhibited circabidian rhythm. In addition to the regular circabidian pattern, circabidian rhythms with day-switching or with a circadian activity component were also observed. In the day-switching pattern, H. picea switched appearance from odd to even days, or vice versa. In the circadian-like activity patterns, a major night activity and a minor dusk activity appeared alternately. Holotrichia kiotonensis, Holotrichia convexopyga, and Holotrichia loochooana loochooana exhibited a circadian rhythm. Two distinct clades, A and B, were recognized in the histone H3, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, and 16S ribosomal RNA phylogenetic trees. This phylogenetic separation was in accordance with the subgeneric classification based on external morphology in a previous study and with behavioral rhythm in the present study: clade A included Nigrotrichia group members, H. kiotonensis, H. convexopyga, H. loochooana loochooana, and H. loochooana okinawana, while clade B included Pedinotrichia group members, H. paralella and H. picea. We suggest that after separation into Nigrotrichia and Pedinotrichia, the behavioral trait of circabidian rhythm probably appeared once in an ancestral species of the Pedinotrichia group, including H. parallela and H. picea.

Responses to artificial selection for locomotor activity: A focus on death feigning in red flour beetle

Whole-organism performance, including locomotor activity, is an important fitness trait in many animals. Locomotor activity is often classified into sprint speed and locomotor endurance and differences in sprint speed and locomotor endurance affect on other traits such as life-history traits. Previous studies found that locomotor endurance, sprint speed and brain dopamine (DA) levels are correlated with artificial selection for death feigning (an anti-predator behaviour that we refer to as 'death-feigning syndrome') in some insect species. Thus, if the syndrome has a genetic basis, death feigning, sprint speed and brain DA levels may be affected by artificial selection for locomotor endurance. We artificially selected for locomotor endurance over 10 generations in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, and established higher (H) and lower activity (L) strains, then compared their death-feigning behaviour, sprint speed and brain DA levels. H-strain beetles exhibited significantly shorter duration of death-feigning, and significantly higher sprint speeds, suggesting variation in death-feigning syndrome. Surprisingly, although brain DA expression affects various animal behaviours, we found no significant differences in the brain DA expressions of H- and L-strain beetles. Thus, our results imply genetic correlations between locomotor endurance, sprint speed and death feigning, but not with brain DA expression, suggesting that differences in the biogenic amine results of our and previous studies may reflect differences in behavioural expression mechanisms.